中国采煤沉陷区空间格局与治理模式
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摘要
大面积的采煤沉陷区引发严重的社会和环境问题,得到政府和学术界的广泛关注。与传统以自然条件为基础的沉陷区复垦研究不同,考虑采煤沉陷区自然生态因素和区域经济发展条件,从综合治理的角度出发,分析中国采煤沉陷区整体格局和面临的社会经济风险,深入研究各地采煤沉陷区综合治理路径。结果表明:中国采煤沉陷区面积预计超过60000 km2,其中与城乡建设用地和耕地叠压的面积分别达到4500 km2和26000 km2,涉及人口达2000万左右,其中山西和山东两省采煤沉陷区的影响最为严重;从区域特征来看,中国采煤沉陷区有开发利用、环境修复、民生保障、异地搬迁四大主要治理导向,进一步结合社会经济和空间特征,可以将沉陷区分为环境适应发展型、基础设施完善型、特色产业带动型、环境修复型、民生保障型、异地搬迁型六个治理类型。
Coal has been China's dominant indigenous source of energy. Although the proportion of coal consumption in total(primary) energy consumption decreased steadily in recent years, China is still the world's largest coal producer and has been exporting substantial amounts of the energy. Due to a long history of underground coal mining, many more undermined areas have subsided than most people can imagine. Large coal-mine subsidence has resulted in serious structural damage to buildings, roads, irrigation ditches, underground utilities and pipelines. Besides, the consequences of ground subsidence generally consist of serious environment impact and livelihoods issues of residents. All these has drawn a lot of attention from scholars and government leaders. However, it still fails to figure out the whole picture of coal-mine subsidence and its consequences in China. The research has employed a unique dataset of mineral rights for coal in China to investigate spatial distribution of subsidence at present and foreseeable future. The damage to cities and farmland and the size of population involved in the subsidence areas has also been estimated through the comprehensive analysis of land use map and population and subsidence distribution. The results highlight the difference of potential losses of coal-mine subsidence between areas in China. For example,subsidence has significant influence on urban development in eastern China; while farmland in rural areas suffers relatively great loss in the western mountainous areas. Even so, it is not enough to answer how to govern and mitigate subsidence of those large coal-mines in China.Because governance modes and methods depend on not only characteristics of spatial distribution and potential losses but also natural conditions and the level of economic development. According to characteristics of potential losses, natural conditions and economic development, we further define six kinds of subsidence and figure out their governance directions and major works in China. The results are shown in the following:(1) The area of potential coal-mine subsidence is more than 60000 km2 in China. There are 4500 km2 of the urban-rural construction land and 26000 km2 of farmland in these subsiding areas. There are around 20 million residents involved in the subsidence.(2) According to climatic conditions and social and economic development levels, coal-mine subsidences fall into four types of areas with different governance directions in China: Focusing on eco-environmental modification; household livelihood security; exploitation and utilization; migration and relocation.(3) According to population and construction lands impacted and hydrogeological environment, exploitation-oriented areas are further divided into three types: Some should adapt to the changing environment; some should repair the infrastructures destroyed; some should develop characteristic industries such as tourism to increase residents' income.
Coal has been China's dominant indigenous source of energy. Although the proportion of coal consumption in total(primary) energy consumption decreased steadily in recent years, China is still the world's largest coal producer and has been exporting substantial amounts of the energy. Due to a long history of underground coal mining, many more undermined areas have subsided than most people can imagine. Large coal-mine subsidence has resulted in serious structural damage to buildings, roads, irrigation ditches, underground utilities and pipelines. Besides, the consequences of ground subsidence generally consist of serious environment impact and livelihoods issues of residents. All these has drawn a lot of attention from scholars and government leaders. However, it still fails to figure out the whole picture of coal-mine subsidence and its consequences in China. The research has employed a unique dataset of mineral rights for coal in China to investigate spatial distribution of subsidence at present and foreseeable future. The damage to cities and farmland and the size of population involved in the subsidence areas has also been estimated through the comprehensive analysis of land use map and population and subsidence distribution. The results highlight the difference of potential losses of coal-mine subsidence between areas in China. For example,subsidence has significant influence on urban development in eastern China; while farmland in rural areas suffers relatively great loss in the western mountainous areas. Even so, it is not enough to answer how to govern and mitigate subsidence of those large coal-mines in China.Because governance modes and methods depend on not only characteristics of spatial distribution and potential losses but also natural conditions and the level of economic development. According to characteristics of potential losses, natural conditions and economic development, we further define six kinds of subsidence and figure out their governance directions and major works in China. The results are shown in the following:(1) The area of potential coal-mine subsidence is more than 60000 km2 in China. There are 4500 km2 of the urban-rural construction land and 26000 km2 of farmland in these subsiding areas. There are around 20 million residents involved in the subsidence.(2) According to climatic conditions and social and economic development levels, coal-mine subsidences fall into four types of areas with different governance directions in China: Focusing on eco-environmental modification; household livelihood security; exploitation and utilization; migration and relocation.(3) According to population and construction lands impacted and hydrogeological environment, exploitation-oriented areas are further divided into three types: Some should adapt to the changing environment; some should repair the infrastructures destroyed; some should develop characteristic industries such as tourism to increase residents' income.
引文
[1]刘景双,王金达,张学林,等.煤矿塌陷地复垦还田生态重建研究:以抚顺煤矿为例.地理科学,2000,20(2):189-192.[LIU J S,WANG J D,ZHANG X L,et al.A study on the reclamation and ecological reconstruction in collapse sites in coal mine area:A case of Fushun coal mine.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2000,20(2):189-192.]
[2]王振龙,章启兵,李瑞.采煤沉陷区雨洪利用与生态修复技术研究.自然资源学报,2009,24(7):1155-1162.[WANGZ L,ZHANG Q B,LI R.Study on rain-flood resources comprehensive utilization and ecological restoration technology of coal mining depressed area.Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(7):1155-1162.]
[3]唐孝辉.山西采煤沉陷区现状、危害及治理.生态经济,2016,32(2):6-9.[TANG X H.Status,harm and control of coal mining subsidence area in Shanxi.Ecological Economy,2016,32(2):6-9.]
[4]刘祥荣,钟政.塌陷区贮灰场的初步探讨.环境工程,1982,(2):37-41,55.[LIU X R,ZHONG Z.Preliminary study on ash storage in subsidence area.Environmental Engineering,1982,(2):37-41,55.]
[5]张宝英,敖一明.在塌陷区内开凿斜风井的实践.煤炭工程,1983,(5):17-18.[ZHANG B Y,AO Y M.Practice of drilling inclined shaft in subsidence area.Coal Engineering,1983,(5):17-18.]
[6]刘天泉.煤矿沉陷区土地的复垦与建筑利用.煤炭科学技术,1986,(10):10-12.[LIU T Q.Land reclamation and building use in subsidence area of coal mine.Coal Science and Technology,1986,(10):10-12.]
[7]严志才.煤矿塌陷区造地复田和综合治理.煤炭科学技术,1986,(10):26-28.[YAN Z C.Construction of land subsided in coal mine subsidence and comprehensive management.Coal Science and Technology,1986,(10):26-28.]
[8]黄仲青,刘晓玲.采矿塌陷区农田复耕技术的研究.安徽农业科学,1995,(2):189-190.[HUANG Z Q,LIU X L.Study on farmland reclamation technology in mining subsidence area.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,1995,(2):189-190.]
[9]杜克勤.淮北煤矿塌陷区粉煤灰复田营林生态环境体系的建立.环境科学,1993,(3):39-41.[DU K Q.Establishment of an environmental and ecological system by afforestation on the coal ash reclaimed surface subsidence areas in Huaibei coal mine and an analysis for its benefits.Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,1993,(3):39-41.]
[10]吴本立,刘庆年,蒋业林,等.煤矿塌陷区畜牧水产结合开发利用研究.安徽农业科学,1993,(4):376-379.[WU B L,LIU Q N,JIANG Y L,et al.Research on the combined development and utilization of animal husbandry and fishery in the subsidence area of coal mine.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,1993,(4):376-379.]
[11]李树志.煤矿塌陷区土地复垦技术与发展趋势.能源环境保护,1993,(4):6-9.[LI S Z.Land reclamation technology and development trend of coal mine subsidence area.Energy Environmental Protection,1993,(4):6-9.]
[12]胡振琪,陈龙乾.采煤塌陷区土地复垦管理新模式初探.中国土地科学,1994,(1):15-19.[HU Z Q,CHEN L Q.Preliminary study on new pattern of land reclamation management in coal mining subsidence area.China Land Science,1994,(1):15-19.]
[13]刘飞,陆林.采煤塌陷区的生态恢复研究进展.自然资源学报,2009,24(4):612-620.[LIU F,LU L.Progress in the study of ecological restoration of coal mining subsidence areas.Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(4):612-620.]
[14]卞正富.煤矿区土地复垦条件分区研究.中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(3):237-242.[BIAN Z F.Study on zoning coalmine areas by considering land reclamation conditions in China.Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,1999,28(3):237-242.]
[15]陈利根,童尧,龙开胜.采煤塌陷区生态改造利益构成及分配研究.中国土地科学,2016,30(10):81-89.[CHEN L G,TONG Y,LONG K S.Study on interest components and allocation of the ecological transformation in coal mining subsided areas.China Land Sciences,2016,30(10):81-89.]
[16]张子月,邹友峰,陈俊杰,等.采煤塌陷区土地动态沉降预测模型.农业工程学报,2016,32(21):246-251.[ZHANG ZY,ZOU Y F,CHEN J J,et al.Prediction model of land dynamic settlement in coal mining subsidence area.Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(21):246-251.]
[17]卞正富,张燕平.徐州煤矿区土地利用格局演变分析.地理学报,2006,61(4):349-358.[BIAN Z F,ZHANG Y P.Land use changes in Xuzhou coal mining area.Acta Geographic Sinica,2006,61(4):349-358.]
[18]刘广,郭华东,Ramon H,等.InSAR技术在矿区沉降监测中的应用研究.国土资源遥感,2008,20(2):51-55.[LIU G,GUO H D,RAMON H,et al.The application of InSAR technology to mining area subsidence monitoring.Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2008,20(2):51-55.]
[19]陈永春,袁亮,徐翀.淮南矿区利用采煤塌陷区建设平原水库研究.煤炭学报,2016,41(11):2830-2835.[CHEN Y C,YUAN L,XU C.Investigation on using mining subsidence area to build a reservoir in Huainan Coal Mining area.Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(11):2830-2835.]
[20]王双明,杜华栋,王生全.神木北部采煤塌陷区土壤与植被损害过程及机理分析.煤炭学报,2017,42(1):17-26.[WANG S M,DU H D,WANG S Q.Analysis of damage process and mechanism for plant community and soil properties at northern Shenmu subsidence mining area.Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):17-26.]
[21]王亚萍,刘文兆.基于Meta分析的神府榆采煤塌陷区植被变化研究.水土保持研究,2017,24(2):278-282.[WANGY P,LIU W Z.Meta-analysis of the characteristics of vegetation change in subsidence area of Shenfuyu coal mining.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(2):278-282.]
[2]王振龙,章启兵,李瑞.采煤沉陷区雨洪利用与生态修复技术研究.自然资源学报,2009,24(7):1155-1162.[WANGZ L,ZHANG Q B,LI R.Study on rain-flood resources comprehensive utilization and ecological restoration technology of coal mining depressed area.Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(7):1155-1162.]
[3]唐孝辉.山西采煤沉陷区现状、危害及治理.生态经济,2016,32(2):6-9.[TANG X H.Status,harm and control of coal mining subsidence area in Shanxi.Ecological Economy,2016,32(2):6-9.]
[4]刘祥荣,钟政.塌陷区贮灰场的初步探讨.环境工程,1982,(2):37-41,55.[LIU X R,ZHONG Z.Preliminary study on ash storage in subsidence area.Environmental Engineering,1982,(2):37-41,55.]
[5]张宝英,敖一明.在塌陷区内开凿斜风井的实践.煤炭工程,1983,(5):17-18.[ZHANG B Y,AO Y M.Practice of drilling inclined shaft in subsidence area.Coal Engineering,1983,(5):17-18.]
[6]刘天泉.煤矿沉陷区土地的复垦与建筑利用.煤炭科学技术,1986,(10):10-12.[LIU T Q.Land reclamation and building use in subsidence area of coal mine.Coal Science and Technology,1986,(10):10-12.]
[7]严志才.煤矿塌陷区造地复田和综合治理.煤炭科学技术,1986,(10):26-28.[YAN Z C.Construction of land subsided in coal mine subsidence and comprehensive management.Coal Science and Technology,1986,(10):26-28.]
[8]黄仲青,刘晓玲.采矿塌陷区农田复耕技术的研究.安徽农业科学,1995,(2):189-190.[HUANG Z Q,LIU X L.Study on farmland reclamation technology in mining subsidence area.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,1995,(2):189-190.]
[9]杜克勤.淮北煤矿塌陷区粉煤灰复田营林生态环境体系的建立.环境科学,1993,(3):39-41.[DU K Q.Establishment of an environmental and ecological system by afforestation on the coal ash reclaimed surface subsidence areas in Huaibei coal mine and an analysis for its benefits.Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,1993,(3):39-41.]
[10]吴本立,刘庆年,蒋业林,等.煤矿塌陷区畜牧水产结合开发利用研究.安徽农业科学,1993,(4):376-379.[WU B L,LIU Q N,JIANG Y L,et al.Research on the combined development and utilization of animal husbandry and fishery in the subsidence area of coal mine.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,1993,(4):376-379.]
[11]李树志.煤矿塌陷区土地复垦技术与发展趋势.能源环境保护,1993,(4):6-9.[LI S Z.Land reclamation technology and development trend of coal mine subsidence area.Energy Environmental Protection,1993,(4):6-9.]
[12]胡振琪,陈龙乾.采煤塌陷区土地复垦管理新模式初探.中国土地科学,1994,(1):15-19.[HU Z Q,CHEN L Q.Preliminary study on new pattern of land reclamation management in coal mining subsidence area.China Land Science,1994,(1):15-19.]
[13]刘飞,陆林.采煤塌陷区的生态恢复研究进展.自然资源学报,2009,24(4):612-620.[LIU F,LU L.Progress in the study of ecological restoration of coal mining subsidence areas.Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(4):612-620.]
[14]卞正富.煤矿区土地复垦条件分区研究.中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(3):237-242.[BIAN Z F.Study on zoning coalmine areas by considering land reclamation conditions in China.Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,1999,28(3):237-242.]
[15]陈利根,童尧,龙开胜.采煤塌陷区生态改造利益构成及分配研究.中国土地科学,2016,30(10):81-89.[CHEN L G,TONG Y,LONG K S.Study on interest components and allocation of the ecological transformation in coal mining subsided areas.China Land Sciences,2016,30(10):81-89.]
[16]张子月,邹友峰,陈俊杰,等.采煤塌陷区土地动态沉降预测模型.农业工程学报,2016,32(21):246-251.[ZHANG ZY,ZOU Y F,CHEN J J,et al.Prediction model of land dynamic settlement in coal mining subsidence area.Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(21):246-251.]
[17]卞正富,张燕平.徐州煤矿区土地利用格局演变分析.地理学报,2006,61(4):349-358.[BIAN Z F,ZHANG Y P.Land use changes in Xuzhou coal mining area.Acta Geographic Sinica,2006,61(4):349-358.]
[18]刘广,郭华东,Ramon H,等.InSAR技术在矿区沉降监测中的应用研究.国土资源遥感,2008,20(2):51-55.[LIU G,GUO H D,RAMON H,et al.The application of InSAR technology to mining area subsidence monitoring.Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2008,20(2):51-55.]
[19]陈永春,袁亮,徐翀.淮南矿区利用采煤塌陷区建设平原水库研究.煤炭学报,2016,41(11):2830-2835.[CHEN Y C,YUAN L,XU C.Investigation on using mining subsidence area to build a reservoir in Huainan Coal Mining area.Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(11):2830-2835.]
[20]王双明,杜华栋,王生全.神木北部采煤塌陷区土壤与植被损害过程及机理分析.煤炭学报,2017,42(1):17-26.[WANG S M,DU H D,WANG S Q.Analysis of damage process and mechanism for plant community and soil properties at northern Shenmu subsidence mining area.Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):17-26.]
[21]王亚萍,刘文兆.基于Meta分析的神府榆采煤塌陷区植被变化研究.水土保持研究,2017,24(2):278-282.[WANGY P,LIU W Z.Meta-analysis of the characteristics of vegetation change in subsidence area of Shenfuyu coal mining.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(2):278-282.]