升温环境下肉鸡体温和呼吸频率对热中性区上限温度估测
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摘要
【目的】通过非线性分段回归模型,分析随环境温度逐渐升高,肉鸡体表、体核温度和呼吸频率开始升高时的环境温度,即拐点温度(IPT),估测肉鸡热中性区、热舒适区的上限温度。【方法】试验选择21日龄AA肉鸡10只,饲养于人工环境控制舱内。舱内温度由18℃开始,每0.5 h升高1℃,至33℃维持0.5 h后,逐渐降至20℃,循环3 d。利用微型温度记录仪连续监测肉鸡体表和体核温度(每10min记录1次)。【结果】经非线性分段回归分析,3次(天)估测出的肉鸡体表温度的拐点温度(IPTST)分别为21.18、21.09、21.13℃,平均21.13℃。肉鸡IPTST个体之间的变异较大,3次测定的变异系数分别为6.31、6.15、5.64;而同一只肉鸡3次估测的IPTST差别较小,10只鸡的变异系数平均为0.52,表明这种估测IPTST的方法重复性较好。肉鸡体核温度的拐点温度(IPTCT)3次测定的结果分别为27.80、27.98、27.67℃,平均27.82℃。个体之间IPTCT的变异系数为2.82、2.75、2.78,而同只肉鸡3次估测的IPTCT变异较小,平均变异系数为0.90,表明这种估测IPTCT的方法重复性较好。肉鸡呼吸频率的拐点温度(IPTRR)3次测定的结果分别为28.42、29.52、29.25℃,平均29.06℃。由于肉鸡在高温环境下喘息并非持续发生,本试验呼吸频率的测定时间过短(每个温度下每只鸡测定了1 min),造成部分肉鸡测定的呼吸频率过低,导致估测的IPTRR偏高。【结论】根据热中性区的定义,3—4周龄肉鸡热舒适区上限温度即为IPTST(21.13℃),而热中性区上限温度应低于IPTCT(27.82℃)。
【Objective】The present study was conducted to measure the variations of surface temperature(ST), core temperature(CT) and respiratory rate(RR) of broilers with increasing ambient temperature(AT), and analyze these data with a broken-line model to determine the inflection point temperature(IPT, the certain AT above which the body temperature or RR of the broilers started to change). 【Method】Ten AA broilers(21 days old) were raised in one controlled climate chamber. The AT of chamber was increased gradually by one degree per 0.5 h from 18℃ to 33℃, and then gradually decreased to 20℃. The CT and ST of broilers, as well as the AT in the chamber were recorded at 10 min intervals using mini temperature data loggers. The experiment was repeated three times on three days. 【Result】The IPT based on ST(IPTST) for three consecutive days were 21.18, 21.09 and 21.13℃, average 21.13℃. The variation coefficients of IPTST between individual broilers was 6.13, 6.15 and 5.64 for three measurements, the variation coefficient of IPTST between three measurements was 0.52% on average, indicating that the method of estimating IPTST was better repeatable. The IPT based on CT(IPTCT) for three consecutive days were 27.80, 27.98 and 27.67℃, with an average of 27.82℃. The variation coefficients of IPTCT between individual broilers was 2.82, 2.75, 2.78 for three measurements, the variation coefficient of IPTST between three measurements was 0.90% on average, indicating that the method of estimating IPTCTwas better repeatable. The IPT based on RR(IPTRR) for three consecutive days were 28.42, 29.52 and 29.25℃, with an average of 29.06℃. Since the panting of broilers is intermittent, the respiratory of broilers under high temperature maybe normal during the period of RR measurement(only 1 min per chick), which maybe result in an under-estimated the RR, and an over-estimated IPTRR of some broilers. 【Conclusion】According to the definition of the thermal neutral zone, the upper limit temperature of the thermal neutral zone of 3-4 weeks old broilers should be lower than IPTCT(27.82℃), and the upper limit temperature of thermal comfort zone is IPTST(21.13℃).
【Objective】The present study was conducted to measure the variations of surface temperature(ST), core temperature(CT) and respiratory rate(RR) of broilers with increasing ambient temperature(AT), and analyze these data with a broken-line model to determine the inflection point temperature(IPT, the certain AT above which the body temperature or RR of the broilers started to change). 【Method】Ten AA broilers(21 days old) were raised in one controlled climate chamber. The AT of chamber was increased gradually by one degree per 0.5 h from 18℃ to 33℃, and then gradually decreased to 20℃. The CT and ST of broilers, as well as the AT in the chamber were recorded at 10 min intervals using mini temperature data loggers. The experiment was repeated three times on three days. 【Result】The IPT based on ST(IPTST) for three consecutive days were 21.18, 21.09 and 21.13℃, average 21.13℃. The variation coefficients of IPTST between individual broilers was 6.13, 6.15 and 5.64 for three measurements, the variation coefficient of IPTST between three measurements was 0.52% on average, indicating that the method of estimating IPTST was better repeatable. The IPT based on CT(IPTCT) for three consecutive days were 27.80, 27.98 and 27.67℃, with an average of 27.82℃. The variation coefficients of IPTCT between individual broilers was 2.82, 2.75, 2.78 for three measurements, the variation coefficient of IPTST between three measurements was 0.90% on average, indicating that the method of estimating IPTCTwas better repeatable. The IPT based on RR(IPTRR) for three consecutive days were 28.42, 29.52 and 29.25℃, with an average of 29.06℃. Since the panting of broilers is intermittent, the respiratory of broilers under high temperature maybe normal during the period of RR measurement(only 1 min per chick), which maybe result in an under-estimated the RR, and an over-estimated IPTRR of some broilers. 【Conclusion】According to the definition of the thermal neutral zone, the upper limit temperature of the thermal neutral zone of 3-4 weeks old broilers should be lower than IPTCT(27.82℃), and the upper limit temperature of thermal comfort zone is IPTST(21.13℃).
引文
[1]MOUNT L E.The concept of thermal neutrality//Heat Loss from Animals and Man.London:Easter School in Agricultural Science,1974:425-439.
[2]李如志,颜培实.家畜环境卫生学.4版.北京:中国高等教育出版社,2011:39-41.LI R Z,YAN P S.Domestic Animals and Environmental Hygiene.4th ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2011:39-41.(in Chinese)
[3]VAN ES A J,Van A D,NIJKAMP H J,VOGT J E,SCHEELEC W.Thermoneutral zone of laying hens kept in batteries.Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,1973,32(1/5):121-129.
[4]VAN KAMPEN M,MITCHELL B W,SIEGEL H S.Thermoneutral zone of chickens as determined by measuring heat production,respiration rate,and electromyographic and electroencephalographic activity in light and dark environments and changing environmental temperatures.The Journal of Agricultural Science,1979,92(1):219-226.
[5]MELTZER A,GOODMAN G,FISTOOL J.Thermoneutral zone and resting metabolic rate of growing White Leghorn type chicks.British Poultry Science,1982,23(5):383-391.
[6]MELTZER A.Thermoneutral zone and resting metabolic rate of broilers.British Poultry Science,1983,24(4):471-476.
[7]ARIELI A,MELTZER A,BERMAN A.The thermoneutral temperature zone and seasonal acclimatization in the hen.British Poultry Science,1980,21(6):471-478.
[8]HUYNH T T T,AARNINK A J A,VERSTEGEN M W A,GERRITSW J J,HEETKAMP M J W,KEMP B,CANH T T.Effects of increasing temperatures on physiological changes in pigs at different relative humidities.Journal of Animal Science,2005,83(6):1385-1396.
[9]National Research Council.Nutrition Requirements of Poultry,9th ed Revised.Washington D.C.:National Academy Press,1994.
[10]常玉,张少帅,彭骞骞,张敏红,周莹,夏九龙,刁华杰,冯京海.产蛋及喂料行为对蛋鸡体核和体表温度的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2016,47(10):2045-2051.CHANG Y,ZHANG S S,PENG Q Q,ZHANG M H,ZHOU Y,XIA JL,DIAO H J,FENG J H.Effects of egg laying and feeding behavior on the core and body temperature of the egg.Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2016,47(10):2045-2051.(in Chinese)
[11]PURSWELL J L,DOZIER W A,OLANREWAJU H A,DAVIS J D,XIN H,GATES R S.Effect of temperature-humidity index on live performance in broiler chickens grown from 49 to 63 days of age//9th International Livestock Environment Symposium.Valencia,Spain,2012,7:8-12.
[12]WOLFENSON D,FREI Y F,SNAPIR N,BERMAN A.Heat stress effects on capillary blood flow and its redistribution in the laying hen.Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology,1981,390(1):86-93.
[13]WOLFENSON D.The effect of acclimatization on blood flow and its distribution in normothermic and hyperthermic domestic fowl.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology.A,Comparative Physiology,1986,85(4):739-742.
[14]YAHAV S,LUGER D,CAHANER A,DOTAN M,RUSAL M,HURWITZ S.Thermoregulation in naked neck chickens subjected to different ambient temperatures.British Poultry Science,1998,39:133-138.
[15]YAHAV S,RUSAL M,SHINDER D.The effect of ventilation on performance body and surface temperature of young turkeys.Poultry Science,2008,87(1):133-137.
[16]SOUZA J B F,ARRUDA A M V,DOMINGOS H G T,COSTA L L M.Regional differences in the surface temperature of naked neck laying hens in a semi-arid environment.International Journal Biometeorology,2013,57(3):377-380.
[17]MALHEIROS R D,MORAES V M B,BRUNO L D G,MALHEIROS E B,FURLAN R L,MACARI M.Environmental temperature and cloacal and surface temperatures of broiler chicks in first week Post-Hatch.Journal of Applied Poultry Research,2000,9(1):111-117.
[18]NASCIMENTO,G R,NAAS I A,PEREIRA D F,BARACHO M S,GARCIA R.Assessment of broiler surface temperature variation when exposed to different air temperatures.Revista Brasileira De Ciência Avícola,2011,13(4):259-263.
[19]HILLMAN P E,SCOTT N R,TIENHOVEN A V.Physiological responses and adaptations to hot and cold environments//Stress Physiology in Livestock.CRC Press,Inc,M.K.Yousef,ed.Boca Raton,FL.1985:27-28.
[20]TOYOMIZU,TOKUDA M M,MUJAHID A,AKIBA Y.Progressive alteration to core temperature,respiration and blood acid-base balance in broilers exposed to acute heat stress.The Journal of Poultry Science,2005,42(2):110-118.
[21]ZHOU W T,YAMAMOTO.Effects of environmental temperature and heat production due to food intake on abdominal temperature,shank skin temperature and respiration rate of broilers.British Poultry Science,1997,38(1):107-114.
[22]BELAY,T,THEETER R G.Broiler water balance and thermobalance during thermoneutral and high ambient temperature exposure.British Poultry Science,1993,72:116-124.
[23]RICHARDS S A.The significance of changes in the temperature of the skin and body core of the chicken in the regulation of heat loss.Journal of Physiology,1971,216(1):1-10.
[24]DONKOH A.Ambient temperature:a factor affecting performance and physiological response of broiler chickens.International Journal of Biometeorology,1989,33(4):259-265.
[25]TZSCHENTKE B,NICHELMANN M,POSTEL T.Effects of ambient temperature,age and wind speed on the thermal balance of layer-strain fowls.British Poultry Science,1996,37(3):501-520.
[26]YAHAV S,STRASCHNOW A,PLAVNIK I,HURWITZ S.Blood system response of chickens to changes in environmental temperature.Poultry Science,1997,76(4):627-633.
[27]YAHAV S.The effect of constant and diurnal cyclic temperatures on performance and blood system of young turkeys.Journal of Thermal Biology,1999,24(1):71-78.
[28]GOEL N K,STOLEN R H,MORGAN SKIM J K,DAN K,PICKRELL G.Glossary of terms for thermal physiology.Second edition.Revised by The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the International Union of Physiological Sciences(IUPS Thermal Commission).Pflugers Arch,1987,410(4/5):567-587.
[29]SAVAGE M V,BRENGELMANN G L.Control of skin blood flow in the neutral zone of human body temperature regulation.Journal of Applied Physiology,1996,80(4):1249.
[30]BRENGELMANN G L,SAVAGE M V.Temperature regulation in the neutral zone.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2010,813(1):39-50.
[31]MEKJAVIC I B,EIKEN O.Contribution of thermal and nonthermal factors to the regulation of body temperature in humans.Journal of Applied Physiology,2006,100(6):2065-2072.
[32]GILOH M,SHINDER D,YAHAV S.Skin surface temperature of broiler chickens is correlated to body core temperature and is indicative of their thermoregulatory status.Poultry Science,2012,91:175-188.
[2]李如志,颜培实.家畜环境卫生学.4版.北京:中国高等教育出版社,2011:39-41.LI R Z,YAN P S.Domestic Animals and Environmental Hygiene.4th ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2011:39-41.(in Chinese)
[3]VAN ES A J,Van A D,NIJKAMP H J,VOGT J E,SCHEELEC W.Thermoneutral zone of laying hens kept in batteries.Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,1973,32(1/5):121-129.
[4]VAN KAMPEN M,MITCHELL B W,SIEGEL H S.Thermoneutral zone of chickens as determined by measuring heat production,respiration rate,and electromyographic and electroencephalographic activity in light and dark environments and changing environmental temperatures.The Journal of Agricultural Science,1979,92(1):219-226.
[5]MELTZER A,GOODMAN G,FISTOOL J.Thermoneutral zone and resting metabolic rate of growing White Leghorn type chicks.British Poultry Science,1982,23(5):383-391.
[6]MELTZER A.Thermoneutral zone and resting metabolic rate of broilers.British Poultry Science,1983,24(4):471-476.
[7]ARIELI A,MELTZER A,BERMAN A.The thermoneutral temperature zone and seasonal acclimatization in the hen.British Poultry Science,1980,21(6):471-478.
[8]HUYNH T T T,AARNINK A J A,VERSTEGEN M W A,GERRITSW J J,HEETKAMP M J W,KEMP B,CANH T T.Effects of increasing temperatures on physiological changes in pigs at different relative humidities.Journal of Animal Science,2005,83(6):1385-1396.
[9]National Research Council.Nutrition Requirements of Poultry,9th ed Revised.Washington D.C.:National Academy Press,1994.
[10]常玉,张少帅,彭骞骞,张敏红,周莹,夏九龙,刁华杰,冯京海.产蛋及喂料行为对蛋鸡体核和体表温度的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2016,47(10):2045-2051.CHANG Y,ZHANG S S,PENG Q Q,ZHANG M H,ZHOU Y,XIA JL,DIAO H J,FENG J H.Effects of egg laying and feeding behavior on the core and body temperature of the egg.Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2016,47(10):2045-2051.(in Chinese)
[11]PURSWELL J L,DOZIER W A,OLANREWAJU H A,DAVIS J D,XIN H,GATES R S.Effect of temperature-humidity index on live performance in broiler chickens grown from 49 to 63 days of age//9th International Livestock Environment Symposium.Valencia,Spain,2012,7:8-12.
[12]WOLFENSON D,FREI Y F,SNAPIR N,BERMAN A.Heat stress effects on capillary blood flow and its redistribution in the laying hen.Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology,1981,390(1):86-93.
[13]WOLFENSON D.The effect of acclimatization on blood flow and its distribution in normothermic and hyperthermic domestic fowl.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology.A,Comparative Physiology,1986,85(4):739-742.
[14]YAHAV S,LUGER D,CAHANER A,DOTAN M,RUSAL M,HURWITZ S.Thermoregulation in naked neck chickens subjected to different ambient temperatures.British Poultry Science,1998,39:133-138.
[15]YAHAV S,RUSAL M,SHINDER D.The effect of ventilation on performance body and surface temperature of young turkeys.Poultry Science,2008,87(1):133-137.
[16]SOUZA J B F,ARRUDA A M V,DOMINGOS H G T,COSTA L L M.Regional differences in the surface temperature of naked neck laying hens in a semi-arid environment.International Journal Biometeorology,2013,57(3):377-380.
[17]MALHEIROS R D,MORAES V M B,BRUNO L D G,MALHEIROS E B,FURLAN R L,MACARI M.Environmental temperature and cloacal and surface temperatures of broiler chicks in first week Post-Hatch.Journal of Applied Poultry Research,2000,9(1):111-117.
[18]NASCIMENTO,G R,NAAS I A,PEREIRA D F,BARACHO M S,GARCIA R.Assessment of broiler surface temperature variation when exposed to different air temperatures.Revista Brasileira De Ciência Avícola,2011,13(4):259-263.
[19]HILLMAN P E,SCOTT N R,TIENHOVEN A V.Physiological responses and adaptations to hot and cold environments//Stress Physiology in Livestock.CRC Press,Inc,M.K.Yousef,ed.Boca Raton,FL.1985:27-28.
[20]TOYOMIZU,TOKUDA M M,MUJAHID A,AKIBA Y.Progressive alteration to core temperature,respiration and blood acid-base balance in broilers exposed to acute heat stress.The Journal of Poultry Science,2005,42(2):110-118.
[21]ZHOU W T,YAMAMOTO.Effects of environmental temperature and heat production due to food intake on abdominal temperature,shank skin temperature and respiration rate of broilers.British Poultry Science,1997,38(1):107-114.
[22]BELAY,T,THEETER R G.Broiler water balance and thermobalance during thermoneutral and high ambient temperature exposure.British Poultry Science,1993,72:116-124.
[23]RICHARDS S A.The significance of changes in the temperature of the skin and body core of the chicken in the regulation of heat loss.Journal of Physiology,1971,216(1):1-10.
[24]DONKOH A.Ambient temperature:a factor affecting performance and physiological response of broiler chickens.International Journal of Biometeorology,1989,33(4):259-265.
[25]TZSCHENTKE B,NICHELMANN M,POSTEL T.Effects of ambient temperature,age and wind speed on the thermal balance of layer-strain fowls.British Poultry Science,1996,37(3):501-520.
[26]YAHAV S,STRASCHNOW A,PLAVNIK I,HURWITZ S.Blood system response of chickens to changes in environmental temperature.Poultry Science,1997,76(4):627-633.
[27]YAHAV S.The effect of constant and diurnal cyclic temperatures on performance and blood system of young turkeys.Journal of Thermal Biology,1999,24(1):71-78.
[28]GOEL N K,STOLEN R H,MORGAN SKIM J K,DAN K,PICKRELL G.Glossary of terms for thermal physiology.Second edition.Revised by The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the International Union of Physiological Sciences(IUPS Thermal Commission).Pflugers Arch,1987,410(4/5):567-587.
[29]SAVAGE M V,BRENGELMANN G L.Control of skin blood flow in the neutral zone of human body temperature regulation.Journal of Applied Physiology,1996,80(4):1249.
[30]BRENGELMANN G L,SAVAGE M V.Temperature regulation in the neutral zone.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2010,813(1):39-50.
[31]MEKJAVIC I B,EIKEN O.Contribution of thermal and nonthermal factors to the regulation of body temperature in humans.Journal of Applied Physiology,2006,100(6):2065-2072.
[32]GILOH M,SHINDER D,YAHAV S.Skin surface temperature of broiler chickens is correlated to body core temperature and is indicative of their thermoregulatory status.Poultry Science,2012,91:175-188.