规定问题的哲学分析
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摘要
在现代科学和哲学的理论深处,描述问题使作为其前提的规定全面凸显。而大数据基础上的创构,则使在先规定的研究居于优先地位。作为人类为认识对象所作的关于量和质、方式、方法和模式等的规范性设定,规定成了哲学研究至关重要的内容。在语言学和哲学中,"规定主义"和"描述主义"构成了一种强大的张力。语言学中的规定主义致思,反映了语言的生命就是语言的使用。在信息文明时代,语法的变异甚至成了网络语言的标志性特征。现代科学中的规定问题集中凸显在量子力学中,它表明关于自然的科学理论只是对它的描述,从而描述的规定基础问题典型地表现在当代自然科学前沿。而在当代哲学前沿,由于涉及对象的内容,约定论和预设理论研究事实上转向规定问题的哲学研究。由于所有理论基石都具有规定的性质,规定研究将涉及规则和规律的共同哲学基础。关于规定问题的哲学分析表明,随着人类认识的发展,特别是大数据开启的信息文明的到来,关于规定的反思日益凸显,规定论研究呼之欲出。规定论研究的内容主要有规定的形成、规定的性质、规定的发展和层次、规定的合理性和合理化等。
In the depth of contemporary scientific and philosophical theories, the descriptive problem makes the stipulation as its premise fully prominent, while the creation on the basis of big data gives priority to the research of prior stipulation in the first place. As the normative settings of quantity and quality, way, method and model for human cognition, stipulation has become one of the most important subject of philosophical research". Stipulationism(prescriptivism)" and" descriptivism" constitute a strong tension both in linguistics and philosophy. The stipulative approach in linguistics reflects that the life of language is the use of it. And in the age of information civilization, the variation of grammar has even become the iconic feature of network language. The stipulative problem in contemporary science is focused on quantum mechanics, which shows that the scientific theory about nature is only a description of it, and thus the stipulative basis of the description is typically expressed in the frontier of contemporary natural science. And at the frontier of contemporary philosophy, due to the content of the object, conventionalism and the theory of presupposition actually turned to the philosophical study of stipulative problems. Since all theoretical cornerstones are of a stipulative nature, the study of stipulations will involve the common philosophical basis of rules and laws. The philosophical analysis on stipulation shows that with the development of human cognition, especially the arrival of information civilization opened by big data, the reflection on regulation is increasingly prominent, and the study of stipulation is on the rise. The contents of the study of stipulative theory mainly include the formation of stipulation, the nature of stipulation, the types of stipulation, the development and levels of stipulation, the rationality and rationalization of stipulation and so on.
In the depth of contemporary scientific and philosophical theories, the descriptive problem makes the stipulation as its premise fully prominent, while the creation on the basis of big data gives priority to the research of prior stipulation in the first place. As the normative settings of quantity and quality, way, method and model for human cognition, stipulation has become one of the most important subject of philosophical research". Stipulationism(prescriptivism)" and" descriptivism" constitute a strong tension both in linguistics and philosophy. The stipulative approach in linguistics reflects that the life of language is the use of it. And in the age of information civilization, the variation of grammar has even become the iconic feature of network language. The stipulative problem in contemporary science is focused on quantum mechanics, which shows that the scientific theory about nature is only a description of it, and thus the stipulative basis of the description is typically expressed in the frontier of contemporary natural science. And at the frontier of contemporary philosophy, due to the content of the object, conventionalism and the theory of presupposition actually turned to the philosophical study of stipulative problems. Since all theoretical cornerstones are of a stipulative nature, the study of stipulations will involve the common philosophical basis of rules and laws. The philosophical analysis on stipulation shows that with the development of human cognition, especially the arrival of information civilization opened by big data, the reflection on regulation is increasingly prominent, and the study of stipulation is on the rise. The contents of the study of stipulative theory mainly include the formation of stipulation, the nature of stipulation, the types of stipulation, the development and levels of stipulation, the rationality and rationalization of stipulation and so on.
引文
a王天思:《描述和规定》,载《中国社会科学》2004年第3期。
a Brian MacWhinney,Language Emergence in An Integrated View of Language Development-Papers in Honor of Henning Wode,edited by P.Burmeister,T.Piske,and A.Rohde,Trier:Wissenshaftliche Verlag,2002,p.17.N.Chomsky Cambridge MIT Press 1995.
b N.Chomsky,The Minimalist Program,Cambridge:MIT Press,1995.
c Brian MacWhinney,Language Emergence,p.18.
a Werner Heisenberg,Encounters With Einstein,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1983,p.112.
b P.A.M.Dirac,Directions in Physics,John Wiley,1978,p.7.
a P.C.W.Davies,Julian Brown,The Ghost in the Atom:A Discussion of the Mysteries of Quantum Physics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986,p.136.
a史蒂芬·霍金:《果壳中的宇宙》,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社2002年版,第57-59页。
b同上书,第31-32页。
a史蒂芬·霍金:《果壳中的宇宙》,第198页。
b彭加勒:《科学和假设》,叶蕴理译,北京:商务印书馆1989年版,第97-98页。
c John Woods and Alirio Rosales,“Virtuous Distortion Abstraction and Idealization in Model-Based Science”,in Lorenzo Magnani,Walter Carnielli,and Claudio Pizzi(eds.),Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology,Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH&Co.K,2010,p.24.
a John Woods and Alirio Rosales,“Virtuous Distortion Abstraction and Idealization in Model-Based Science”.
b A.D.Irvine,John Woods,“Paradox and Paraconsistency:Conflict Resolution in the Abstract Sciences(book review)”,Studia Logica,Vol.85,Issue 3,2007,pp.425-428.
c Jody Azzouni,“Proof and Ontology in Euclidean Mathematics”,in New Trends in the History and Philosophy of Mathematics,edited by Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen,Stig Andur Pedersen,and Lise Mariane Sonne-Hansen,Denmark:University Press of Southern Denmark,2004,p.120.
d John Woods,Semantic Penumbra:Concept Similarity in Logic,Topoi(2012)31:121,C134.
a John Woods and Alirio Rosales,“Virtuous Distortion Abstraction and Idealization in Model-Based Science”.
b Bertrand Russell,Principles of Mathematics,London:Allen and Unwin,1937,p.27.
c Jody Azzouni,“Proof and Ontology in Euclidean Mathematics”.
d John Woods,Semantic Penumbra:Concept Similarity in Logic.
e Ibid.
f Ibid.
g Ibid.
a John Woods,Semantic Penumbra:Concept Similarity in Logic.
b John Woods and Alirio Rosales,“Virtuous Distortion Abstraction and Idealization in Model-Based Science”.
c Nathan Salmon,“Trans-World Identification and Stipulation”,Philosophical Studies,Vol.84,1996,pp.203-223.
a Brian MacWhinney,Language Emergence in An Integrated View of Language Development-Papers in Honor of Henning Wode,edited by P.Burmeister,T.Piske,and A.Rohde,Trier:Wissenshaftliche Verlag,2002,p.17.N.Chomsky Cambridge MIT Press 1995.
b N.Chomsky,The Minimalist Program,Cambridge:MIT Press,1995.
c Brian MacWhinney,Language Emergence,p.18.
a Werner Heisenberg,Encounters With Einstein,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1983,p.112.
b P.A.M.Dirac,Directions in Physics,John Wiley,1978,p.7.
a P.C.W.Davies,Julian Brown,The Ghost in the Atom:A Discussion of the Mysteries of Quantum Physics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986,p.136.
a史蒂芬·霍金:《果壳中的宇宙》,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社2002年版,第57-59页。
b同上书,第31-32页。
a史蒂芬·霍金:《果壳中的宇宙》,第198页。
b彭加勒:《科学和假设》,叶蕴理译,北京:商务印书馆1989年版,第97-98页。
c John Woods and Alirio Rosales,“Virtuous Distortion Abstraction and Idealization in Model-Based Science”,in Lorenzo Magnani,Walter Carnielli,and Claudio Pizzi(eds.),Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology,Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH&Co.K,2010,p.24.
a John Woods and Alirio Rosales,“Virtuous Distortion Abstraction and Idealization in Model-Based Science”.
b A.D.Irvine,John Woods,“Paradox and Paraconsistency:Conflict Resolution in the Abstract Sciences(book review)”,Studia Logica,Vol.85,Issue 3,2007,pp.425-428.
c Jody Azzouni,“Proof and Ontology in Euclidean Mathematics”,in New Trends in the History and Philosophy of Mathematics,edited by Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen,Stig Andur Pedersen,and Lise Mariane Sonne-Hansen,Denmark:University Press of Southern Denmark,2004,p.120.
d John Woods,Semantic Penumbra:Concept Similarity in Logic,Topoi(2012)31:121,C134.
a John Woods and Alirio Rosales,“Virtuous Distortion Abstraction and Idealization in Model-Based Science”.
b Bertrand Russell,Principles of Mathematics,London:Allen and Unwin,1937,p.27.
c Jody Azzouni,“Proof and Ontology in Euclidean Mathematics”.
d John Woods,Semantic Penumbra:Concept Similarity in Logic.
e Ibid.
f Ibid.
g Ibid.
a John Woods,Semantic Penumbra:Concept Similarity in Logic.
b John Woods and Alirio Rosales,“Virtuous Distortion Abstraction and Idealization in Model-Based Science”.
c Nathan Salmon,“Trans-World Identification and Stipulation”,Philosophical Studies,Vol.84,1996,pp.203-223.
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