种植大户专业化的影响因素及其经济效应研究——基于长江中游502户种植大户的调查数据
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摘要
聚焦于种植大户这一微观主体,利用长江中游地区502户种植大户的调查数据,分析种植大户专业化水平的影响因素及其专业化的经济效应。研究发现:(1)种植大户的专业化指数均值为81.04%,调研地区种植大户的专业化水平较高,种植作物种类较少;(2)种植大户专业化水平受到户主年龄、加入合作社以及所在村至县城距离的正向影响,并受到党员身份、家庭农业收入占比、耕地规模以及复种指数的负向影响;(3)种植大户的专业化程度越高,亩均利润越低,但提升专业化水平有利于弱化劳动力投入对亩均生产利润的负向作用。因此,在当前农村环境和农业生产条件下,政府不应一味倡导大户向专业化转型发展,而是首先要引导农业专业化相关配套设施的建立与完善,在提高区域产业化水平的条件下鼓励农户专业化发展。
Based on the survey data of 502 large planting households in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,this paper analyzed the influencing factors and economic effects of the specialization of large planting households.The results showed that:(1)The average specialization index of the large planters was 81.04%,which was further illustrated by the higher specialization level of large planters in the study area and less types of planted crops;(2)The level of specialization of large planting households was significantly positively affected by age,participation in cooperatives and the distance from the village to the county yet negatively affected by Party membership,the proportion of household agricultural income,the area of cultivated land and multiple cropping index;(3)The higher degree of specialization downsized the profit per acre,but weakened the negative effect of labor input cost on the profit per acre.Accordingly,the government is not supposed to blindly advocate the transformation of large households to specialized planting under the current agricultural production conditions.The establishment and improvement of supporting facilities to agricultural specialization is the premise to the specialized development of farmers under the condition of improving regional industrialization level.
Based on the survey data of 502 large planting households in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,this paper analyzed the influencing factors and economic effects of the specialization of large planting households.The results showed that:(1)The average specialization index of the large planters was 81.04%,which was further illustrated by the higher specialization level of large planters in the study area and less types of planted crops;(2)The level of specialization of large planting households was significantly positively affected by age,participation in cooperatives and the distance from the village to the county yet negatively affected by Party membership,the proportion of household agricultural income,the area of cultivated land and multiple cropping index;(3)The higher degree of specialization downsized the profit per acre,but weakened the negative effect of labor input cost on the profit per acre.Accordingly,the government is not supposed to blindly advocate the transformation of large households to specialized planting under the current agricultural production conditions.The establishment and improvement of supporting facilities to agricultural specialization is the premise to the specialized development of farmers under the condition of improving regional industrialization level.
引文
[1]姚寿福.农地规模经营、专业化与农业绩效[J].农村经济,2012(3):28-31.
[2] CHISHOLM M.Tendencies in agricultural specialization and regional concentration of industry[J].Papers of the regional science association,1963(10):157-162.
[3]江雪萍,李尚蒲.农户参与横向分工:测度及其比较——来自广东的农户问卷[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(2):2-9.
[4]卢华,胡浩.土地细碎化、种植多样化对农业生产利润和效率的影响分析——基于江苏农户的微观调查[J].农业技术经济,2015(7):4-15.
[5]付小鹏,梁平.政策性农业保险试点改变了农民多样化种植行为吗[J].农业技术经济,2017(9):66-79.
[6] EMRAN M S,SHILPI F.The extent of the market and stages of agricultural specialization[J].Canadian journal of economics,2012,45(3):1125-1153.
[7]邹宝玲,钟文晶.行为能力、交易特性与横向专业化程度——基于农户问卷的实证研究[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(2):10-16.
[8]徐雪高.农户财富水平对种植品种多样化行为的影响分析[J].农业技术经济,2011(2):12-18.
[9] YU Q,ZHANG X B.The road to specialization in agricultural production:evidence from rural china[J].World development,2016(77):1-16.
[10]DAN Y,LIU Z M.Study on the Chinese farmer cooperative economy organizations and agricultural specialization[J].Agricultural economics,2012,58(3):135-146.
[11]温涛,王小华,杨丹,等.新形势下农户参与合作经济组织的行为特征、利益机制及决策效果[J].管理世界,2015(7):82-97.
[12]MARSHALL H,SCHWARTZ M,ZILIAK J P.Agricultural specialization and economic growth[J].Sociological focus,1988,21(2):113-126.
[13]丁建军.连片特困区农村专业化发展的多维减贫效应研究——以保靖县黄金村为例[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,38(5):54-59.
[14]KUROSAKI T.Specialization and diversification in agricultural transformation:the case of West Punjab,1903-92[J].American journal of agricultural economics,2011,85(2):372-386.
[15]KIM K,CHAVAS J P,BARHAM B,et al.Specialization,diversification,and productivity:apanel data analysis of rice farms in Korea[J].Agricultural economics,2012,43(6):687-700.
[16]孔祥智,方松海,庞晓鹏,等.西部地区农户禀赋对农业技术采纳的影响分析[J].经济研究,2004(12):85-95,122.
[17]李容容,罗小锋,薛龙飞.种植大户对农业社会化服务组织的选择:营利性组织还是非营利性组织?[J].中国农村观察,2015(5):73-84.
[18]陈飞,翟伟娟.农户行为视角下农地流转诱因及其福利效应研究[J].经济研究,2015,50(10):163-177.
[19]MORA R,CARLOS S J M.Geographical specialisation in Spanish agriculture before and after integration in the European Union[J].Regional science&urban economics,2004,34(3):309-320.
[20]陈会广.农民家庭内部分工及其专业化演进对农村土地制度变迁的影响研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2010:180.
[21]向国成,韩绍凤.分工与农业组织化演进:基于间接定价理论模型的分析[J].经济学(季刊),2007(2):513-538.
[22]BACHEV H.Post-communist transition in Bulgaria:implications for development of agricultural specialization and farming structures[J].Mpra paper,2008(12):1-18.
[23]杨丹,刘自敏.农民经济组织、农业专业化和农村经济增长——来自中国2445个村庄的证据[J].社会科学战线,2011(5):64-70.
[24]亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M].郭大力,王亚南,译.北京:商务印书馆,2011.
[25]FALCO S D,PENOV I,ALEKSIEV A,et al.Agrobiodiversity,farm profits and land fragmentation:evidence from Bulgaria[J].Land use policy,2010,27(3):763-771.
[26]HUNG P V,MACAULAY T G,MARSH S P.The economics of land fragmentation in the north of Vietnam[J].Australian journal of agricultural&resource economics,2010,51(2):195-211.
[27]KAWASAKI K.The costs and benefits of land fragmentation of rice farms in Japan[J].Australian Journal of agricultural&resource economics,2010,54(4):509-526.
[28]GUVELE C A.Gains from crop diversification in the Sudan Gezira scheme[J].Agricultural systems,2001,70(1):319-333.
[29]NIROULA G S,THAPA G B.Impacts and causes of land fragmentation,and lessons learned from land consolidation in South Asia[J].Land use policy,2005,22(4):358-372.
[30]胡雪枝,钟甫宁.人口老龄化对种植业生产的影响——基于小麦和棉花作物分析[J].农业经济问题,2013,34(2):36-43,110.
[31]胥亚男,李二玲,葛世帅,等.工业发达山区县农业种植的专业化转型——以巩义市为例[J].经济地理,2016,36(11):146-153.
[32]许庆,尹荣梁,章辉.规模经济、规模报酬与农业适度规模经营——基于我国粮食生产的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011,46(3):59-71,94.
[33]罗丹,李文明,陈洁.粮食生产经营的适度规模:产出与效益二维视角[J].管理世界,2017(1):78-88.
(1) 2013年中央一号文件指出“专业大户是指在种植、养殖生产规模上明显大于传统农户,且具有较强经营管理能力的专业化农户,主要围绕某一种农产品从事专业化生产”。
(1)种植大户划定标准从当地农业局获知。
(1)年数总和法:年折旧成本=(机械原值-预计净残值)×{(折旧年限-已使用年数)/[折旧年限×(折旧年限+1)÷2]}×100,其中假设预计净残值率为5%,折旧年限为10年。
(1)HI=(ΣiS2i)×100,赫芬达尔指数值越大,表明种植专业化程度越高,反之则表明种植多样化程度高。
[2] CHISHOLM M.Tendencies in agricultural specialization and regional concentration of industry[J].Papers of the regional science association,1963(10):157-162.
[3]江雪萍,李尚蒲.农户参与横向分工:测度及其比较——来自广东的农户问卷[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(2):2-9.
[4]卢华,胡浩.土地细碎化、种植多样化对农业生产利润和效率的影响分析——基于江苏农户的微观调查[J].农业技术经济,2015(7):4-15.
[5]付小鹏,梁平.政策性农业保险试点改变了农民多样化种植行为吗[J].农业技术经济,2017(9):66-79.
[6] EMRAN M S,SHILPI F.The extent of the market and stages of agricultural specialization[J].Canadian journal of economics,2012,45(3):1125-1153.
[7]邹宝玲,钟文晶.行为能力、交易特性与横向专业化程度——基于农户问卷的实证研究[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(2):10-16.
[8]徐雪高.农户财富水平对种植品种多样化行为的影响分析[J].农业技术经济,2011(2):12-18.
[9] YU Q,ZHANG X B.The road to specialization in agricultural production:evidence from rural china[J].World development,2016(77):1-16.
[10]DAN Y,LIU Z M.Study on the Chinese farmer cooperative economy organizations and agricultural specialization[J].Agricultural economics,2012,58(3):135-146.
[11]温涛,王小华,杨丹,等.新形势下农户参与合作经济组织的行为特征、利益机制及决策效果[J].管理世界,2015(7):82-97.
[12]MARSHALL H,SCHWARTZ M,ZILIAK J P.Agricultural specialization and economic growth[J].Sociological focus,1988,21(2):113-126.
[13]丁建军.连片特困区农村专业化发展的多维减贫效应研究——以保靖县黄金村为例[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,38(5):54-59.
[14]KUROSAKI T.Specialization and diversification in agricultural transformation:the case of West Punjab,1903-92[J].American journal of agricultural economics,2011,85(2):372-386.
[15]KIM K,CHAVAS J P,BARHAM B,et al.Specialization,diversification,and productivity:apanel data analysis of rice farms in Korea[J].Agricultural economics,2012,43(6):687-700.
[16]孔祥智,方松海,庞晓鹏,等.西部地区农户禀赋对农业技术采纳的影响分析[J].经济研究,2004(12):85-95,122.
[17]李容容,罗小锋,薛龙飞.种植大户对农业社会化服务组织的选择:营利性组织还是非营利性组织?[J].中国农村观察,2015(5):73-84.
[18]陈飞,翟伟娟.农户行为视角下农地流转诱因及其福利效应研究[J].经济研究,2015,50(10):163-177.
[19]MORA R,CARLOS S J M.Geographical specialisation in Spanish agriculture before and after integration in the European Union[J].Regional science&urban economics,2004,34(3):309-320.
[20]陈会广.农民家庭内部分工及其专业化演进对农村土地制度变迁的影响研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2010:180.
[21]向国成,韩绍凤.分工与农业组织化演进:基于间接定价理论模型的分析[J].经济学(季刊),2007(2):513-538.
[22]BACHEV H.Post-communist transition in Bulgaria:implications for development of agricultural specialization and farming structures[J].Mpra paper,2008(12):1-18.
[23]杨丹,刘自敏.农民经济组织、农业专业化和农村经济增长——来自中国2445个村庄的证据[J].社会科学战线,2011(5):64-70.
[24]亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M].郭大力,王亚南,译.北京:商务印书馆,2011.
[25]FALCO S D,PENOV I,ALEKSIEV A,et al.Agrobiodiversity,farm profits and land fragmentation:evidence from Bulgaria[J].Land use policy,2010,27(3):763-771.
[26]HUNG P V,MACAULAY T G,MARSH S P.The economics of land fragmentation in the north of Vietnam[J].Australian journal of agricultural&resource economics,2010,51(2):195-211.
[27]KAWASAKI K.The costs and benefits of land fragmentation of rice farms in Japan[J].Australian Journal of agricultural&resource economics,2010,54(4):509-526.
[28]GUVELE C A.Gains from crop diversification in the Sudan Gezira scheme[J].Agricultural systems,2001,70(1):319-333.
[29]NIROULA G S,THAPA G B.Impacts and causes of land fragmentation,and lessons learned from land consolidation in South Asia[J].Land use policy,2005,22(4):358-372.
[30]胡雪枝,钟甫宁.人口老龄化对种植业生产的影响——基于小麦和棉花作物分析[J].农业经济问题,2013,34(2):36-43,110.
[31]胥亚男,李二玲,葛世帅,等.工业发达山区县农业种植的专业化转型——以巩义市为例[J].经济地理,2016,36(11):146-153.
[32]许庆,尹荣梁,章辉.规模经济、规模报酬与农业适度规模经营——基于我国粮食生产的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011,46(3):59-71,94.
[33]罗丹,李文明,陈洁.粮食生产经营的适度规模:产出与效益二维视角[J].管理世界,2017(1):78-88.
(1) 2013年中央一号文件指出“专业大户是指在种植、养殖生产规模上明显大于传统农户,且具有较强经营管理能力的专业化农户,主要围绕某一种农产品从事专业化生产”。
(1)种植大户划定标准从当地农业局获知。
(1)年数总和法:年折旧成本=(机械原值-预计净残值)×{(折旧年限-已使用年数)/[折旧年限×(折旧年限+1)÷2]}×100,其中假设预计净残值率为5%,折旧年限为10年。
(1)HI=(ΣiS2i)×100,赫芬达尔指数值越大,表明种植专业化程度越高,反之则表明种植多样化程度高。