四川省不同地区自来水中全氟化合物的污染特征及健康风险评估
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摘要
采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了四川省10个地区自来水中12种全氟化合物(perfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs)的含量,其中全氟化合物浓度水平最高的是宜宾地区,∑PFASs为41.2 ng·L~(-1),浓度水平最低的是绵阳地区,为4.17 ng·L~(-1).全氟辛烷羧酸(perfluroroocantanoic acid,PFOA)是四川地区自来水中主要的PFASs,占总全氟化合物的28%～89%(宜宾地区8.6%),其次为全氟己酸(perfluorohexanoate,PFHxA)、全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS)和全氟壬酸(perfluorononanoate,PFNA),这表明自来水中的主要污染物为中短碳链(C≤10)的全氟化合物.另外,通过计算PFASs的危险商值(risk quotients, RQ),发现四川地区自来水中PFOA、PFOS、PFHxS、PFBS和PFHxA的风险商值均小于1,不会对当地居民带来直接的健康风险.
Twelve perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) were analyzed in tap waters collected from 10 different cities in Sichuan Province using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). The results show that ∑PFASs in Yibin area displayed the highest concentration level at 41.2 ng·L~(-1), while Mianyang had the lowest concentration(4.17 ng·L~(-1)). Perfluroroocantanoic acid(PFOA) was the predominant PFASs in tap waters of Sichuan Province, which accounted for 28%～89% of ∑PFASs with an exception of Yibin(8.6%), followed by perfluorohexanoate(PFHxA), perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) and perfluorononanoate(PFNA). It suggests that short-and median-chain PFASs(C≤10) were the main contaminants in tap water. Finally, risk quotients(RQs) were calculated and it was found that RQs values of PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFBS and PFHxA were lower than 1 in all the tap waters, suggesting no direct health risk to local residents.
Twelve perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) were analyzed in tap waters collected from 10 different cities in Sichuan Province using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). The results show that ∑PFASs in Yibin area displayed the highest concentration level at 41.2 ng·L~(-1), while Mianyang had the lowest concentration(4.17 ng·L~(-1)). Perfluroroocantanoic acid(PFOA) was the predominant PFASs in tap waters of Sichuan Province, which accounted for 28%～89% of ∑PFASs with an exception of Yibin(8.6%), followed by perfluorohexanoate(PFHxA), perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) and perfluorononanoate(PFNA). It suggests that short-and median-chain PFASs(C≤10) were the main contaminants in tap water. Finally, risk quotients(RQs) were calculated and it was found that RQs values of PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFBS and PFHxA were lower than 1 in all the tap waters, suggesting no direct health risk to local residents.
引文
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Chen H, Yao Y M, Zhao Z, et al. 2018. Multimedia distribution and transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) surrounding two fluorochemical manufacturing facilities in Fuxin, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 52: 8263-8271
Chen X W, Zhu L Y, Pan X Y, et al. 2015. Isomeric specific partitioning behaviors of perfluoroalkyl substances in water dissolved phase, suspended particulate matters and sediments in Liao River Basin and Taihu Lake, China [J]. Water Research, 80: 235-244
Dassuncao C, Hu X D C, Nielsen F, et al. 2018. Shifting global exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) evident in longitudinal birth cohorts from a seafood-consuming population [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 52: 3738-3747
Domingo J L, Nadal M. 2017. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food and human dietary intake: A review of the recent scientific literature[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65: 533-543
Eriksson U, K?rrman A. 2015. World-wide indoor exposure to polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) and other PFASs in household dust [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 49: 14503-14511
Eriksson U, Karrman A, Rotander A, et al. 2013. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food and water from faroe islands[J]. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 20: 7940-7948
Fang S H, Chen X W, Zhao S Y, et al. 2014. Trophic magnification and isomer fractionation of perfluoroalkyl substances in the food web of Taihu Lake, China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 48: 2173-2182
Fang S H, Zhang Y F, Zhao S Y, et al. 2016. Bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids including the isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonate in carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a sediment/water microcosm[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35: 3005-3013
Fuentes S, Vicens P, Colomina M, et al. 2007. Behavioral effects in adult mice exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) [J]. Toxicology, 242: 123-129
Gebbink W A, Van Asseldonk L, Van Leeuwen S P J. 2017. Presence of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in river and drinking water near a fluorochemical production plant in the netherlands[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 51: 11057-11065
Hoffman K, Webster T F, Bartell S M, et al. 2011. Private drinking water wells as a source of exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in communities surrounding a fluoropolymer production facility[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119: 92
Jin Y H, Liu W, Sato I, et al. 2009. PFOS and PFOA in environmental and tap water in China[J]. Chemosphere, 77: 605-611
Kleszczynski K, Gardzielewski P, Mulkiewicz E, et al. 2007. Analysis of structure-cytotoxicity in vitro relationship (SAR) for perfluorinated carboxylic acids[J]. Toxicology in Vitro, 21: 1206-1211
Mak Y, Taniyasu S, Yeung L, et al. 2009. Perfluorinated compounds in tap water from China and several other countries[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 43: 4824
Martin J W, Mabury S A, Solomon K R, et al. 2003. Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22: 196-204
Minnesota Department of Health. 2007. Perfluorochemicals and health: Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Health, Minnesota Department of Health
Newsted J L, Jones P D, Coady K, et al. 2005. Avian toxicity reference values for perfluorooctane sulfonate[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 9357-9362
Paul A G, Jones K C, Sweetman A J. 2009. A first global production, emission, and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 43: 386-392
Shoeib M, Harner T, Vlahos P. 2006. Perfluorinated chemicals in the arctic atmosphere[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 40: 7577-7583
So M, Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, et al. 2006. Health risks in infants associated with exposure to perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from Zhoushan, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 40: 2924-2929
Sun H W, Li F S, Zhang T, et al. 2011. Perfluorinated compounds in surface waters and WWTPs in Shenyang, China: mass flows and source analysis[J]. Water Research, 45: 4483-4490
Takagi S, Adachi F, Miyano K, et al. 2008. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in raw and treated tap water from Osaka, Japan [J]. Chemosphere, 72: 1409-1412
Taniyasu S, Kannan K, So M K, et al. 2005. Analysis of fluorotelomer alcohols, fluorotelomer acids, and short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in water and biota [J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1093: 89-97
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. Provisory Health Advisory for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)[OL]. 2009-01-08. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/pfoa-pfos-provisional.pdf
Wang F, Liu W, Jin Y, et al. 2010. Transcriptional effects of prenatal and neonatal exposure to PFOS in developing rat brain[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 44: 1847-1853
Wang Z, Cousins I T, Scheringer M, et al. 2014. Global emission inventories for C4～C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, Part I: production and emissions from quantifiable sources[J]. Environment International, 70: 62-75
Wilhelm M, Bergmann S, Dieter H. 2010. Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in drinking water of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and new approach to assess drinking water contamination by shorter-chained C4-C7 PFCs[J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
3M. 2000. 3M phase-out plan for POSF-based products[OL].2000-07-07.http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/pfos.fr.final.docket.0009.pdf
Xie S W, Wang T Y, Liu S J, et al. 2013. Industrial source identification and emission estimation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in China[J]. Environment International, 52: 1-8
Yu W G, Liu W, Jin Y H, et al. 2009. Prenatal and postnatal impact of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on rat development: A cross-foster study on chemical burden and thyroid hormone system[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 43: 8416-8422
Zhang T, Sun H W, Wu Q, et al. 2010. Perfluorochemicals in meat, eggs and indoor dust in China: Assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to perfluorochemicals[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 44: 3572-3579
Zhao L X, Zhu L Y, Yang L P, et al. 2012. Distribution and desorption of perfluorinated compounds in fractionated sediments[J]. Chemosphere, 88: 1390-1397
Zhao Y G, Wan H T, Law A Y S, et al. 2011. Risk assessment for human consumption of perfluorinated compound-contaminated freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong and Xiamen [J]. Chemosphere, 85: 277-283
周珍, 胡宇宁, 史亚利,等. 2017. 武汉地区水环境中全氟化合物污染水平及其分布特征[J]. 生态毒理学报, (12): 425-433
Chen H, Yao Y M, Zhao Z, et al. 2018. Multimedia distribution and transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) surrounding two fluorochemical manufacturing facilities in Fuxin, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 52: 8263-8271
Chen X W, Zhu L Y, Pan X Y, et al. 2015. Isomeric specific partitioning behaviors of perfluoroalkyl substances in water dissolved phase, suspended particulate matters and sediments in Liao River Basin and Taihu Lake, China [J]. Water Research, 80: 235-244
Dassuncao C, Hu X D C, Nielsen F, et al. 2018. Shifting global exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) evident in longitudinal birth cohorts from a seafood-consuming population [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 52: 3738-3747
Domingo J L, Nadal M. 2017. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food and human dietary intake: A review of the recent scientific literature[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65: 533-543
Eriksson U, K?rrman A. 2015. World-wide indoor exposure to polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) and other PFASs in household dust [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 49: 14503-14511
Eriksson U, Karrman A, Rotander A, et al. 2013. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food and water from faroe islands[J]. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 20: 7940-7948
Fang S H, Chen X W, Zhao S Y, et al. 2014. Trophic magnification and isomer fractionation of perfluoroalkyl substances in the food web of Taihu Lake, China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 48: 2173-2182
Fang S H, Zhang Y F, Zhao S Y, et al. 2016. Bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids including the isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonate in carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a sediment/water microcosm[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35: 3005-3013
Fuentes S, Vicens P, Colomina M, et al. 2007. Behavioral effects in adult mice exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) [J]. Toxicology, 242: 123-129
Gebbink W A, Van Asseldonk L, Van Leeuwen S P J. 2017. Presence of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in river and drinking water near a fluorochemical production plant in the netherlands[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 51: 11057-11065
Hoffman K, Webster T F, Bartell S M, et al. 2011. Private drinking water wells as a source of exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in communities surrounding a fluoropolymer production facility[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119: 92
Jin Y H, Liu W, Sato I, et al. 2009. PFOS and PFOA in environmental and tap water in China[J]. Chemosphere, 77: 605-611
Kleszczynski K, Gardzielewski P, Mulkiewicz E, et al. 2007. Analysis of structure-cytotoxicity in vitro relationship (SAR) for perfluorinated carboxylic acids[J]. Toxicology in Vitro, 21: 1206-1211
Mak Y, Taniyasu S, Yeung L, et al. 2009. Perfluorinated compounds in tap water from China and several other countries[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 43: 4824
Martin J W, Mabury S A, Solomon K R, et al. 2003. Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22: 196-204
Minnesota Department of Health. 2007. Perfluorochemicals and health: Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Health, Minnesota Department of Health
Newsted J L, Jones P D, Coady K, et al. 2005. Avian toxicity reference values for perfluorooctane sulfonate[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 9357-9362
Paul A G, Jones K C, Sweetman A J. 2009. A first global production, emission, and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 43: 386-392
Shoeib M, Harner T, Vlahos P. 2006. Perfluorinated chemicals in the arctic atmosphere[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 40: 7577-7583
So M, Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, et al. 2006. Health risks in infants associated with exposure to perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from Zhoushan, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 40: 2924-2929
Sun H W, Li F S, Zhang T, et al. 2011. Perfluorinated compounds in surface waters and WWTPs in Shenyang, China: mass flows and source analysis[J]. Water Research, 45: 4483-4490
Takagi S, Adachi F, Miyano K, et al. 2008. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in raw and treated tap water from Osaka, Japan [J]. Chemosphere, 72: 1409-1412
Taniyasu S, Kannan K, So M K, et al. 2005. Analysis of fluorotelomer alcohols, fluorotelomer acids, and short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in water and biota [J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1093: 89-97
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. Provisory Health Advisory for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)[OL]. 2009-01-08. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/pfoa-pfos-provisional.pdf
Wang F, Liu W, Jin Y, et al. 2010. Transcriptional effects of prenatal and neonatal exposure to PFOS in developing rat brain[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 44: 1847-1853
Wang Z, Cousins I T, Scheringer M, et al. 2014. Global emission inventories for C4～C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, Part I: production and emissions from quantifiable sources[J]. Environment International, 70: 62-75
Wilhelm M, Bergmann S, Dieter H. 2010. Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in drinking water of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and new approach to assess drinking water contamination by shorter-chained C4-C7 PFCs[J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
3M. 2000. 3M phase-out plan for POSF-based products[OL].2000-07-07.http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/pfos.fr.final.docket.0009.pdf
Xie S W, Wang T Y, Liu S J, et al. 2013. Industrial source identification and emission estimation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in China[J]. Environment International, 52: 1-8
Yu W G, Liu W, Jin Y H, et al. 2009. Prenatal and postnatal impact of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on rat development: A cross-foster study on chemical burden and thyroid hormone system[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 43: 8416-8422
Zhang T, Sun H W, Wu Q, et al. 2010. Perfluorochemicals in meat, eggs and indoor dust in China: Assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to perfluorochemicals[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 44: 3572-3579
Zhao L X, Zhu L Y, Yang L P, et al. 2012. Distribution and desorption of perfluorinated compounds in fractionated sediments[J]. Chemosphere, 88: 1390-1397
Zhao Y G, Wan H T, Law A Y S, et al. 2011. Risk assessment for human consumption of perfluorinated compound-contaminated freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong and Xiamen [J]. Chemosphere, 85: 277-283
周珍, 胡宇宁, 史亚利,等. 2017. 武汉地区水环境中全氟化合物污染水平及其分布特征[J]. 生态毒理学报, (12): 425-433
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