青藏高原湿地研究进展
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摘要
全球湿地资源约有80%正在退化或丧失,湿地生态系统已成为世界上受威胁最为严重的生态系统之一。青藏高原作为全球变化敏感区和亚洲生态安全屏障,其湿地面积约为13.19×104km2,是中国重要的湿地分布区之一。本文基于1992-2013年间青藏高原湿地遥感研究文献,分析了青藏高原湿地遥感研究的监测方法、研究主题及其进展与存在的问题,得出以下结论:130年来,青藏高原湿地基于遥感技术开展全高原湿地面积、景观格局、生态环境等方面的动态变化监测,并注重以生态系统视角构建模型分析高原湿地三维方向上的变化趋势;2高原湿地遥感研究的主要进展为:1990-2006年间,青藏高原湿地面积总体上以-0.13%/a的速率减少,景观多样性以-0.17%/a的速率下降;但湖泊湿地变化趋势则相反,湖泊深度在2003-2009年间以0.20 m/a的速率加深,水量在1970-2011年间以2.2 km3/a的速率增加,内流区域湖泊面积在1976-2009年间以0.83%/a的速率扩张。1965-2002年间,高原湿地变化态势总体上受气候变化控制,人类活动区域周边湿地退化及近期变化是人类活动强度增大所致;3高原湿地遥感研究面临的主要问题包括,计算机解译精度和去云处理技术精度有待提高,缺乏综合视角研究青藏高原湿地系统等;4高原湿地遥感研究近期重点应围绕青藏高原湿地综合研究、资料匮乏区湿地遥感研究、全球变化背景下的青藏高原湿地生态系统的响应与适应机制等方面展开。
About 80% of the global wetlands are being degraded or lost, and wetland ecosystem has become one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world. As a sensitive area to global change and protective barrier for the security of ecosystems in Asia, the Tibetan Plateau has a wetland area of about 13.19×104km2, which is an important part of the wetland ecosystem in China. With increasingly more remote sensing technology applied, Tibetan Plateau wetland research entered a new period of rapid development. This article summarizes remote sensing research literature of the Tibetan Plateau from 1992 to 2013, aiming to provide a reference for Tibetan Plateau wetland research in the future. The following aspects of research are reviewed: monitoring methods, research topics, and existing problems. The analysis shows that:(1) In the past 30 years, the research on Tibetan Plateau wetlands was focused on dynamic change monitoring of wetland area, landscape patterns, and ecological environment based on remote sensing technology. Attention was paid to building models to analyze the trend of change of the wetlands in three dimensions, taking an ecological system perspective.(2) Such research concludes that: 1) From 1990 to 2006, the wetland area generally decrease at an annual rate of 0.13%, and the landscape diversity decline at an annual rate of 0.17%. 2) In contrast, from 2003 to 2009, the depth of the lakes on the Tibetan Plateau had increased at an annual rate of 0.20 m; from 1970 to 2011, water storage of the lakes increased at an annual rate of 2.2 km3; from 1976 to 2009, lake area of the interior drainage area of the plateau increased at an annual rate of 0.83%. 3) From 1965 to 2002, change of the Tibetan Plateau wetlands was controlled by the climate. Wetland degradation and change around areas of human activity are a result of increased human activities. The existing problems of remote sensing research of the Tibetan Plateau wetlands are that: accuracy of digital analysis of remote sensing images and cloud removal need to be improved; a comprehensive perspective is needed for the research of the Tibetan Plateau wetland system. Based on the review, this article identifies the following key areas of future research:(1) Taking full advantage of remote sensing monitoring of wetlands characterized by multidate, multispectral, real- time, dynamic, and repeated coverage. Strengthening comprehensive research and remote sensing research of areas lacking conventional data;(2) Establishing a regional specific wetland remote sensing classification system that is technically operable, and conducting basic research on improving the Tibetan Plateau wetland remote sensing classification system and applications;(3) Focusing more on quantitative study on ecosystem functions of wetlands and decision support system for wetland ecosystem management;(4) Discussing responses and adaptation mechanisms of the Tibetan Plateau wetland ecosystem under the background of global change, especially the differences in responses and adaptation mechanisms under the impacts of different temporal and spatial scales. Coupling the models of hydrology, ecology, meteorology, soil, and environment to predict the trend of wetland degradation and revealing regional differences of response between different areas of the plateau in the face of global change;(5) Advancing remote sensing methods for Tibetan Plateau wetland research, strengthening the integration of RS, GIS, and GPS methods, and promoting the construction of a Tibetan Plateau wetland information platform.
About 80% of the global wetlands are being degraded or lost, and wetland ecosystem has become one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world. As a sensitive area to global change and protective barrier for the security of ecosystems in Asia, the Tibetan Plateau has a wetland area of about 13.19×104km2, which is an important part of the wetland ecosystem in China. With increasingly more remote sensing technology applied, Tibetan Plateau wetland research entered a new period of rapid development. This article summarizes remote sensing research literature of the Tibetan Plateau from 1992 to 2013, aiming to provide a reference for Tibetan Plateau wetland research in the future. The following aspects of research are reviewed: monitoring methods, research topics, and existing problems. The analysis shows that:(1) In the past 30 years, the research on Tibetan Plateau wetlands was focused on dynamic change monitoring of wetland area, landscape patterns, and ecological environment based on remote sensing technology. Attention was paid to building models to analyze the trend of change of the wetlands in three dimensions, taking an ecological system perspective.(2) Such research concludes that: 1) From 1990 to 2006, the wetland area generally decrease at an annual rate of 0.13%, and the landscape diversity decline at an annual rate of 0.17%. 2) In contrast, from 2003 to 2009, the depth of the lakes on the Tibetan Plateau had increased at an annual rate of 0.20 m; from 1970 to 2011, water storage of the lakes increased at an annual rate of 2.2 km3; from 1976 to 2009, lake area of the interior drainage area of the plateau increased at an annual rate of 0.83%. 3) From 1965 to 2002, change of the Tibetan Plateau wetlands was controlled by the climate. Wetland degradation and change around areas of human activity are a result of increased human activities. The existing problems of remote sensing research of the Tibetan Plateau wetlands are that: accuracy of digital analysis of remote sensing images and cloud removal need to be improved; a comprehensive perspective is needed for the research of the Tibetan Plateau wetland system. Based on the review, this article identifies the following key areas of future research:(1) Taking full advantage of remote sensing monitoring of wetlands characterized by multidate, multispectral, real- time, dynamic, and repeated coverage. Strengthening comprehensive research and remote sensing research of areas lacking conventional data;(2) Establishing a regional specific wetland remote sensing classification system that is technically operable, and conducting basic research on improving the Tibetan Plateau wetland remote sensing classification system and applications;(3) Focusing more on quantitative study on ecosystem functions of wetlands and decision support system for wetland ecosystem management;(4) Discussing responses and adaptation mechanisms of the Tibetan Plateau wetland ecosystem under the background of global change, especially the differences in responses and adaptation mechanisms under the impacts of different temporal and spatial scales. Coupling the models of hydrology, ecology, meteorology, soil, and environment to predict the trend of wetland degradation and revealing regional differences of response between different areas of the plateau in the face of global change;(5) Advancing remote sensing methods for Tibetan Plateau wetland research, strengthening the integration of RS, GIS, and GPS methods, and promoting the construction of a Tibetan Plateau wetland information platform.
引文
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