我国典型区域地表水环境中抗生素污染现状及其生态风险评价
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摘要
为了解我国典型地表水环境中抗生素污染现状与生态风险,本文通过历史数据收集,利用风险商评价模型(RQ)与风险简单叠加模型(RQSUM)对我国5个典型地表水环境中丰水期的抗生素污染进行生态风险评价.结果表明:①5个区域内地表水在丰水期(4～9月)主要受到8种抗生素污染的生态风险,分别是磺胺甲基异噁唑(SMX)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(SM)、红霉素(ETM)、罗红霉素(RTM)、四环素(TC)、氧土霉素(OTC)、诺氟沙星(NOR)和氧氟沙星(OFL);②5个区域内首要的抗生素污染类型为SMX和ETM,SMX对长江三角洲和巢湖流域的RQ_(SUM)贡献率分别为91. 1%和98. 5%,ETM对江汉平原、珠江三角洲和黄河三角洲的RQ_(SUM)贡献率分别为94. 4%、81. 8%和60%;③根据RQSUM值大小对5个区域内受到抗生素污染的生态风险由高到低排序为:江汉平原(20. 204)>长江三角洲(8. 769)>巢湖流域(2. 692)>黄河三角洲(1. 943)>珠江三角洲(1. 222).
To learn about the status of antibiotic contamination and their ecological risks in Chinese surface-water environments,the risk quotient( RQ) and joint risk quotient( RQSUM) methods were applied to assess the ecological risks of five typical surface-water environments in China during the flood season. The results showed that the main types of antibiotic contamination in the five regions were sulfamethoxazole( SMX), sulfamethazine( SM), erythromycin( ETM), roxithromycin( RTM), tetracycline( TC),oxytetracycline( OTC),norfloxacin( NOR),and ofloxacin( OFL). Among eight types of antibiotic contamination,sulfamethoxazole( SMX) and erythromycin( ETM) occupied a dominant position. The contribution rate of SMX in the Yangtze River Delta and Chaohu Basin was 91. 1% and 98. 5%,respectively. Meanwhile,the contribution rates of ETM in Jianghan Plain,Pearl River Delta,and Yellow River Delta were 94. 4%,81. 8%,and 60%,respectively. Based on the joint risk quotients( RQ_(SUM)),the order of ecological risks in the research areas was: Jianghan Plain( 20. 204) > Yangtze River Delta( 8. 769) > Chaohu Basin( 2. 692) > Yellow River Delta( 1. 943) > Pearl River Delta( 1. 222).
To learn about the status of antibiotic contamination and their ecological risks in Chinese surface-water environments,the risk quotient( RQ) and joint risk quotient( RQSUM) methods were applied to assess the ecological risks of five typical surface-water environments in China during the flood season. The results showed that the main types of antibiotic contamination in the five regions were sulfamethoxazole( SMX), sulfamethazine( SM), erythromycin( ETM), roxithromycin( RTM), tetracycline( TC),oxytetracycline( OTC),norfloxacin( NOR),and ofloxacin( OFL). Among eight types of antibiotic contamination,sulfamethoxazole( SMX) and erythromycin( ETM) occupied a dominant position. The contribution rate of SMX in the Yangtze River Delta and Chaohu Basin was 91. 1% and 98. 5%,respectively. Meanwhile,the contribution rates of ETM in Jianghan Plain,Pearl River Delta,and Yellow River Delta were 94. 4%,81. 8%,and 60%,respectively. Based on the joint risk quotients( RQ_(SUM)),the order of ecological risks in the research areas was: Jianghan Plain( 20. 204) > Yangtze River Delta( 8. 769) > Chaohu Basin( 2. 692) > Yellow River Delta( 1. 943) > Pearl River Delta( 1. 222).
引文
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[3]Bound J P,Voulvoulis N.Predicted and measured concentrations for selected pharmaceuticals in UK rivers:implications for risk assessment[J].Water Research,2006,40(15):2885-2892.
[4]Schwaber M J,Cosgrove S E,Gold H S,et al.Fluoroquinolones protective against cephalosporin resistance in gram-negative nosocomial pathogens[J].Emerging Infectious Diseases,2004,10(1):94-99.
[5]Zanetti G,Bally F,Greub G,et al.Cefepime versus imipenemcilastatin for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care unit patients:a multicenter,evaluator-blind,prospective,randomized study[J].Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,2003,47(11):3442-3447.
[6]Arias C A,Murray B E.Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century--a clinical super-challenge[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2009,360(5):439-443.
[7]俞慎,王敏,洪有为.环境介质中的抗生素及其微生物生态效应[J].生态学报,2011,31(15):4437-4446.Yu S,Wang M,Hong Y W.Antibiotics in environmental matrices and their effects on microbial Ecosystems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(15):4437-4446.
[8]Wise R.Antimicrobial resistance:priorities for action[J].Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy,2002,49(4):585-586.
[9]Xu W H,Zhang G,Zou S C,et al.Determination of selected antibiotics in the Victoria Harbour and the Pearl River,South China using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,145(3):672-679.
[10]徐维海,张干,邹世春,等.典型抗生素类药物在城市污水处理厂中的含量水平及其行为特征[J].环境科学,2007,28(8):1779-1783.Xu W H,Zhang G,Zou S C,et al.Occurrence,distribution and fate of antibiotics in sewage treatment plants[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(8):1779-1783.
[11]Gulkowska A,Leung H W,So M K,et al.Removal of antibiotics from wastewater by sewage treatment facilities in Hong Kong and Shenzhen,China[J].Water Research,2008,42(1-2):395-403.
[12]高立红,史亚利,厉文辉,等.抗生素环境行为及其环境效应研究进展[J].环境化学,2013,32(9):1619-1633.Gao L H,Shi Y L,Li W H,et al.Environmental behavior and impacts of antibiotics[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(9):1619-1633.
[13]张玮玮,弓爱君,邱丽娜,等.废水中抗生素降解和去除方法的研究进展[J].中国抗生素杂志,2013,38(6):401-410.Zhang W W,Gong A J,Qiu L N,et al.Processes of degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from waste water[J].Chinese Journal of Antibiotics,2013,38(6):401-410.
[14]葛峰,郭坤,周广灿,等.南京市4个污水处理厂的活性污泥中细菌的分离鉴定和抗生素耐药性分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(5):1646-1651.Ge F,Guo K,Zhou G C,et al.Isolation and identification of bacteria in the activated sludge from four sewage treatment plants in Nanjing City and its antibiotic resistance analysis[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(5):1646-1651.
[15]章强,辛琦,朱静敏,等.中国主要水域抗生素污染现状及其生态环境效应研究进展[J].环境化学,2014,33(7):1075-1083.Zhang Q,Xin Q,Zhu J M,et al.The antibiotic contaminations in the main water bodies in China and the associated environmental and human health impacts[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(7):1075-1083.
[16]Zhang Q Q,Ying G G,Pan C G,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of China:source analysis,multimedia modeling,and linkage to bacterial resistance[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(11):6772-6782.
[17]王敏,俞慎,洪有为,等.5种典型滨海养殖水体中多种类抗生素的残留特性[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(5):934-939.Wang M,Yu S,Hong Y W,et al.Residual characterization of multi-categorized antibiotics in five typical aquaculture waters[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(5):934-939.
[18]朱琳,张远,渠晓东,等.北京清河水体及水生生物体内抗生素污染特征[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(2):139-146.Zhu L,Zhang Y,Qu X D,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic plants and organisms from Qing River,Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(2):139-146.
[19]秦延文,张雷,时瑶,等.大辽河表层水体典型抗生素污染特征与生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(3):361-368.Qin Y W,Zhang L,Shi Y,et al.Contamination characteristics and ecological risk assessment of typical antibiotics in surface water of the Daliao River,China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(3):361-368.
[20]朱婷婷,段标标,宋战锋,等.深圳铁岗水库水体中抗生素污染特征分析及生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(7):1175-1180.Zhu T T,Duan B B,Song Z F,et al.Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of antibiotics in Tiegang Reservoir in Shenzhen[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(7):1175-1180.
[21]Wang Z,Du Y,Yang C,et al.Occurrence and ecological hazard assessment of selected antibiotics in the surface waters in and around Lake Honghu,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,609:1423-1432.
[22]张晓娇,柏杨巍,张远,等.辽河流域地表水中典型抗生素污染特征及生态风险评估[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4553-4561.Zhang X J,Bai Y W,Zhang Y,et al.Occurrence,distribution,and ecological risk of antibiotics in surface water in the Liaohe River Basin,China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4553-4561.
[23]刘昔,王智,王学雷,等.应用物种敏感性分布评价中国湖泊水体中重金属污染的生态风险[J].湖泊科学,2018,30(5):1206-1217.Liu X,Wang Z,Wang X L,et al.Ecological risks assessment of selected heavy metals in the waters of Chinese lakes based on species sensitivity distributions[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2018,30(5):1206-1217.
[24]Zhao J L,Liu Y S,Liu W R,et al.Tissue-specific bioaccumulation of human and veterinary antibiotics in bile,plasma,liver and muscle tissues of wild fish from a highly urbanized region[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,198:15-24.
[25]Vryzas Z,Alexoudis C,Vassiliou G,et al.Determination and aquatic risk assessment of pesticide residues in riparian drainage canals in northeastern Greece[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2011,74(2):174-181.
[26]Hernando M D,Mezcua M,Fernández-Alba A R,et al.Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents,surface waters and sediments[J].Talanta,2006,69(2):334-342.
[27]Cleuvers M.Aquatic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals including the assessment of combination effects[J].Toxicology Letters,2003,142(3):185-194.
[28]Cleuvers M.Mixture toxicity of the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac,ibuprofen,naproxen,and acetylsalicylic acid[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2004,59(3):309-315.
[29]Quinn B,GagnéF,Blaise C.An investigation into the acute and chronic toxicity of eleven pharmaceuticals(and their solvents)found in wastewater effluent on the cnidarian,Hydra attenuata[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,389(2-3):306-314.
[30]Alonso A,Sánchez P,Martínez J L.Environmental selection of antibiotic resistance genes[J].Environmental Microbiology,2001,3(1):1-9.
[31]Hirsch R,Ternes T,Haberer K,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999,225(1-2):109-118.
[32]Chen K,Zhou J L.Occurrence and behavior of antibiotics in water and sediments from the Huangpu River,Shanghai,China[J].Chemosphere,2014,95:604-612.
[33]Lei T,Huang S B,Wang Y X,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment of Jianghan Plain,central China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,497-498:180-187.
[34]Liang X M,Chen B W,Nie X P,et al.The distribution and partitioning of common antibiotics in water and sediment of the Pearl River Estuary,South China[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(11):1410-1416.
[35]Tang J,Shi T Z,Wu X W,et al.The occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in Lake Chaohu,China:Seasonal variation,potential source and risk assessment[J].Chemosphere,2015,122:154-161.
[36]Zhao S N,Liu X H,Cheng D M,et al.Temporal-spatial variation and partitioning prediction of antibiotics in surface water and sediments from the intertidal zones of the Yellow River Delta,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,569-570:1350-1358.
[37]Sarmah A K,Meyer M T,Boxall A B A.A global perspective on the use,sales,exposure pathways,occurrence,fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics(VAs)in the environment[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(5):725-759.
[38]Wollenberger L,Halling-Srensen B,Kusk K O.Acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary antibiotics to Daphnia magna[J].Chemosphere,2000,40(7):723-730.
[2]Martinez J L.Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(11):2893-2902.
[3]Bound J P,Voulvoulis N.Predicted and measured concentrations for selected pharmaceuticals in UK rivers:implications for risk assessment[J].Water Research,2006,40(15):2885-2892.
[4]Schwaber M J,Cosgrove S E,Gold H S,et al.Fluoroquinolones protective against cephalosporin resistance in gram-negative nosocomial pathogens[J].Emerging Infectious Diseases,2004,10(1):94-99.
[5]Zanetti G,Bally F,Greub G,et al.Cefepime versus imipenemcilastatin for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care unit patients:a multicenter,evaluator-blind,prospective,randomized study[J].Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,2003,47(11):3442-3447.
[6]Arias C A,Murray B E.Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century--a clinical super-challenge[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2009,360(5):439-443.
[7]俞慎,王敏,洪有为.环境介质中的抗生素及其微生物生态效应[J].生态学报,2011,31(15):4437-4446.Yu S,Wang M,Hong Y W.Antibiotics in environmental matrices and their effects on microbial Ecosystems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(15):4437-4446.
[8]Wise R.Antimicrobial resistance:priorities for action[J].Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy,2002,49(4):585-586.
[9]Xu W H,Zhang G,Zou S C,et al.Determination of selected antibiotics in the Victoria Harbour and the Pearl River,South China using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,145(3):672-679.
[10]徐维海,张干,邹世春,等.典型抗生素类药物在城市污水处理厂中的含量水平及其行为特征[J].环境科学,2007,28(8):1779-1783.Xu W H,Zhang G,Zou S C,et al.Occurrence,distribution and fate of antibiotics in sewage treatment plants[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(8):1779-1783.
[11]Gulkowska A,Leung H W,So M K,et al.Removal of antibiotics from wastewater by sewage treatment facilities in Hong Kong and Shenzhen,China[J].Water Research,2008,42(1-2):395-403.
[12]高立红,史亚利,厉文辉,等.抗生素环境行为及其环境效应研究进展[J].环境化学,2013,32(9):1619-1633.Gao L H,Shi Y L,Li W H,et al.Environmental behavior and impacts of antibiotics[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(9):1619-1633.
[13]张玮玮,弓爱君,邱丽娜,等.废水中抗生素降解和去除方法的研究进展[J].中国抗生素杂志,2013,38(6):401-410.Zhang W W,Gong A J,Qiu L N,et al.Processes of degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from waste water[J].Chinese Journal of Antibiotics,2013,38(6):401-410.
[14]葛峰,郭坤,周广灿,等.南京市4个污水处理厂的活性污泥中细菌的分离鉴定和抗生素耐药性分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(5):1646-1651.Ge F,Guo K,Zhou G C,et al.Isolation and identification of bacteria in the activated sludge from four sewage treatment plants in Nanjing City and its antibiotic resistance analysis[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(5):1646-1651.
[15]章强,辛琦,朱静敏,等.中国主要水域抗生素污染现状及其生态环境效应研究进展[J].环境化学,2014,33(7):1075-1083.Zhang Q,Xin Q,Zhu J M,et al.The antibiotic contaminations in the main water bodies in China and the associated environmental and human health impacts[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(7):1075-1083.
[16]Zhang Q Q,Ying G G,Pan C G,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of China:source analysis,multimedia modeling,and linkage to bacterial resistance[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(11):6772-6782.
[17]王敏,俞慎,洪有为,等.5种典型滨海养殖水体中多种类抗生素的残留特性[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(5):934-939.Wang M,Yu S,Hong Y W,et al.Residual characterization of multi-categorized antibiotics in five typical aquaculture waters[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(5):934-939.
[18]朱琳,张远,渠晓东,等.北京清河水体及水生生物体内抗生素污染特征[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(2):139-146.Zhu L,Zhang Y,Qu X D,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic plants and organisms from Qing River,Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(2):139-146.
[19]秦延文,张雷,时瑶,等.大辽河表层水体典型抗生素污染特征与生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(3):361-368.Qin Y W,Zhang L,Shi Y,et al.Contamination characteristics and ecological risk assessment of typical antibiotics in surface water of the Daliao River,China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(3):361-368.
[20]朱婷婷,段标标,宋战锋,等.深圳铁岗水库水体中抗生素污染特征分析及生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(7):1175-1180.Zhu T T,Duan B B,Song Z F,et al.Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of antibiotics in Tiegang Reservoir in Shenzhen[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(7):1175-1180.
[21]Wang Z,Du Y,Yang C,et al.Occurrence and ecological hazard assessment of selected antibiotics in the surface waters in and around Lake Honghu,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,609:1423-1432.
[22]张晓娇,柏杨巍,张远,等.辽河流域地表水中典型抗生素污染特征及生态风险评估[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4553-4561.Zhang X J,Bai Y W,Zhang Y,et al.Occurrence,distribution,and ecological risk of antibiotics in surface water in the Liaohe River Basin,China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4553-4561.
[23]刘昔,王智,王学雷,等.应用物种敏感性分布评价中国湖泊水体中重金属污染的生态风险[J].湖泊科学,2018,30(5):1206-1217.Liu X,Wang Z,Wang X L,et al.Ecological risks assessment of selected heavy metals in the waters of Chinese lakes based on species sensitivity distributions[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2018,30(5):1206-1217.
[24]Zhao J L,Liu Y S,Liu W R,et al.Tissue-specific bioaccumulation of human and veterinary antibiotics in bile,plasma,liver and muscle tissues of wild fish from a highly urbanized region[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,198:15-24.
[25]Vryzas Z,Alexoudis C,Vassiliou G,et al.Determination and aquatic risk assessment of pesticide residues in riparian drainage canals in northeastern Greece[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2011,74(2):174-181.
[26]Hernando M D,Mezcua M,Fernández-Alba A R,et al.Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents,surface waters and sediments[J].Talanta,2006,69(2):334-342.
[27]Cleuvers M.Aquatic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals including the assessment of combination effects[J].Toxicology Letters,2003,142(3):185-194.
[28]Cleuvers M.Mixture toxicity of the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac,ibuprofen,naproxen,and acetylsalicylic acid[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2004,59(3):309-315.
[29]Quinn B,GagnéF,Blaise C.An investigation into the acute and chronic toxicity of eleven pharmaceuticals(and their solvents)found in wastewater effluent on the cnidarian,Hydra attenuata[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,389(2-3):306-314.
[30]Alonso A,Sánchez P,Martínez J L.Environmental selection of antibiotic resistance genes[J].Environmental Microbiology,2001,3(1):1-9.
[31]Hirsch R,Ternes T,Haberer K,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999,225(1-2):109-118.
[32]Chen K,Zhou J L.Occurrence and behavior of antibiotics in water and sediments from the Huangpu River,Shanghai,China[J].Chemosphere,2014,95:604-612.
[33]Lei T,Huang S B,Wang Y X,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment of Jianghan Plain,central China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,497-498:180-187.
[34]Liang X M,Chen B W,Nie X P,et al.The distribution and partitioning of common antibiotics in water and sediment of the Pearl River Estuary,South China[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(11):1410-1416.
[35]Tang J,Shi T Z,Wu X W,et al.The occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in Lake Chaohu,China:Seasonal variation,potential source and risk assessment[J].Chemosphere,2015,122:154-161.
[36]Zhao S N,Liu X H,Cheng D M,et al.Temporal-spatial variation and partitioning prediction of antibiotics in surface water and sediments from the intertidal zones of the Yellow River Delta,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,569-570:1350-1358.
[37]Sarmah A K,Meyer M T,Boxall A B A.A global perspective on the use,sales,exposure pathways,occurrence,fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics(VAs)in the environment[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(5):725-759.
[38]Wollenberger L,Halling-Srensen B,Kusk K O.Acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary antibiotics to Daphnia magna[J].Chemosphere,2000,40(7):723-730.
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