山东青岛大珠山遗址晚更新世人类活动的环境背景
|
摘要
大珠山遗址是青岛市首个具有地层依据的旧石器遗址。该遗址的发掘不仅丰富了我国沿海地区的旧石器考古材料,更对探讨早期人类的生存适应和迁移扩散等问题具有深远意义。解译遗址中的环境背景信息,可以帮助我们更准确地理解当时人类的生存状态。本文通过花粉和磁化率等指标,重建了该遗址所在区域的环境演变过程。研究结果显示:1)大珠山遗址的光释光年龄为65.7-52.9ka,对应MIS4-MIS3c;2)从MIS5b到MIS3b(86.0-45.0ka),区域植被经历4个演替阶段,依次为落叶林草原、落叶阔叶林草原、温带草原和疏林草原,其反映的气候趋势与区域背景下的环境变化过程基本一致;3)MIS4-MIS3c期间迅速回暖的气候,稳定适宜的生存环境,均为早期人类的活动提供良好的生态背景。随后气候转冷,海岸线后退,该地区的人类遗存明显减少,可能指示人类活动减弱或者迁出。这种不同时期内的人类活动强度的变化,表明气候主控下的生存环境变化深刻影响着近海地区早期人类的适应策略。
Dazhushan is the first Paleolithic site with stratigraphic information in Qingdao City. Its excavation not only replenishes the Paleolithic archaeological materials in coastal areas of northern China, but also has far-reaching significance for exploring scientific questions, such as survival, adaptation, and migration of prehistoric humans. Therefore, to understand the living conditions in the corresponding period, it's necessary to reconstruct the environmental background. In this study, we reconstructed the history of environmental changes of the area, with pollen, magnetic susceptibility, and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating. Our preliminary results are as follow: 1) Dazhushan site appeared in the late Pleistocene, and its absolute burial age of archaeological remains is 65.7-52.9ka, which corresponds to late Marine Isotope Stage 4(MIS4) to early MIS3; 2) From late MIS5 to middle MIS3(86.0-45.0ka), the process of regional vegetation succession consists of four stages: deciduous forest grassland, deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest grassland, temperate grassland, and sparse forest grassland. The climate trend reflected in this site is basically consistent with that in the regional context; 3) Between late MIS4 and early MIS3, the rapidly warming climate and the stable living environment have provided an appropriate ecological background for human to survive. Subsequently, the dropping of temperature, marine regression, and the massive reductions of archaeological remains may indicate the weakening of human activities or migrations to other areas. The changes of the intensity of human occupations in different periods show that the survival strategy of early humans had been profoundly influenced by the living environment, which was mainly dominated by the regional climate.
Dazhushan is the first Paleolithic site with stratigraphic information in Qingdao City. Its excavation not only replenishes the Paleolithic archaeological materials in coastal areas of northern China, but also has far-reaching significance for exploring scientific questions, such as survival, adaptation, and migration of prehistoric humans. Therefore, to understand the living conditions in the corresponding period, it's necessary to reconstruct the environmental background. In this study, we reconstructed the history of environmental changes of the area, with pollen, magnetic susceptibility, and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating. Our preliminary results are as follow: 1) Dazhushan site appeared in the late Pleistocene, and its absolute burial age of archaeological remains is 65.7-52.9ka, which corresponds to late Marine Isotope Stage 4(MIS4) to early MIS3; 2) From late MIS5 to middle MIS3(86.0-45.0ka), the process of regional vegetation succession consists of four stages: deciduous forest grassland, deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest grassland, temperate grassland, and sparse forest grassland. The climate trend reflected in this site is basically consistent with that in the regional context; 3) Between late MIS4 and early MIS3, the rapidly warming climate and the stable living environment have provided an appropriate ecological background for human to survive. Subsequently, the dropping of temperature, marine regression, and the massive reductions of archaeological remains may indicate the weakening of human activities or migrations to other areas. The changes of the intensity of human occupations in different periods show that the survival strategy of early humans had been profoundly influenced by the living environment, which was mainly dominated by the regional climate.
引文
[1]Timmermann A,Friedrich T.Late Pleistocene climate drivers of early human migration[J].Nature,2016,538(7623)
[2]Liu W,Martinóntorres M,Cai YJ,et al.The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China[J].Nature,2015,526(7575):696-699
[3]Wang YJ,Cheng H,Edwards RL,et al.A high-resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene Monsoon record from Hulu Cave,China[J].Science,2001,294(5550):2345-2348
[4]Guo Z,Liu T,Guiot J,et al.High frequency pulses of East Asian monsoon climate in the last two glaciations:link with the North Atlantic[J].Climate Dynamics,1996,12(10):701-709
[5]Ding Z,Liu T,Rutter N W,et al.Ice-Volume Forcing of East Asian Winter Monsoon Variations in the Past 800,000 Years[J].Quaternary Research,1995,44(2):149-159
[6]Cooper A,Turney C,Hughen KA,et al.PALEOECOLOGY.Abrupt warming events drove Late Pleistocene Holarctic megafaunal turnover[J].Science,2015,349(6248):602-6
[7]Zhuo Z,Li Q.Vegetation,climate,and sea level in the past 55 000 years,Hanjiang Delta,Southeastern China[J].Quaternary Research,2000,53(3):330-340
[8]Madsen DB,Chen FH,Gao X.Late Quaternary climate change and human adaptation in arid China[M].Elsevier,2007
[9]Barton L,Brantingham PJ,Ji D.Late Pleistocene climate change and Paleolithic cultural evolution in northern China:Implications from the Last Glacial Maximum[J].Developments in Quaternary Sciences,2007,9(07):105-128
[10]Armitage SJ,Uerpmann HP,Marks A E,et al.The southern route"out of Africa":evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia[J].Science,2011,331(6016):453-6
[11]Jon M.Erlandson,Scott M.Fitzpatrick.Oceans,Islands,and Coasts:Current Perspectives on the Role of the Sea in Human Prehistory[J].Journal of Island&Coastal Archaeology,2006,1(1):5-32
[12]Frumkin A,Baryosef O,Schwarcz HP.Possible paleohydrologic and paleoclimatic effects on hominin migration and occupation of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2011,60(4):437-451
[13]Innes JB,Zong Y,Chen Z,et al.Environmental history,palaeoecology and human activity at the early Neolithic forager/cultivator site at Kuahuqiao,Hangzhou,eastern China[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2009,28(23-24):2277-2294
[14]Zhu C,Zheng C,Ma C,et al.On the Holocene sea-level highstand along the Yangtze Delta and Ningshao Plain,East China[J].2003,48(24):2672-2683
[15]Atahan P,Itzstein-Davey F,Taylor D,et al.Holocene-aged sedimentary records of environmental changes and early agriculture in the lower Yangtze,China[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2008,27(5):556-570
[16]Nian X,Chen F,Li F,et al.Optical dating of a Paleolithic site near the eastern coastal region of Shandong,northern China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,2015,30:466-471
[17]陈福友,李罡,李玉,等.山东日照黄泥梁遗址2012年调查与试掘[J].人类学学报,2015,34(1):21-27
[18]彭菲,范雪春,夏正楷.福建莲花池山旧石器遗址孢粉记录的古环境初步分析[J].第四纪研究,2011,31(4):705-714
[19]范雪春,吴金鹏,黄运明,等.福建晋江深沪湾潮间带旧石器遗址[J].人类学学报,2011,30(3):299-306
[20]陈宇鹏.青岛地区首个有地层依据的旧石器遗址[N].中国文物报,2014-03-28(008)
[21]Andel T H Van.Late Quarternary sea-level changes and Archaeology[J].Antiquity,1989,63(241):733-745
[22]山东省县史志编纂委员会,胶南县志,北京:新华出版社,1991
[23]Brostr?m A,Nielsen AB,Gaillard MJ,et al.Pollen productivity estimates of key European plant taxa for quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation:a review[J].Vegetation History&Archaeobotany,2008,17(5):461-478
[24]Fenu G,Carboni M,Acosta T R,et al.Environmental Factors Influencing Coastal Vegetation Pattern:New Insights from the Mediterranean Basin[J].Folia Geobotanica,2013,48(4):493-508
[25]杨吉龙,秦雅飞,胥勤勉,等.7.65 Ma BP以来天津滨海地区的植被演变特征[J].地质学报,2015(6):1134-1143
[26]范迎新,胶南大珠山森林群落分类、排序及主要树种生态位研究[D].山东农业大学,2008
[27]Murray AS,Wintle AG.The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol:potential for improvements in reliability[J].Radiation Measurements,2003,37(4):377-381
[28]隆浩,沈吉.青藏高原及其邻区晚更新世高湖面事件的年代学问题-以柴达木盆地和腾格里沙漠为例[J].中国科学:地球科学,2015(1):52-65
[29]Moore P,Webb J.An Illustrated Guide to Pollen Analysis[J].Brittonia,1979,21(31):1-126
[30]李小强,尚雪,周新郢.黄土花粉分析的筛析-重液综合法[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(5):663-667
[31]王建,刘泽纯,姜文英,等.磁化率与粒度、矿物的关系及其古环境意义[J].地理学报,1996(2):155-163
[32]Oldfield F.Environmental magnetism-A personal perspective[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1991,10(1):73-85
[33]Deegan LA,Warren RS.Susceptibility of Salt Marshes to Nutrient Enrichment and Predator Removal[J].Ecological Applications,2007,17(sp5):S42-S63
[34]Liu Q,Roberts AP,Larrasoa?a JC,et al.Environmental magnetism:Principles and applications[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2013,50(4):197-215
[35]仇建东.山东半岛南部滨浅海区晚第四纪沉积地层结构与沉积环境演化[D].中国海洋大学,2012
[36]Smith J,Popp M,Luttge U,et al.Ecophysiology of xerophytic and halophytic vegetation of a coastal alluvtal plain in Northern Venezuela.New phytologist,1989,111(2):293-307
[37]徐家声,高建西,谢福缘.最末一次冰期的黄海-黄海古地理若干新资料的获得及研究[J].中国科学,1981,24(5):95-103
[38]宋键,金秉福.青岛地区晚更新世以来的孢粉组合特征与环境演变[J].自然科学进展,2009,19(9):952-962
[39]卫艳.苏北盆地兴化钻孔末次间冰期以来的古气候环境记录[D].南京师范大学,2004
[40]Adam P.Saltmarsh Ecology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990
[41]Waelbroeck C,Labeyrie L,Michel E,et al.Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2002,21(1):295-305
[42]王靖泰,汪品先.中国东部晚更新世以来海面升降与气候变化的关系[J].地理学报,1980(4):299-312
[43]汪品先,闵秋宝,卞云华,等.我国东部第四纪海侵地层的初步研究[J].地质学报,1981(1):3-15
[44]刘敏厚,吴世迎,王永吉,等.黄海晚第四纪海面变化[J].第四纪研究,1986,7(2):61-68
[45]徐东禹,刘锡清,张训华,等.中国近海地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1997
[46]An Z,Kukla G,Porter S,et al.Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the Loess Plateau of central China during the last 130,000 years[J].Quaternary Research,1991,36(1):29-36
[47]An Z.The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoon climate[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2000,19(1-5):171-187
[48]Yang J,Chen J,An Z,et al.Variations in 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcites in Chinese loess:a proxy for chemical weathering associated with the East Asian summer monsoon[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2000,157(1-2):151-159
[49]Lu HY,Wu NQ,Liu KB,et al.Phytoliths as quantitative indicators for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions in China II:palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in the Loess Plateau[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2007,26(5-6):759-772
[50]Wang Y,Cheng H,Edwards RL,et al.Millennial-and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000years[J].Nature,2009,451(7182):1090-1093
[51]夏正楷,刘德成,王幼平,等.郑州织机洞遗址MIS3阶段古人类活动的环境背景[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(1):96-102
[52]Wang S,Lu H,Zhang H,et al.Newly discovered Palaeolithic artefacts from loess deposits and their ages in Lantian,central China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(7):651-661
[53]侯亚梅,王志浩,杨泽蒙.内蒙古鄂尔多斯乌兰木伦遗址2010年1期试掘及其意义[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(2):178-187
[2]Liu W,Martinóntorres M,Cai YJ,et al.The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China[J].Nature,2015,526(7575):696-699
[3]Wang YJ,Cheng H,Edwards RL,et al.A high-resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene Monsoon record from Hulu Cave,China[J].Science,2001,294(5550):2345-2348
[4]Guo Z,Liu T,Guiot J,et al.High frequency pulses of East Asian monsoon climate in the last two glaciations:link with the North Atlantic[J].Climate Dynamics,1996,12(10):701-709
[5]Ding Z,Liu T,Rutter N W,et al.Ice-Volume Forcing of East Asian Winter Monsoon Variations in the Past 800,000 Years[J].Quaternary Research,1995,44(2):149-159
[6]Cooper A,Turney C,Hughen KA,et al.PALEOECOLOGY.Abrupt warming events drove Late Pleistocene Holarctic megafaunal turnover[J].Science,2015,349(6248):602-6
[7]Zhuo Z,Li Q.Vegetation,climate,and sea level in the past 55 000 years,Hanjiang Delta,Southeastern China[J].Quaternary Research,2000,53(3):330-340
[8]Madsen DB,Chen FH,Gao X.Late Quaternary climate change and human adaptation in arid China[M].Elsevier,2007
[9]Barton L,Brantingham PJ,Ji D.Late Pleistocene climate change and Paleolithic cultural evolution in northern China:Implications from the Last Glacial Maximum[J].Developments in Quaternary Sciences,2007,9(07):105-128
[10]Armitage SJ,Uerpmann HP,Marks A E,et al.The southern route"out of Africa":evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia[J].Science,2011,331(6016):453-6
[11]Jon M.Erlandson,Scott M.Fitzpatrick.Oceans,Islands,and Coasts:Current Perspectives on the Role of the Sea in Human Prehistory[J].Journal of Island&Coastal Archaeology,2006,1(1):5-32
[12]Frumkin A,Baryosef O,Schwarcz HP.Possible paleohydrologic and paleoclimatic effects on hominin migration and occupation of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2011,60(4):437-451
[13]Innes JB,Zong Y,Chen Z,et al.Environmental history,palaeoecology and human activity at the early Neolithic forager/cultivator site at Kuahuqiao,Hangzhou,eastern China[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2009,28(23-24):2277-2294
[14]Zhu C,Zheng C,Ma C,et al.On the Holocene sea-level highstand along the Yangtze Delta and Ningshao Plain,East China[J].2003,48(24):2672-2683
[15]Atahan P,Itzstein-Davey F,Taylor D,et al.Holocene-aged sedimentary records of environmental changes and early agriculture in the lower Yangtze,China[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2008,27(5):556-570
[16]Nian X,Chen F,Li F,et al.Optical dating of a Paleolithic site near the eastern coastal region of Shandong,northern China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,2015,30:466-471
[17]陈福友,李罡,李玉,等.山东日照黄泥梁遗址2012年调查与试掘[J].人类学学报,2015,34(1):21-27
[18]彭菲,范雪春,夏正楷.福建莲花池山旧石器遗址孢粉记录的古环境初步分析[J].第四纪研究,2011,31(4):705-714
[19]范雪春,吴金鹏,黄运明,等.福建晋江深沪湾潮间带旧石器遗址[J].人类学学报,2011,30(3):299-306
[20]陈宇鹏.青岛地区首个有地层依据的旧石器遗址[N].中国文物报,2014-03-28(008)
[21]Andel T H Van.Late Quarternary sea-level changes and Archaeology[J].Antiquity,1989,63(241):733-745
[22]山东省县史志编纂委员会,胶南县志,北京:新华出版社,1991
[23]Brostr?m A,Nielsen AB,Gaillard MJ,et al.Pollen productivity estimates of key European plant taxa for quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation:a review[J].Vegetation History&Archaeobotany,2008,17(5):461-478
[24]Fenu G,Carboni M,Acosta T R,et al.Environmental Factors Influencing Coastal Vegetation Pattern:New Insights from the Mediterranean Basin[J].Folia Geobotanica,2013,48(4):493-508
[25]杨吉龙,秦雅飞,胥勤勉,等.7.65 Ma BP以来天津滨海地区的植被演变特征[J].地质学报,2015(6):1134-1143
[26]范迎新,胶南大珠山森林群落分类、排序及主要树种生态位研究[D].山东农业大学,2008
[27]Murray AS,Wintle AG.The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol:potential for improvements in reliability[J].Radiation Measurements,2003,37(4):377-381
[28]隆浩,沈吉.青藏高原及其邻区晚更新世高湖面事件的年代学问题-以柴达木盆地和腾格里沙漠为例[J].中国科学:地球科学,2015(1):52-65
[29]Moore P,Webb J.An Illustrated Guide to Pollen Analysis[J].Brittonia,1979,21(31):1-126
[30]李小强,尚雪,周新郢.黄土花粉分析的筛析-重液综合法[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(5):663-667
[31]王建,刘泽纯,姜文英,等.磁化率与粒度、矿物的关系及其古环境意义[J].地理学报,1996(2):155-163
[32]Oldfield F.Environmental magnetism-A personal perspective[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1991,10(1):73-85
[33]Deegan LA,Warren RS.Susceptibility of Salt Marshes to Nutrient Enrichment and Predator Removal[J].Ecological Applications,2007,17(sp5):S42-S63
[34]Liu Q,Roberts AP,Larrasoa?a JC,et al.Environmental magnetism:Principles and applications[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2013,50(4):197-215
[35]仇建东.山东半岛南部滨浅海区晚第四纪沉积地层结构与沉积环境演化[D].中国海洋大学,2012
[36]Smith J,Popp M,Luttge U,et al.Ecophysiology of xerophytic and halophytic vegetation of a coastal alluvtal plain in Northern Venezuela.New phytologist,1989,111(2):293-307
[37]徐家声,高建西,谢福缘.最末一次冰期的黄海-黄海古地理若干新资料的获得及研究[J].中国科学,1981,24(5):95-103
[38]宋键,金秉福.青岛地区晚更新世以来的孢粉组合特征与环境演变[J].自然科学进展,2009,19(9):952-962
[39]卫艳.苏北盆地兴化钻孔末次间冰期以来的古气候环境记录[D].南京师范大学,2004
[40]Adam P.Saltmarsh Ecology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990
[41]Waelbroeck C,Labeyrie L,Michel E,et al.Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2002,21(1):295-305
[42]王靖泰,汪品先.中国东部晚更新世以来海面升降与气候变化的关系[J].地理学报,1980(4):299-312
[43]汪品先,闵秋宝,卞云华,等.我国东部第四纪海侵地层的初步研究[J].地质学报,1981(1):3-15
[44]刘敏厚,吴世迎,王永吉,等.黄海晚第四纪海面变化[J].第四纪研究,1986,7(2):61-68
[45]徐东禹,刘锡清,张训华,等.中国近海地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1997
[46]An Z,Kukla G,Porter S,et al.Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the Loess Plateau of central China during the last 130,000 years[J].Quaternary Research,1991,36(1):29-36
[47]An Z.The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoon climate[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2000,19(1-5):171-187
[48]Yang J,Chen J,An Z,et al.Variations in 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcites in Chinese loess:a proxy for chemical weathering associated with the East Asian summer monsoon[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2000,157(1-2):151-159
[49]Lu HY,Wu NQ,Liu KB,et al.Phytoliths as quantitative indicators for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions in China II:palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in the Loess Plateau[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2007,26(5-6):759-772
[50]Wang Y,Cheng H,Edwards RL,et al.Millennial-and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000years[J].Nature,2009,451(7182):1090-1093
[51]夏正楷,刘德成,王幼平,等.郑州织机洞遗址MIS3阶段古人类活动的环境背景[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(1):96-102
[52]Wang S,Lu H,Zhang H,et al.Newly discovered Palaeolithic artefacts from loess deposits and their ages in Lantian,central China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(7):651-661
[53]侯亚梅,王志浩,杨泽蒙.内蒙古鄂尔多斯乌兰木伦遗址2010年1期试掘及其意义[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(2):178-187
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |