社会网络嵌入情境下R&D团队内部知识转移影响机理——基于制造企业的实证研究
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摘要
知识的有效转移是组织提升知识创新绩效的关键渠道,知识转移活动已成为学术界关注的焦点之一。为明确制造企业研发团队内部知识转移的影响机理,在对实际制造企业研发团队社会网络分析基础上,运用多Agent仿真思想对团队内部知识转移过程进行动态仿真,对仿真结果数据进行回归分析。研究结果表明:制造企业研发团队内部社会网络的整体网络特征与知识转移效果呈倒"U"型相关;团队网络结构洞和中心性均能调节知识缄默性与知识转移效果之间的负相关关系,知识转移意愿在团队网络密度与知识转移效果之间具有部分中介作用,知识转移能力在团队网络结构洞、中心性、平均距离与知识转移效果之间均具有部分中介作用。研究旨在进一步剖析知识活动规律,为制造企业有效管理知识提供指导。
Effective knowledge transfer which is one of the key ways to improve the performance of knowledge innovation has attracted the attention of many scholars.In order to clarify the influence mechanism of knowledge transfer in research and development(R&D)team in manufacturing enterprises,this paper dynamically simulates the knowledge transfer process based on the social network analysis results of the actual R&D team,using the multi-agent simulation.The analysis of the simulation result shows that the overall network characteristics of social network and knowledge transfer effect within a R&D team of manufacturing companies are significantly correlated,and are inverse U-shaped.The team network structure hole and centrality can weaken the negative correlation between knowledge tacitness and knowledge transfer effect.The willingness of knowledge transfer plays a partial mediating role between team network density and knowledge transfer effect,just like the function of knowledge transfer ability between team network structure hole/centrality/average distance and knowledge transfer effect.This paper aims to further analyze the laws of knowledge activities,so as to provide guidance for the effective management of knowledge of manufacturing enterprises.
Effective knowledge transfer which is one of the key ways to improve the performance of knowledge innovation has attracted the attention of many scholars.In order to clarify the influence mechanism of knowledge transfer in research and development(R&D)team in manufacturing enterprises,this paper dynamically simulates the knowledge transfer process based on the social network analysis results of the actual R&D team,using the multi-agent simulation.The analysis of the simulation result shows that the overall network characteristics of social network and knowledge transfer effect within a R&D team of manufacturing companies are significantly correlated,and are inverse U-shaped.The team network structure hole and centrality can weaken the negative correlation between knowledge tacitness and knowledge transfer effect.The willingness of knowledge transfer plays a partial mediating role between team network density and knowledge transfer effect,just like the function of knowledge transfer ability between team network structure hole/centrality/average distance and knowledge transfer effect.This paper aims to further analyze the laws of knowledge activities,so as to provide guidance for the effective management of knowledge of manufacturing enterprises.
引文
[1]刘娴,宋波,徐飞.R&D联盟企业隐性知识转移的系统动力学[J].系统管理学报,2014,23(5):620-635.
[2]Szulanski G.Exploring internal stickiness:Impedimentsto the transfer of best practice within the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1999(62):27-43.
[3]A1bino V,Garavelli A C,Schiuma G.Knowledge transfer and interfirm relationships in industrial districts:The role of the leader firm[J].Technovation,1999,19(1):53-54.
[4]刁丽琳,朱桂龙.产学研合作中的契约维度、信任与知识转移——基于多案例的研究[J].系统管理学报,2014,32(6):890-901.
[5]Cummings J L,Teng Bing-Sheng.Transferring R&D knowledge:The key factors affecting knowledge transfer success[J].Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,2003,20:39-68.
[6]王智生,李慧颖.基于Stackelberg博弈的R&D联盟知识转移决策模型[J].科研管理,2016,37(6):74-83.
[7]Reagans R,Zuckerman E W.Networks,diversity,and productivity:The social capital of corporate R&D teams[J].Organization Science,2001,12(4):502-517.
[8]刘璇,张朋柱,张晓燕,等.科研网络中个体位势对知识扩散影响机理的实证研究[J].系统管理学报,2014,23(1):135-143.
[9]魏钧,李淼淼.团队知识转移:多样性与网络传递性的作用[J].科研管理,2014,35(5):70-76.
[10]吴福象,蒋天颖,孙伟.网络位置、知识转移对集群企业竞争优势的影响:一项基于对温州乐清低压电器产业集群的实证研究[J].科研管理,2013,34(12):48-57.
[11]宋瑞晓,魏静,李东,等.组织记忆与组织遗忘对知识转移的影响——基于社会网络视角[J].管理评论,2011,11(21):143-150.
[12]Adler P S,Kwon S W.Social capital:Prospects for a new concept[J].Academy of Management Review,2002,27(1):17-40.
[13]Oh H,Labianca G,Chung M H.A multilevel model of group social capital[J].Academy of Management Journal,2006,31(3):569-582.
[14]Ibarra H.Personal networks of women and minorities in management:A conceptual frame-work[J].Academy of Management Review,1993,18:56-87.
[15]Torenvlied R,Velner G,Informal networks and resistance to organizational change:The intro-duction of quality standards in a transport company[J].Computational&Mathematical Organization Theory,1998,4(2):165-188.
[16]Sparrowe R T,Liden R C,Wayne S J,et al.Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups[J],Academy of Management Journal,2001,44(2),316-325.
[17]陈赛君,陈智高.近年我国管理科学与工程学科研究领域交叉特征[J].系统管理学报,2013,22(4):544-552.
[18]徐伟青,檀小兵,奉小斌,等.国外团队社会网络研究回顾与展望:基于知识转移视角[J].外国经济与管理,2011,33(11):29-38.
[19]刘军.整体网分析——UCINET软件实用指南[M].2版.上海:上海人民出版社,2014.
[20]Lusher D,Koskinen J,Robbins G.Exponential random graph model for social networks:Thoery,method,and applications[M],London:Cambridge University Press,2012.
[21]Burt R S.Structural holes:The social structure of competition[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1992.
[22]汪丹.结构洞算法的比较与测评[J].现代情报,2008(9):153-256.
[23]Cowan R J N,Zman M.Knowledge dynamics in an network industry[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2004,71(5):469-484.
[24]Cowan R,Jonard N.Network structure and the diffusion of knowledge[J].Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,2004,28(8):1557-1575.
[25]李靖华,常晓然.基于元分析的知识转移影响因素研究[J].科学学研究,2013,31(3):394-406.
[26]Reagans R,McEvily B.Network structure and knowledge transfer:The effects of cohesion and range[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,2003,48:240-267.
[27]McEvily B,Perrone V,Zaheer A.Trust as an organizing principle[J].Organization Science,2003,14(1):91-103.
[28]Luo J D.Particularistic trust and general trust:A network analysis in Chinese organizations[J].Management and Organizational Review,2005,1(3):437-458.
[29]Hernandez A G,de los Reyes Lopez E.Analysis of the relationship between the properties of the social network of R&D groups and their scientific performance[J].2007:1-19.
[30]Baldwin T T,Bedell M D,Johnson J L.The social fabric of a team-based MBA program:Network effects on student satisfaction and performance[J],Academy of Management Journal,1997,40(6),1369-1397.
[31]Zander U,Kogout B.Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities:An empirical test[J].Organization Science,1995,6(1):76-92.
[32]Bekkers R,Duysters G,Verspagen B.Intetlectual property rights,strategic technology technology agreement and market structure[J].Research Policy,2002,31(7):1141-1161.
[33]刘岩,蔡虹.企业知识基础网络结构与技术创新绩效的关系:基于中国电子信息行业的实证分析[J].系统管理学报,2012,21(5):655-661.
[34]Yong S P,Park Y R.A framework of knowledge transfer in cross-border joint ventures:An empirical test of the Korean context[J].Management International Review,2004,44(4):417-434.
[35]朱亚丽,孙元,狄瑞波.网络特性、知识缄默性对企业间知识转移效果的影响:基于网络特性调节效应的实证分析[J].科研管理,2012,33(9):107-115.
[36]刘伟,邸支艳.关系质量、知识缄默性与IT外包知识转移:基于接包方视角的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2016,34(12):1865-1874.
[37]Hansen M.The research transfer problem:The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1999,44(1):82-111.
[38]Grant R M.Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1996,17(winter special issue):109-122
[39]张宝生.基于知识网络的虚拟科技创新团队的知识流动研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011.
[40]Zahra S A,George G.Absorptive capacity:A review,reconceptualization,and extension[J].Academy of Management Review,2002,27(2):185-203.
[41]Skvoretz J,Fararo T J,Agneessents F.Advanced in biased net theory:Definitions,derivations,and estimations[J].Social Network,2004,26(2):113-139.
[42]Kraatz M S.Learning by association?Interorganizational networks and adaptation to environmental change[J].Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(6):612-643.
[43]解学梅,左蕾蕾.企业协同创新网络特征与创新绩效:基于知识吸收能力的中介效应研究[J].南开管理评论,2013,16(3):47-56.
[44]Maslov S,Sneppen K.Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks[J].Science,2002,296(5569):910-913.
[45]Righi S,Carletti T,The influence of social network topology in a opinion dynamic model[EB/OL].http://perso.fundp.ac.be/~srighi/papers/cproceed/topology.pdf,2014-10-20.
[46]黄玮强,姚爽,庄新田.基于复杂社会网络的创新扩散多智能体仿真研究[J].科学学研究,2013,31(2):310-320.
[47]Monge P R,Eisenberg E M.Emergent communication networks[M].In Jablin F M,Putnam L L,Roberts K H,et al.Eds.Handbook of OrganIzational Communication:An Interdisciplinary Perspective.Newbury Park,CA:Sage,1987.
[2]Szulanski G.Exploring internal stickiness:Impedimentsto the transfer of best practice within the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1999(62):27-43.
[3]A1bino V,Garavelli A C,Schiuma G.Knowledge transfer and interfirm relationships in industrial districts:The role of the leader firm[J].Technovation,1999,19(1):53-54.
[4]刁丽琳,朱桂龙.产学研合作中的契约维度、信任与知识转移——基于多案例的研究[J].系统管理学报,2014,32(6):890-901.
[5]Cummings J L,Teng Bing-Sheng.Transferring R&D knowledge:The key factors affecting knowledge transfer success[J].Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,2003,20:39-68.
[6]王智生,李慧颖.基于Stackelberg博弈的R&D联盟知识转移决策模型[J].科研管理,2016,37(6):74-83.
[7]Reagans R,Zuckerman E W.Networks,diversity,and productivity:The social capital of corporate R&D teams[J].Organization Science,2001,12(4):502-517.
[8]刘璇,张朋柱,张晓燕,等.科研网络中个体位势对知识扩散影响机理的实证研究[J].系统管理学报,2014,23(1):135-143.
[9]魏钧,李淼淼.团队知识转移:多样性与网络传递性的作用[J].科研管理,2014,35(5):70-76.
[10]吴福象,蒋天颖,孙伟.网络位置、知识转移对集群企业竞争优势的影响:一项基于对温州乐清低压电器产业集群的实证研究[J].科研管理,2013,34(12):48-57.
[11]宋瑞晓,魏静,李东,等.组织记忆与组织遗忘对知识转移的影响——基于社会网络视角[J].管理评论,2011,11(21):143-150.
[12]Adler P S,Kwon S W.Social capital:Prospects for a new concept[J].Academy of Management Review,2002,27(1):17-40.
[13]Oh H,Labianca G,Chung M H.A multilevel model of group social capital[J].Academy of Management Journal,2006,31(3):569-582.
[14]Ibarra H.Personal networks of women and minorities in management:A conceptual frame-work[J].Academy of Management Review,1993,18:56-87.
[15]Torenvlied R,Velner G,Informal networks and resistance to organizational change:The intro-duction of quality standards in a transport company[J].Computational&Mathematical Organization Theory,1998,4(2):165-188.
[16]Sparrowe R T,Liden R C,Wayne S J,et al.Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups[J],Academy of Management Journal,2001,44(2),316-325.
[17]陈赛君,陈智高.近年我国管理科学与工程学科研究领域交叉特征[J].系统管理学报,2013,22(4):544-552.
[18]徐伟青,檀小兵,奉小斌,等.国外团队社会网络研究回顾与展望:基于知识转移视角[J].外国经济与管理,2011,33(11):29-38.
[19]刘军.整体网分析——UCINET软件实用指南[M].2版.上海:上海人民出版社,2014.
[20]Lusher D,Koskinen J,Robbins G.Exponential random graph model for social networks:Thoery,method,and applications[M],London:Cambridge University Press,2012.
[21]Burt R S.Structural holes:The social structure of competition[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1992.
[22]汪丹.结构洞算法的比较与测评[J].现代情报,2008(9):153-256.
[23]Cowan R J N,Zman M.Knowledge dynamics in an network industry[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2004,71(5):469-484.
[24]Cowan R,Jonard N.Network structure and the diffusion of knowledge[J].Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,2004,28(8):1557-1575.
[25]李靖华,常晓然.基于元分析的知识转移影响因素研究[J].科学学研究,2013,31(3):394-406.
[26]Reagans R,McEvily B.Network structure and knowledge transfer:The effects of cohesion and range[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,2003,48:240-267.
[27]McEvily B,Perrone V,Zaheer A.Trust as an organizing principle[J].Organization Science,2003,14(1):91-103.
[28]Luo J D.Particularistic trust and general trust:A network analysis in Chinese organizations[J].Management and Organizational Review,2005,1(3):437-458.
[29]Hernandez A G,de los Reyes Lopez E.Analysis of the relationship between the properties of the social network of R&D groups and their scientific performance[J].2007:1-19.
[30]Baldwin T T,Bedell M D,Johnson J L.The social fabric of a team-based MBA program:Network effects on student satisfaction and performance[J],Academy of Management Journal,1997,40(6),1369-1397.
[31]Zander U,Kogout B.Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities:An empirical test[J].Organization Science,1995,6(1):76-92.
[32]Bekkers R,Duysters G,Verspagen B.Intetlectual property rights,strategic technology technology agreement and market structure[J].Research Policy,2002,31(7):1141-1161.
[33]刘岩,蔡虹.企业知识基础网络结构与技术创新绩效的关系:基于中国电子信息行业的实证分析[J].系统管理学报,2012,21(5):655-661.
[34]Yong S P,Park Y R.A framework of knowledge transfer in cross-border joint ventures:An empirical test of the Korean context[J].Management International Review,2004,44(4):417-434.
[35]朱亚丽,孙元,狄瑞波.网络特性、知识缄默性对企业间知识转移效果的影响:基于网络特性调节效应的实证分析[J].科研管理,2012,33(9):107-115.
[36]刘伟,邸支艳.关系质量、知识缄默性与IT外包知识转移:基于接包方视角的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2016,34(12):1865-1874.
[37]Hansen M.The research transfer problem:The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1999,44(1):82-111.
[38]Grant R M.Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1996,17(winter special issue):109-122
[39]张宝生.基于知识网络的虚拟科技创新团队的知识流动研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011.
[40]Zahra S A,George G.Absorptive capacity:A review,reconceptualization,and extension[J].Academy of Management Review,2002,27(2):185-203.
[41]Skvoretz J,Fararo T J,Agneessents F.Advanced in biased net theory:Definitions,derivations,and estimations[J].Social Network,2004,26(2):113-139.
[42]Kraatz M S.Learning by association?Interorganizational networks and adaptation to environmental change[J].Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(6):612-643.
[43]解学梅,左蕾蕾.企业协同创新网络特征与创新绩效:基于知识吸收能力的中介效应研究[J].南开管理评论,2013,16(3):47-56.
[44]Maslov S,Sneppen K.Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks[J].Science,2002,296(5569):910-913.
[45]Righi S,Carletti T,The influence of social network topology in a opinion dynamic model[EB/OL].http://perso.fundp.ac.be/~srighi/papers/cproceed/topology.pdf,2014-10-20.
[46]黄玮强,姚爽,庄新田.基于复杂社会网络的创新扩散多智能体仿真研究[J].科学学研究,2013,31(2):310-320.
[47]Monge P R,Eisenberg E M.Emergent communication networks[M].In Jablin F M,Putnam L L,Roberts K H,et al.Eds.Handbook of OrganIzational Communication:An Interdisciplinary Perspective.Newbury Park,CA:Sage,1987.