1979—2010年中国流域水汽含量变化
|
摘要
为进一步丰富对中国上空水汽含量与可降水量气候平均状态及其变化的认识,利用日本气象中心的再分析资料,计算得到中国平均水汽含量分布图和各个季节水汽含量分布图。以再分析资料为基础计算得到的分布图与以探空资料为基础得到的分布图进行比较,可验证二者的合理性和不足之处。以流域为单元,分析了1979—2010年中国大陆区流域含量变化,结果表明:中国各流域年平均可降水量的年际变化都不大,变差系数都小于0.1;年际变化最大的处于中国西北地区的流域,变差系数都大于0.06;年平均可降水量呈显著增加的流域有北疆、塔里木内流区、河西走廊及阿拉善地区、柴达木内流区和羌塘内流区,呈显著减少的流域有东南诸河和内蒙古内流区,其他流域变化不显著。
In order to understand the current status of atmospheric moisture content and to analyze the spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of precipitable water over China,the Japan Meteorological Agency reanalysis data set is used to map distributions of annual and seasonal moisture content for 1979—2010. The obtained maps are compared to those based on sounding data,and necessary corrections to the maps are made accordingly. The study uses China river basins as units for the trend analysis of moisture content. The result shows that there is a little interannual variation in the annual moisture content in each of the China river basins,as revealed by small values of the coefficient of variation( C V< 0. 1) for each basin separately. The higher values of C V> 0. 06 are found in river basins of Northwest China. Significant upward trends in annual precipitable water have been detected in river basins of Beijiang,Tarim,Hexizoulang and Alashan,Qaidam and Changtang. The opposite is true for river basins of Southeast and Inner Mongolia. No significant trend in moisture content has been found in the rest of China river basins.
In order to understand the current status of atmospheric moisture content and to analyze the spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of precipitable water over China,the Japan Meteorological Agency reanalysis data set is used to map distributions of annual and seasonal moisture content for 1979—2010. The obtained maps are compared to those based on sounding data,and necessary corrections to the maps are made accordingly. The study uses China river basins as units for the trend analysis of moisture content. The result shows that there is a little interannual variation in the annual moisture content in each of the China river basins,as revealed by small values of the coefficient of variation( C V< 0. 1) for each basin separately. The higher values of C V> 0. 06 are found in river basins of Northwest China. Significant upward trends in annual precipitable water have been detected in river basins of Beijiang,Tarim,Hexizoulang and Alashan,Qaidam and Changtang. The opposite is true for river basins of Southeast and Inner Mongolia. No significant trend in moisture content has been found in the rest of China river basins.
引文
[1]IPCC.Climate change 2007:Synthesis report[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007.
[2]吴伯雄.中国的平均可能降水量[J].南京大学学报:自然科学版,1959,1(6):43-47.(WU Boxiong.Average precipitable water over China[J].Journal of Nanjing University:Natural Sciences,1959,1(6):43-47.(in Chinese))
[3]邹进上,刘惠兰.我国平均水汽含量分布的基本特点及其控制因子[J].地理学报,1981,36(4):377-391.(ZHOU Jinshang,LIU Huilan.The basic features of distribution of water vapor content and their controlling factors in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1981,36(4):377-391.(in Chinese))
[4]刘国纬.中国大陆上空可降水的时空分布[J].水利学报,1984(5):1-9.(LIU Guowei.The time-space distribution of precipitable water over the mainland of China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1984(5):1-9.(in Chinese))
[5]陆渝蓉,高国栋.我国大气中平均水汽含量与水分平衡的特征[J].气象学报,1984,42(3):301-310.(LU Yurong,GAO Guodong.The water vapour content and the water budget in the atmosphere over China[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1984,42(3):301-310.(in Chinese))
[6]丁一汇,胡国权.1998年中国大洪水时期的水汽收支研究[J].气象学报,2003,61(2):129-145.(DING Yihui,HU Guoquan.A study on water vapor budget over China during the 1998 severe flood periods[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2003,61(2):129-145.(in Chinese))
[7]王可丽,江灏,赵红岩.中国西北地区水汽的平流输送和辐合输送[J].水科学进展,2006,17(2):164-169.(WANG Keli,JIANG Hao,ZHAO Hongyan.Advection and convergence of water vapor transport over the northwest China[J].Advances in Water Science,2006,17(2):164-169.(in Chinese))
[8]史玉光.新疆区域面雨量及空中水汽时空分布规律研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2008.(SHI Yuguang.A study on the spatial-temporal distributions of areal precipitation and water vapor over Xinjiang[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information and Science Technology,2008.(in Chinese))
[9]申乐琳.近50年来中国夏季降水和冬季气温的气候变化特征及其可能机制[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2009.(SHEN Lelin.Climatic change characteristics of summer precipitation and winter temptation in China in nearly 50 years[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information and Science Technology,2009.(in Chinese))
[10]刘洪韬.近30年我国水汽输送及其演变特征研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2009.(LIU Hongtao.Research on water vapor transport and its evolution characteristics in China in nearly 30 years[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2009.(in Chinese))
[11]梁宏,刘晶淼,张人禾,等.拉萨河谷大气水汽日变化特征[J].水科学进展,2010,21(3):335-342.(LIANG Hong,LIU Jingmiao,ZHANG Renhe,et al.Diurnal variations of atmospheric water vapor in Lhasa river valley[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(3):335-342.(in Chinese))
[12]陆桂华,何健,吴志勇,等.淮河流域致洪暴雨的异常水汽输送[J].水科学进展,2013,24(1):335-342.(LU Guihua,HE Jian,WU Zhiyong,et al.Water vapor transport anomalies of flood-causing rainstorms in Huaihe River basin[J].Advances in Water Science,2013,24(1):335-342.(in Chinese))
[13]HATSUSHIKA H,TSUTSUI J,FIORINO M,et al.Impact of wind profile retrievals on the analysis of tropical cyclones in the JRA-25 reanalysis[J].気象集誌,2006,84(5):891-905.
[14]赵天保,符淙斌,柯宗建,等.全球大气再分析资料的研究现状与进展[J].地球科学进展,2010,25(3):242-254.(ZHAO Tianbao,FU Congbin,KE Zongjian,et al.Global atmosphere reanalysis datasets:Current status and recent advances[J].Advances in Earth Science,2010,25(3):242-254.(in Chinese))
[15]MANN M.On smoothing potentially non-stationary climate time series[J].Geophys Res Lett,2004,31:L07214.
[16]杜秀荣,唐建军.中国地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,2005.(DU Xiurong,TANG Jianjun.Geographic atlas of China[M].Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House,2005.(in Chinese))
[17]刘国纬.水文循环的大气过程[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.(LIU Guowei.Atomopheric prosess of bydrologic cycle[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[18]刘昌明.水量转换实验与计算分析[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.(LIU Changming.Experiments and computational analysis of water transition[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988.(in Chinese))
[19]施雅风,沈永平,李栋梁,等.中国西北气候由暖干向暖湿转型的特征和趋势探讨[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(2):152-164.(SHI Yafeng,SHEN Yongping,LI Dongliang,et al.Discussion on the present climate change from warm-dry to warm-wet in Northwest China.[J].Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(2):152-164.(in Chinese))
[2]吴伯雄.中国的平均可能降水量[J].南京大学学报:自然科学版,1959,1(6):43-47.(WU Boxiong.Average precipitable water over China[J].Journal of Nanjing University:Natural Sciences,1959,1(6):43-47.(in Chinese))
[3]邹进上,刘惠兰.我国平均水汽含量分布的基本特点及其控制因子[J].地理学报,1981,36(4):377-391.(ZHOU Jinshang,LIU Huilan.The basic features of distribution of water vapor content and their controlling factors in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1981,36(4):377-391.(in Chinese))
[4]刘国纬.中国大陆上空可降水的时空分布[J].水利学报,1984(5):1-9.(LIU Guowei.The time-space distribution of precipitable water over the mainland of China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1984(5):1-9.(in Chinese))
[5]陆渝蓉,高国栋.我国大气中平均水汽含量与水分平衡的特征[J].气象学报,1984,42(3):301-310.(LU Yurong,GAO Guodong.The water vapour content and the water budget in the atmosphere over China[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1984,42(3):301-310.(in Chinese))
[6]丁一汇,胡国权.1998年中国大洪水时期的水汽收支研究[J].气象学报,2003,61(2):129-145.(DING Yihui,HU Guoquan.A study on water vapor budget over China during the 1998 severe flood periods[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2003,61(2):129-145.(in Chinese))
[7]王可丽,江灏,赵红岩.中国西北地区水汽的平流输送和辐合输送[J].水科学进展,2006,17(2):164-169.(WANG Keli,JIANG Hao,ZHAO Hongyan.Advection and convergence of water vapor transport over the northwest China[J].Advances in Water Science,2006,17(2):164-169.(in Chinese))
[8]史玉光.新疆区域面雨量及空中水汽时空分布规律研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2008.(SHI Yuguang.A study on the spatial-temporal distributions of areal precipitation and water vapor over Xinjiang[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information and Science Technology,2008.(in Chinese))
[9]申乐琳.近50年来中国夏季降水和冬季气温的气候变化特征及其可能机制[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2009.(SHEN Lelin.Climatic change characteristics of summer precipitation and winter temptation in China in nearly 50 years[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information and Science Technology,2009.(in Chinese))
[10]刘洪韬.近30年我国水汽输送及其演变特征研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2009.(LIU Hongtao.Research on water vapor transport and its evolution characteristics in China in nearly 30 years[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2009.(in Chinese))
[11]梁宏,刘晶淼,张人禾,等.拉萨河谷大气水汽日变化特征[J].水科学进展,2010,21(3):335-342.(LIANG Hong,LIU Jingmiao,ZHANG Renhe,et al.Diurnal variations of atmospheric water vapor in Lhasa river valley[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(3):335-342.(in Chinese))
[12]陆桂华,何健,吴志勇,等.淮河流域致洪暴雨的异常水汽输送[J].水科学进展,2013,24(1):335-342.(LU Guihua,HE Jian,WU Zhiyong,et al.Water vapor transport anomalies of flood-causing rainstorms in Huaihe River basin[J].Advances in Water Science,2013,24(1):335-342.(in Chinese))
[13]HATSUSHIKA H,TSUTSUI J,FIORINO M,et al.Impact of wind profile retrievals on the analysis of tropical cyclones in the JRA-25 reanalysis[J].気象集誌,2006,84(5):891-905.
[14]赵天保,符淙斌,柯宗建,等.全球大气再分析资料的研究现状与进展[J].地球科学进展,2010,25(3):242-254.(ZHAO Tianbao,FU Congbin,KE Zongjian,et al.Global atmosphere reanalysis datasets:Current status and recent advances[J].Advances in Earth Science,2010,25(3):242-254.(in Chinese))
[15]MANN M.On smoothing potentially non-stationary climate time series[J].Geophys Res Lett,2004,31:L07214.
[16]杜秀荣,唐建军.中国地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,2005.(DU Xiurong,TANG Jianjun.Geographic atlas of China[M].Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House,2005.(in Chinese))
[17]刘国纬.水文循环的大气过程[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.(LIU Guowei.Atomopheric prosess of bydrologic cycle[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[18]刘昌明.水量转换实验与计算分析[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.(LIU Changming.Experiments and computational analysis of water transition[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988.(in Chinese))
[19]施雅风,沈永平,李栋梁,等.中国西北气候由暖干向暖湿转型的特征和趋势探讨[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(2):152-164.(SHI Yafeng,SHEN Yongping,LI Dongliang,et al.Discussion on the present climate change from warm-dry to warm-wet in Northwest China.[J].Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(2):152-164.(in Chinese))