基于自组织理论的中国传统城市空间结构拓扑关系研究
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摘要
城市是一个开放的复杂系统,其各类要素及各项子系统之间相互作用、相互影响促成了城市的发展和不断完善,体现出自组织特性,这种特性最终在城市的物质空间形态上体现并固化,从城市空间结构上看,呈现出一种具有特定结构方式的拓扑关系。对具有中国传统特色城市的资料进行全面梳理,筛选出6座保存完好的古城——平遥、大理、慈城、洪江、丽江、凤凰,通过空间拓扑分析,将其按路径结构特点分为格网型城市、支流型城市和混合型城市,分别从城市空间结构、街道形态以及节点空间等方面对古城空间进行量化研究,以揭示传统城市自组织发展的空间特征。这些特征对于实现城市区域步行化以及弹性设计模式在未来城市规划设计、古城复建与修复等领域的应用,具有一定的现实意义。
Cities are open and complex systems. The interactions among various elements and subsystems lead to continuous development and transformation of cities.Such processes bear self-organizing characteristics and ultimately shape the urban spatial form structural topological relationships. This paper comprehensively reviews cities with traditional Chinese characteristics and selects six well-preserved ancient cities, including Pingyao, Dali, Cicheng, Hongjiang, Lijiang,and Fenghuang for close examination. Through spatial topological analysis, these cities are classified into grid cities, tributary cities, and hybrid cities according to their spatial configurations. Quantitative analysis of urban spatial structure, street form and nodal spaces are conducted to reveal the self-organizing characteristics. The findings are helpful for identifying walkable urban districts, applying flexible design and planning techniques and restoring the historic cities.
Cities are open and complex systems. The interactions among various elements and subsystems lead to continuous development and transformation of cities.Such processes bear self-organizing characteristics and ultimately shape the urban spatial form structural topological relationships. This paper comprehensively reviews cities with traditional Chinese characteristics and selects six well-preserved ancient cities, including Pingyao, Dali, Cicheng, Hongjiang, Lijiang,and Fenghuang for close examination. Through spatial topological analysis, these cities are classified into grid cities, tributary cities, and hybrid cities according to their spatial configurations. Quantitative analysis of urban spatial structure, street form and nodal spaces are conducted to reveal the self-organizing characteristics. The findings are helpful for identifying walkable urban districts, applying flexible design and planning techniques and restoring the historic cities.
引文
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[2]段进.空间句法与城市规划[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2007.(DUAN Jin. Space syntax and urban planning[M]. Southeast University Press, 2007.)
[3]段进.城市空间发展论[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1999.(DUAN Jin. Urban spatial development theory[M]. Jiangsu Science and Technology Press, 1999.)
[4] DUARTE J P, BEIRAO J. Towards a methodology for flexible urban design:designing with urban patterns and shape grammars[J]. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2011,38(5):879-902.
[5] HILLIER B. Space is the machine[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[6] PORTUGALI J. Self-organization and the city[M]. Berlin:Spring-verlag, 2000.
[7]普里戈金,斯唐热.从混沌到有序:人与自然的新对话[M].曾宏庆,等,译.上海:上海译文出版社,1987.(PRIGOGINEI,STENGERS I. Order out of chaos[M]. ZENG Hongqing, et al. Shanghai Translation Publishing House.1987.)
[8] SCHIEVE W C. ALLEN P M. Self-organization and dissipative structures:applications in the physical and social sciences[M]. University of Texas Press, 1982.
[9]斯蒂芬·马歇尔.街道与形态[M].苑思楠,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2011.(MARSHALL S. Streets and patterns[M]. China Architecture&Building Press,2011.)
[10]周干峙.城市及其区域——一个典型的开放的复杂巨系统[J].城市轨道交通研究,2009. 26(12):1-4.(ZHOU Ganzhi. City and its region:an typical open complex huge system[J]. Urban Mass Transit,2009, 26(12):1-4.)