内陆河流域治理政策的生态环境效果评价——以民勤绿洲为例
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摘要
西北内陆河流域治理政策作为国家重要生态环境治理政策受到广泛关注。以石羊河流域生态环境退化最为严重的民勤绿洲为研究区,结合历史文献数据、问卷调查数据、遥感影像数据,运用描述性统计分析和土地荒漠化遥感监测,对比分析石羊河流域治理政策实施初期和实施7 a后农户开荒、用水、种植行为的变化以及生态环境对农户行为变化的响应。结果表明:(1)政策实施7 a上游来水量累积增加了4.44亿m~3;农户停止了开荒行为,人均耕地由≥0.33 hm~2减少到≤0.17 hm~2,农户用井水灌溉的比例减少17.9%,灌溉方式向更节水的沟灌、膜上灌、喷灌发展;农户减少耗水作物小麦与籽瓜的选择频数和种植面积;生态移民迁出1.05万人,平均每年输转农村剩余劳动力5.61万人。(2)近60%的农户认为该区整体生态环境变好,且荒漠化遥感监测显示2013年该区重度、中度和轻度荒漠化面积分别减少0.24%、5.35%、3.5%。近90%的农户认为环境的改善与流域治理有关。
The comprehensive management policy in inland river basin of northwest China attracts extensive attention from scholar, government to household. It aims to restore the eco-environment in downstream, realize the sustainable development of ecology, society and economy among the whole watershed through reallocation of the water resources. It has been implemented successfully in the Tarim River Watershed and Heihe Watershed. In this paper, we focus on the eco-environment changes and the household behavior changes after 7-years implement of the Shiyang River Watershed management policy in the Minqin Oasis by means of questionnaire survey and remote sensing assessment. The water from upstream increased by 444 million m3 from 2007 to 2013. Household stopped reclaiming, and the cultivate land they own reduced more than half from 0. 33 hm2 per person to 0. 17 hm2 per person. The share of irrigation water from well decreased by 17. 9% due to the water increase from upstream. Household would like to irrigate by means of water-saving. High water consumption crops such as wheat and melon are abandoned by half of household. There are 10. 5 thousand of residents are moved to other regions, and 56. 1 thousand of rural labors took jobs in other places. 59. 3% of the household believed the eco-environment was better than before. The severe moderate and slight desertification land decreased from 2007 to 2013 by 0. 24%, 5. 35%,3. 5%, respectively. The eco-environment improved obviously in the center of the oasis. Nearly 90% of the households believed that the eco-environment improvement was related to the comprehensive management policy.
The comprehensive management policy in inland river basin of northwest China attracts extensive attention from scholar, government to household. It aims to restore the eco-environment in downstream, realize the sustainable development of ecology, society and economy among the whole watershed through reallocation of the water resources. It has been implemented successfully in the Tarim River Watershed and Heihe Watershed. In this paper, we focus on the eco-environment changes and the household behavior changes after 7-years implement of the Shiyang River Watershed management policy in the Minqin Oasis by means of questionnaire survey and remote sensing assessment. The water from upstream increased by 444 million m3 from 2007 to 2013. Household stopped reclaiming, and the cultivate land they own reduced more than half from 0. 33 hm2 per person to 0. 17 hm2 per person. The share of irrigation water from well decreased by 17. 9% due to the water increase from upstream. Household would like to irrigate by means of water-saving. High water consumption crops such as wheat and melon are abandoned by half of household. There are 10. 5 thousand of residents are moved to other regions, and 56. 1 thousand of rural labors took jobs in other places. 59. 3% of the household believed the eco-environment was better than before. The severe moderate and slight desertification land decreased from 2007 to 2013 by 0. 24%, 5. 35%,3. 5%, respectively. The eco-environment improved obviously in the center of the oasis. Nearly 90% of the households believed that the eco-environment improvement was related to the comprehensive management policy.
引文
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[13]朱长明,张新,李均力,等.生态调水前后塔河下游湿地时空变化监测[J].资源科学,2014,36(2):420-425.
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[16]张飞,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,丁建丽,等.塔里木河流域中游绿洲地下水资源评价——以沙雅县为例[J].水资源与水文学报,2012,23(4):75-82.
[17]李森,颜长珍.近20年来河西走廊人工绿洲演变及人为因素分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(4):92-98.
[18]Yue D X,Zhang S,Zhao X Z.Policy Strategy for ecosystem conservation of Minqin Oasis of Northwest China[J].Pakistan Journal of Botany,2012,44(Sup):51-57.
[19]谈成英.塔里木河干流区土地利用/覆被变化及其景观格局特征分析[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[20]Xue X,Liao J,Hsing Y T,et al.Policies,Land use,and water resource management in an Arid Oasis Ecosystem[J].Environmental Management,2015,55:1036-1051.
[21]付爱红,陈亚宁,李卫红.基于层次分析法的塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价[J].资源科学,2009,31(9):1535-1544.
[22]景彩娥.基于RS和GIS黑河流域生态系统健康评价研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2013.
[23]路慧玲,周立华,陈勇,等.基于农户视角的盐池县退牧还草政策可持续性分析[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(4):1065-1071.
[24]张丽琼,赵雪雁,郭芳,等.石羊河下游农户的土地利用行为及效率[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(6):1715-1722.
[25]赵雪雁,薛冰.干旱区内陆河流域农户对水资源紧缺的感知及适应——以石羊河中下游为例[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1622-1630.
[26]傅海生.渴望汛期大规模调水加速民勤生态环境改善[J].发展,2010(8):44.
[27]安培浚,刘树林,颉耀文,等.植被指数遥感定量研究——以民勤绿洲为例[J].遥感技术与应用,2005,20(6):574-580.
[28]蒋志荣,安力,柴成.民勤县荒漠化影响因素定量分析[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(1):35-38.
[29]樊胜岳,马永欢,周立华.甘肃民勤绿洲近年来生态治理政策在农户中的响应[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(3):397-403.
[30]黄珊,周立华,陈勇,等.近60年来政策因素对民勤生态环境变化的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(7):73-78.
[31]黄红霞.民勤湖区生态移民安置方案及配套措施[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2013,49(9):50-52.
[2]Feng Q,Miao Z,Li Z X,et al.Public perception of an ecological rehabilitation project in inland river basins in northern China:success or failure[J].Environmental Research,2015,139:20-30.
[3]陆志翔.黑河流域过去2000年人水关系演变研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2015.
[4]谭克龙,王晓峰,高会军,等.塔里木河流域综合治理生态要素变化的遥感分析[J].地球信息科学报,2013,15(4):604-610.
[5]国务院关于塔里木河流域近期综合治理规划的批复[EB/OL].2001-06-27.http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2001/content_60957.htm.
[6]国务院关于黑河流域近期治理规划的批复[EB/OL].2001-08-05.http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2001/content_60988.htm.
[7]Wang Y,Feng Q,Chen L J,et al.Significance and effect of ecological rehabilitation project in Inland River Basins in Northwest China[J].Environmental Management,2013,52:209-220.
[8]满苏尔·沙比提,努尔卡木里·玉素甫.塔里木河流域绿洲耕地变化及其河流水文效应[J].地理研究,2010,29(12):2251-2260.
[9]许士东,戴俊生,蒲春玲,等.塔河综合治理工程的区域社会经济影响分析[J].区域经济,2014,12:26-29.
[10]赵清,黄维东.黑河水量统一调度及流域治理成效分析评价[J].人民黄河,2015,37(8):60-63.
[11]谭晶.塔里木河流域水资源统一管理成效分析[J].水利技术监督,2015(4):18-25.
[12]张一驰,于静洁,乔茂云,等.黑河流域生态输水对下游植被变化影响研究[J].水利学报,2011,42(7):757-765.
[13]朱长明,张新,李均力,等.生态调水前后塔河下游湿地时空变化监测[J].资源科学,2014,36(2):420-425.
[14]国家发展改革委农村经济司.石羊河流域的昨天今天明天[EB/OL].2013-02-26.http://www.ceh.com.cn/xwpd/2013/02/173914.shtml.
[15]袁著春,周海鹰.塔里木河生态综合治理水量变化初探[J].水资源保护,2010,26(2):56-60.
[16]张飞,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,丁建丽,等.塔里木河流域中游绿洲地下水资源评价——以沙雅县为例[J].水资源与水文学报,2012,23(4):75-82.
[17]李森,颜长珍.近20年来河西走廊人工绿洲演变及人为因素分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(4):92-98.
[18]Yue D X,Zhang S,Zhao X Z.Policy Strategy for ecosystem conservation of Minqin Oasis of Northwest China[J].Pakistan Journal of Botany,2012,44(Sup):51-57.
[19]谈成英.塔里木河干流区土地利用/覆被变化及其景观格局特征分析[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[20]Xue X,Liao J,Hsing Y T,et al.Policies,Land use,and water resource management in an Arid Oasis Ecosystem[J].Environmental Management,2015,55:1036-1051.
[21]付爱红,陈亚宁,李卫红.基于层次分析法的塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价[J].资源科学,2009,31(9):1535-1544.
[22]景彩娥.基于RS和GIS黑河流域生态系统健康评价研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2013.
[23]路慧玲,周立华,陈勇,等.基于农户视角的盐池县退牧还草政策可持续性分析[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(4):1065-1071.
[24]张丽琼,赵雪雁,郭芳,等.石羊河下游农户的土地利用行为及效率[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(6):1715-1722.
[25]赵雪雁,薛冰.干旱区内陆河流域农户对水资源紧缺的感知及适应——以石羊河中下游为例[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1622-1630.
[26]傅海生.渴望汛期大规模调水加速民勤生态环境改善[J].发展,2010(8):44.
[27]安培浚,刘树林,颉耀文,等.植被指数遥感定量研究——以民勤绿洲为例[J].遥感技术与应用,2005,20(6):574-580.
[28]蒋志荣,安力,柴成.民勤县荒漠化影响因素定量分析[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(1):35-38.
[29]樊胜岳,马永欢,周立华.甘肃民勤绿洲近年来生态治理政策在农户中的响应[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(3):397-403.
[30]黄珊,周立华,陈勇,等.近60年来政策因素对民勤生态环境变化的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(7):73-78.
[31]黄红霞.民勤湖区生态移民安置方案及配套措施[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2013,49(9):50-52.