巴丹吉林沙漠东南缘砂楔年代及其环境意义
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摘要
巴丹吉林沙漠东南缘新近发现的多处砂楔群和融冻褶皱,分别形成于砂砾石层和湖相沉积地层中,楔内充填物的光释光年龄证明其是末次冰期和晚冰期的产物.巴丹吉林沙漠在末次冰期和晚冰期时处于多年冻土带,年平均气温约为-3~-6℃,较现在降温约12~15℃.其时,整个阿拉善高原与纬度多年冻土带和青藏高原冻土区相连接,沙漠腹地及周边的沙丘应处于冻土状态,沙丘的移动和风沙地貌发育均会受到影响.在冷期,巴丹吉林沙漠很有可能相当于冰冻圈气候,前人关于中国北方沙漠非冻土区的认识值得商榷.
Sand wedge is a product of permafrost in cold climate, and it is of great significance to restore paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. Since the early 20th century, periglacial landforms such as sand, ice, and soil wedges and glacial mud have been intensively studied in North America, Europe, and Russia. Nevertheless, the distribution of desert areas in the permafrost regions after the last glacial period is still debated in academia. Particularly, in China, it has been argued that desert areas were not the parts of ancient permafrost regions. Moreover, the studies of ancient sand wedges are mostly limited to the last glacial period. In recent years, several groups of ancient sand wedges and glacial mud have been recognized in the Badain Jaran Desert. This filled the gap in the Chinese literature regarding ancient permafrost and proved that desert region belonged to the scope of permafrost regions during the last glacial period. The newly discovered sand wedges in the southeast Badain Jaran Desert comprise sand and gravel layers. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of the filler in the sand wedges suggests that they formed during the last glacial period and the late glacial maximum, in particular. The annual average temperatures in the Badain Jaran Desert during the last glacial period were approximately-3–-6°C, and it is 12–15°C cooler than present. The filler in sand wedges was mainly poorly sorted fine sand that was not transported from afar but from nearby sand dunes. According to the sand wedge groups of the last glacial period in the desert and seasonal frozen soil, we can infer that the Badain Jaran Desert was a part of the permafrost that may have been continuous and widespread. The extent and distribution of the Badain Jaran Desert in the last glacial period was probably different than today, reflecting the dynamic nature of sand dunes. According to the law of sand dunes' movement in the Badain Jaran Desert, combining with the characteristics of aeolian sand of the desert's ancient permafrost wedge can indirectly infer that three large desert areas of the Alxa Plateau were connected more than ten thousand years ago when the entire Alxa Plateau was part of the permafrost; furthermore, the desert hinterland and the surrounding sand dunes would have been frozen and the movement and development of the sand dunes would have been suppressed. Surface landscape and the kinetics of the sand and landform need to be studied further. While the Badain Jaran Desert was likely a part of the cryosphere climate zone during the last glacial period, whether the Chinese northern desert belonged to the frozen earth region is still questionable.
Sand wedge is a product of permafrost in cold climate, and it is of great significance to restore paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. Since the early 20th century, periglacial landforms such as sand, ice, and soil wedges and glacial mud have been intensively studied in North America, Europe, and Russia. Nevertheless, the distribution of desert areas in the permafrost regions after the last glacial period is still debated in academia. Particularly, in China, it has been argued that desert areas were not the parts of ancient permafrost regions. Moreover, the studies of ancient sand wedges are mostly limited to the last glacial period. In recent years, several groups of ancient sand wedges and glacial mud have been recognized in the Badain Jaran Desert. This filled the gap in the Chinese literature regarding ancient permafrost and proved that desert region belonged to the scope of permafrost regions during the last glacial period. The newly discovered sand wedges in the southeast Badain Jaran Desert comprise sand and gravel layers. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of the filler in the sand wedges suggests that they formed during the last glacial period and the late glacial maximum, in particular. The annual average temperatures in the Badain Jaran Desert during the last glacial period were approximately-3–-6°C, and it is 12–15°C cooler than present. The filler in sand wedges was mainly poorly sorted fine sand that was not transported from afar but from nearby sand dunes. According to the sand wedge groups of the last glacial period in the desert and seasonal frozen soil, we can infer that the Badain Jaran Desert was a part of the permafrost that may have been continuous and widespread. The extent and distribution of the Badain Jaran Desert in the last glacial period was probably different than today, reflecting the dynamic nature of sand dunes. According to the law of sand dunes' movement in the Badain Jaran Desert, combining with the characteristics of aeolian sand of the desert's ancient permafrost wedge can indirectly infer that three large desert areas of the Alxa Plateau were connected more than ten thousand years ago when the entire Alxa Plateau was part of the permafrost; furthermore, the desert hinterland and the surrounding sand dunes would have been frozen and the movement and development of the sand dunes would have been suppressed. Surface landscape and the kinetics of the sand and landform need to be studied further. While the Badain Jaran Desert was likely a part of the cryosphere climate zone during the last glacial period, whether the Chinese northern desert belonged to the frozen earth region is still questionable.
引文
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5 Washburn A L.Permafrost features as evidence of climatic change.Earth-Sci Rev,1980,15:327-402
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2 Wang B L,French H M.Soil wedge and ice-wedge pseudomorphs and their paleoclimaticimplications(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,1991,13:67-75[王保来,French H M.土楔和冰楔假形及其古气候意义.冰川冻土,1991,13:67-75]
3 Black R F.Periglacial features indicative of permafrost:Ice and sand wedges.Quat Res,1976,6:3-26
4 Mackay J R.Ice wedges on hillslopes and landform evolution in the Late Quaternary,Westen Coast Canada.Can J Earth Sci,1995,32:1720-1729
5 Washburn A L.Permafrost features as evidence of climatic change.Earth-Sci Rev,1980,15:327-402
6 PéwéT L.Paleoclimatic significance of fossil ice wedges.Biul Peryglacj,1966,15:65-73
7РоманоьскийH H.формированиеполигонально-жильныхструктур.Моква:Иэд-воНаука,1977.70-85
8 Pei W Z.The first discovery of Solifluxion in China(in Chinese).Chin Sci Bull,1956,11:51-53[裴文中.在中国境内“冰滑作用”的初次发现.科学通报,1956,11:51-53]
9 Guo D X.The sand wedges in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,1979,1:51[郭东信.青藏高原上的砂楔.冰川冻土,1979,1:51]
10 Pan B T,Chen F H.Permafrost evolution in the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the last 150000 years(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,1997,19:123-132[潘保田,陈发虎.青藏高原东北部15万年来的多年冻土演化.冰川冻土,1997,19:123-132]
11 Yang J C,Sun J Z,Li S D,et al.Fossil ice wedges and Late Pleistocene environment in Datong Basin,Shanxi Province(in Chinese).Sci Geogr Sin,1983,3:339-344[杨景春,孙建中,李树德,等.大同盆地古冰楔(砂楔)和晚更新世自然环境.地理科学,1983,3:339-344]
12 Dong G R,Gao S Y,Li B S,et al.The phenomenon of fossil ice margins and its significance in climatic stratigraphy in the Ordos Plateau during the Late Pleistocene(in Chinese).Geogr Res,1985,4:1-13[董光荣,高尚玉,李保生,等.鄂尔多斯高原晚更新世以来的古冰缘现象及其气候地层学意义.地理研究,1985,4:1-13]
13 Cui Z J,Yang J C,Zhao L,et al.Discovery of a large area of Ice wedge networks in Ordos:Implications for the southern boundary of permafrost in the North of China as well as for the environment in the latest 20 ka BP(in Chinese).Chin Sci Bull,2004,49:1304-1310[崔之久,杨建强,赵亮,等.鄂尔多斯大面积冰楔群的发现及20 ka以来中国北方多年冻土南界与环境.科学通报,2004,49:1304-1310]
14 Cui Z J,Zhao L,Vandenberghe J,et al.Discovery of ice wedge and sand wedge networks in Inner Mongolia and Shanxi Province and their environmental significance(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,2002,24:708-716[崔之久,赵亮,Vandenberghe J,等.山西大同、内蒙古鄂尔多斯冰楔、砂楔群的发现及其环境意义.冰川冻土,2002,24:708-716]
15 Zhou T,Pan B T,Liu X J,et al.Discovery of ice-wedge casts in Erdos:Rebuilding the permafrost boundary during the Penultimate Glaciation in China(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,2008,30:108-112[周天,潘保田,刘秀菊,等.鄂尔多斯地区倒数第二次冰期冰楔假型的发现以及中国倒数第二次冰期多年冻土边界重建.冰川冻土,2008,30:108-112]
16 Wang N A,Zhao Q,Li J,et al.The sand wedges of the last ice age in the Hexi Corridor,China:Paleoclimatic interpretation.Geomorphology,2003,5:313-320
17 Chang X L,Jing H J,He R X,et al.Formation and environmental evolution of sand wedges on the Tianshuihai North Lakeshore in the Western Kunlun mountains(in Chinese).Quat Sci,2011,31:112-119[常晓丽,金会军,何瑞霞.西昆仑山甜水海北湖砂楔的形成与环境演变.第四纪研究,2011,31:112-119]
18 Shan P F.Northeast of Tengger Desert edge at the end of the last glacial ice wedge was first discovered and its significance(in Chinese).Chin Sci Bull,1996,41:160-163[单鹏飞.腾格里沙漠东北缘末次冰期冰楔的首次发现及其意义.科学通报,1996,41:160-163]
19 Dong L N,Lu H X,Wang X R,et al.A tentative reconstruction of the border migration of Xinjiang deserts during the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Optimum(in Chinese).Quat Sci,2013,33:398-400[东丽娜,鹿化煜,王晓勇,等.末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期新疆地区沙漠边界移动初探.第四纪研究,2013,33:398-400]
20 Zhao L,Jin H,Li C,et al.The extent of permafrost in China during the local Last Glacial Maximum(LLGM).Boreas,2013,43:688-698
21 Wan X D.The characteristics of permafrost distribution in the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum(in Chinese).Master Dissertation.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2015[万旭东.北半球末次冰盛期多年冻土分布特征.硕士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学,2015]
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