岷江流域全氟化合物的污染特征及排放通量
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摘要
采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱分析了四川省岷江流域水体中13种全氟化合物(PFASs)的浓度水平.结果表明,岷江流域水相中PFASs的浓度为1.54～30.2ng/L,平均值为(11.2±8.0)ng/L,浓度最高点出现在乐山下游(30.2ng/L).其中,岷江流域水相中最主要的PFASs为全氟丁烷羧酸(PFBA),浓度为0.16～28.4ng/L,占总全氟化合物的54.0%～94.1%(都江堰除外).岷江流域沉积物中PFASs浓度最高点在宜宾三江(岷江、金沙江和长江)汇合处(47.5ng/g dw),最低值在都江堰(0.334ng/gdw).其中,主要的PFASs是全氟己烷羧酸(PFHxA)(4.44%～66.9%)和全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)(1.52%～77.5%).岷江流域PFASs的年排放通量为1.443t/a,排放通量最高的为PFBA(1.037t/a),占总排放通量的71.9%.
Thirteen kinds of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) were analyzed in water and sediment samples collected from Minjiang River by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). PFASs in water phase were in the range of 1.54～30.2 ng/L, with mean value of(11.2±8.0) ng/L, and the greatest value appeared at the down stream of Leshan city(30.2 ng/L). In addition, perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA) was the predominant PFASs in water phase, with the concentrations of 0.16～28.4 ng/L and concentration profile of 54.0%～94.1%(except Dujiang yian). PFAS concentrations in sediment displayed the highest level(47.5 ng/g dw) at Yibin city, near the confluence of Minjiang River, Jinsha River and Yangtze River, while the lowest one was at Dujiang Yan(0.334 ng/g dw). Furthermore, the main PFASs in sediment were perfluorohexanoate(PFHxA)(4.44%～66.9%) and perfluroroocantanoic acid(PFOA)(1.52%～77.5%). Estimated flux of PFASs in Minjiang River was 1.443 tons/year, and PFBA displayed the greatest mass loading(1.037 tons/year), accounting for 71.9% of total flux.
Thirteen kinds of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) were analyzed in water and sediment samples collected from Minjiang River by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). PFASs in water phase were in the range of 1.54～30.2 ng/L, with mean value of(11.2±8.0) ng/L, and the greatest value appeared at the down stream of Leshan city(30.2 ng/L). In addition, perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA) was the predominant PFASs in water phase, with the concentrations of 0.16～28.4 ng/L and concentration profile of 54.0%～94.1%(except Dujiang yian). PFAS concentrations in sediment displayed the highest level(47.5 ng/g dw) at Yibin city, near the confluence of Minjiang River, Jinsha River and Yangtze River, while the lowest one was at Dujiang Yan(0.334 ng/g dw). Furthermore, the main PFASs in sediment were perfluorohexanoate(PFHxA)(4.44%～66.9%) and perfluroroocantanoic acid(PFOA)(1.52%～77.5%). Estimated flux of PFASs in Minjiang River was 1.443 tons/year, and PFBA displayed the greatest mass loading(1.037 tons/year), accounting for 71.9% of total flux.
引文
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[28]杨耿,秦延文,韩超南,等.岷江干流表层沉积物中磷形态空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2165-2173.Yang G,Qin Y W,Han C N,et al.Distribution of phosphorus fractions in surface sediments of Minjiang Mainstreams[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2165-2173.
[29]Zhao X,Xia X,Zhang S,et al.Spatial and vertical variations of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments of the Haihe River,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(8):1557-1566.
[30]Zhao P,Xia X,Dong J,et al.Short-and long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances in the water,suspended particulate matter,and surface sediment of a turbid river[J].Science of The Total Environment,2016,568:57-65.
[31]Labadie P,Chevreuil M.Partitioning behaviour of perfluorinated alkyl contaminants between water,sediment and fish in the Urge River(nearby Paris,France)[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(2):391-397.
[32]Pan C G,Ying G G,Zhao J L,et al.Spatiotemporal distribution and mass loadings of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River of China[J].Science of The Total Environment,2014,493:580-587.
[33]水利部长江水利委员会.长江泥沙公报[Z].2017.Changjiang Water Resources Commission of the ministry of water resources.Changjiang sediment bulletin[Z].2017.
[34]McLachlan M S,Holmstr?m K E,Reth M,et al.Riverine discharge of perfluorinated carboxylates from the European continent[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(21):7260-7265.
[35]Yeung L W Y,Yamashita N,Taniyasu S,et al.A survey of perfluorinated compounds in surface water and biota including dolphins from the Ganges River and in other waterbodies in India[J].Chemosphere,2009,76(1):55-62.
[2]Yu N,Wang X,Zhang B,et al.Distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate isomers and predicted risk of thyroid hormonal perturbation in drinking water[J].Water Research,2015,76:171-180.
[3]Chen H,Yao Y M,Zhao Z,et al.Multimedia distribution and transfer of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)surrounding two fluorochemical manufacturing facilities in Fuxin,China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(15):8263-8271.
[4]Tian Y,Yao Y,Chang S,et al.Occurrence and phase distribution of neutral and ionizable per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)in the atmosphere and plant leaves around landfills:A case study in Tianjin,China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(3):1301-1310.
[5]Song X,Vestergren R,Shi Y,et al.Emissions,transport,and fate of emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances from one of the major fluoropolymer manufacturing facilities in China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(17):9694-9703.
[6]Yeung L W Y,Dassuncao C,Mabury S,et al.Vertical profiles,sources,and transport of PFASs in the Arctic Ocean[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(12):6735-6744.
[7]Poothong S,Thomsen C,Padilla-Sanchez J A,et al.Distribution of novel and well-known poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)in human serum,plasma,and whole blood[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(22):13388-13396.
[8]Martin J W,Mabury S A,Solomon K R,et al.Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2003,22(1):196-204.
[9]Fang S H,Chen X W,Zhao S Y,et al.Trophic magnification and isomer fractionation of perfluoroalkyl substances in the food web of Taihu Lake,China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(4):2173-2182.
[10]Eriksen K T,Raaschou-Nielsen O,Sorensen M,et al.Genotoxic potential of the perfluorinated chemicals PFOA,PFOS,PFBS,PFNAand PFHxA in human HepG2cells[J].Mutation Research,2010,700(1/2):39-43.
[11]So M K,Miyake Y,Yeung W Y,et al.Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China[J].Chemosphere,2007,68(11):2085-2095.
[12]Li F S,Sun H W,Hao Z N,et al.Perfluorinated compounds in Haihe River and Dagu Drainage Canal in Tianjin,China[J].Chemosphere,2011,84:265-271.
[13]Yang L P,Zhu L Y,Liu Z T.Occurrence and partition of perfluorinated compounds in water and sediment from Liao River and Taihu Lake,China[J].Chemosphere,2011,83:806-814.
[14]Yu N Y,Shi W,Zhang B B,et al.Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl acids including perfluorooctane sulfonate isomers in Huai River Basin and Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province,China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(2):710-717.
[15]Chen X W,Zhu L Y,Pan X Y,et al.Isomeric specific partitioning behaviors of perfluoroalkyl substances in water dissolved phase,suspended particulate matters and sediments in Liao River Basin and Taihu Lake,China[J].Water Research,2015,80:235-244.
[16]周珍,胡宇宁,史亚利,等.武汉地区水环境中全氟化合物污染水平及其分布特征[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(3):425-433.Zhou Z,Hu Y N,Shi Y L,et al.Occurrence and distribution of perand polufluoroalkyl substances in waste water and surface water samples in Wuhan[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2017,12(3):425-433.
[17]Sun H W,Li F S,Zhang T,et al.Perfluorinated compounds in surface waters and WWTPs in Shenyang,China:mass flows and source analysis[J].Water Research,2011,45(15):4483-4490.
[18]Liu J X,Avenda?o M S.Microbial degradation of polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the environment:A review[J].Environment International,2013,61:98-114.
[19]Ellis D A,Martin J W,De Silva A O,et al.Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols:A likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(12):3316-3321.
[20]孙殿超,龚平,王小萍,等.拉萨河全氟化合物的时空分布特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(11):4298-4306.Sun D C,Gong P,Wang X P,et al.Special distribution and seasonal variation of perfluoroalkyls substances in Lhasa River Basin,China[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(11):4298-4306.
[21]朴海涛,陈舒,焦杏春,等.大运河丰水期水体中全氟化合物的分布[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(10):3040-3047.Piao H T,Shu C,Jiao X C,et al.Geographical distribution of perfluorinated compounds in waters along the Grand Canal during wet season[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(10):3040-3047.
[22]魏立娥,邵秘华,张晶,等.双台子河口水体全氟化合物的污染水平分析[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(5):1723-1729.Wei L E,Shao M H,Zhang J,et al.The pollution analysis of perfluorinated compounds in water of the Shuangtaizi estuary[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(5):1723-1729.
[23]张明,唐访良,俞雅雲,等.钱塘江(杭州段)表层水中全氟化合物的残留水平及分布特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4471-4478.Zhang M,Tang F L,Yu Y Y,et al.Residue concentration and distribution characteristics of perfluorinated compounds in surface water from Qiantang River in Hangzhou section[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4471-4478.
[24]Lescord G L,Kidd K A,De Silva A O,et al.Perfluorinated and Polyfluorinated Compounds in Lake Food Webs from the Canadian High Arctic[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015.
[25]M?ller A,Ahrens L,Surm R,et al.Distribution and sources of polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in the River Rhine watershed[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(10):3243-3250.
[26]US-EPA PFOA Stewardship Program.http://www.epa.gov/oppt/pfoa/pubs/stewardship/pfoastewardshipbasics.html[Z].2010.
[27]Higgins C P,Luthy R G.Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediments[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(23):7251-7256.
[28]杨耿,秦延文,韩超南,等.岷江干流表层沉积物中磷形态空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2165-2173.Yang G,Qin Y W,Han C N,et al.Distribution of phosphorus fractions in surface sediments of Minjiang Mainstreams[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2165-2173.
[29]Zhao X,Xia X,Zhang S,et al.Spatial and vertical variations of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments of the Haihe River,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(8):1557-1566.
[30]Zhao P,Xia X,Dong J,et al.Short-and long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances in the water,suspended particulate matter,and surface sediment of a turbid river[J].Science of The Total Environment,2016,568:57-65.
[31]Labadie P,Chevreuil M.Partitioning behaviour of perfluorinated alkyl contaminants between water,sediment and fish in the Urge River(nearby Paris,France)[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(2):391-397.
[32]Pan C G,Ying G G,Zhao J L,et al.Spatiotemporal distribution and mass loadings of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River of China[J].Science of The Total Environment,2014,493:580-587.
[33]水利部长江水利委员会.长江泥沙公报[Z].2017.Changjiang Water Resources Commission of the ministry of water resources.Changjiang sediment bulletin[Z].2017.
[34]McLachlan M S,Holmstr?m K E,Reth M,et al.Riverine discharge of perfluorinated carboxylates from the European continent[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(21):7260-7265.
[35]Yeung L W Y,Yamashita N,Taniyasu S,et al.A survey of perfluorinated compounds in surface water and biota including dolphins from the Ganges River and in other waterbodies in India[J].Chemosphere,2009,76(1):55-62.
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