实体煤掘进加卸载路径下的冲击机理及防控研究
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摘要
实体煤掘进冲击矿压受覆岩运动影响较小是其典型特点,其冲击机理缺乏系统研究。本文从实体煤掘进围岩力学行为入手,展开其冲击机理及防控研究。首先,运用数值模拟方法得到煤巷掘进围岩应力路径具有"竖向加载-倾向卸载-走向固定"的三轴加卸载特征;然后展开三轴加卸载路径下的煤样力学和冲击特征试验;最后用试验结果指导实体煤掘进冲击防控设计。试验揭示了煤样峰值点的加卸载侧应力不仅受初始加载侧应力和初始卸载侧应力影响,而且与卸载速率和加载速率比值(简称"卸加比")呈指数型降低,但是受初始固定侧应力影响较小。发现实验室煤样需要满足高应变速率和高应力2个条件才能形成冲击,非冲击煤样和冲击煤样分别呈现层裂式和爆裂式破坏特征,前者对应的声发射能量值比后者小2个数量级。根据加卸载下煤样破裂特征及冲击形成条件,制定相应的实体煤掘进冲击防控设计方案。现场实践表明,所设计的实体煤巷道掘进冲击防控方案有效降低了大能级矿震和冲击矿压的发生概率。
Rock burst during solid coal roadway excavation is always slightly affected by the movement of overburden rock. However, few systematic research has been conducted on that rock burst mechanism. In this study, the mechanism and prevention of rock burst during solid coal roadway excavation were studied from perspective of mechanical behavior of surrounding rock. Firstly, the triaxial stress path characteristics of surrounding rock during roadway excavation were obtained through using numerical simulation, which are "vertical loading-inclined unloading-strike fixed". Then mechanical and burst behavior tests of coal samples under triaxial loading and unloading path were conducted.Finally, above results were used to guide the design of rock burst prevention during solid coal driving.Results show that the peak stress of coal samples are not only affected by initial loading and unloading lateral stress, but also has a negative exponential relationship with the ratio of unloading rate and loading rate. However, it is less affected by the initial fixed side stress. Rock burst is commonly induced by high strain rate and high stress in the experiments. The non-burst coal samples and burst coal samples could be characterized by exfoliation and decrepitation, respectively. Meanwhile, the acoustic emission energy value corresponding to the former is two orders of magnitude smaller than the latter. According to fracture characteristics of coal samples under loading and unloading and the forming process of rock burst, design scheme of rock burst control for solid coal driving are provided. Engineering application show that the rock burst prevention design for solid coal roadway driving could effectively reduce the probability of strong tremors and rock bursts.
Rock burst during solid coal roadway excavation is always slightly affected by the movement of overburden rock. However, few systematic research has been conducted on that rock burst mechanism. In this study, the mechanism and prevention of rock burst during solid coal roadway excavation were studied from perspective of mechanical behavior of surrounding rock. Firstly, the triaxial stress path characteristics of surrounding rock during roadway excavation were obtained through using numerical simulation, which are "vertical loading-inclined unloading-strike fixed". Then mechanical and burst behavior tests of coal samples under triaxial loading and unloading path were conducted.Finally, above results were used to guide the design of rock burst prevention during solid coal driving.Results show that the peak stress of coal samples are not only affected by initial loading and unloading lateral stress, but also has a negative exponential relationship with the ratio of unloading rate and loading rate. However, it is less affected by the initial fixed side stress. Rock burst is commonly induced by high strain rate and high stress in the experiments. The non-burst coal samples and burst coal samples could be characterized by exfoliation and decrepitation, respectively. Meanwhile, the acoustic emission energy value corresponding to the former is two orders of magnitude smaller than the latter. According to fracture characteristics of coal samples under loading and unloading and the forming process of rock burst, design scheme of rock burst control for solid coal driving are provided. Engineering application show that the rock burst prevention design for solid coal roadway driving could effectively reduce the probability of strong tremors and rock bursts.
引文
[1]沈威,窦林名.分层放顶煤掘进巷冲击矿震研究[C]//深部煤炭开采灾害防治工程技术论坛,2014:377-382.
[2]窦林名,何学秋.冲击矿压防治理论与技术[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2001:124-140.
[3]谢和平,周宏伟,刘建锋,等.不同开采条件下采动力学行为研究[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(7):1067-1074.XIE Heping,ZHOU Hongwei,LIU Jianfeng,et al.Mining-induced mechanical behavior in coal seams under different mining layouts[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(7):1067-1074.
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[5]许江,李波波,周婷,等.加卸载条件下煤岩变形特性与渗透特征的试验研究[J].煤炭学报,2012,37(9):1493-1498.XU Jiang,LI Bobo,ZHOU Ting,et al.Experimental study of coal deformation and permeability characteristics under loading-unloading conditions[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2012,37(9):1493-1498.
[6]苏承东,翟新献,李永明,等.煤样三轴压缩下变形和强度分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(增刊1):2963-2968.SU Chengdong,ZHAI Xinxian,LI Yongming,et al.Study on deformation and strength of coal samples in triaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(Sup 1):2963-2968.
[7]HE M C,MIAO J L,FENG J L.Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2010,47:286-298.
[8]HE M C,JIA X N,COIL M,et al.Experimental study of rockbursts in underground quarrying of Carrara marble[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2012,52:1-8.
[9]HE M C,SOUSA L R E,MIRANDA T,et al.Rockburst laboratory tests database-application of data mining techniques[J].Environmental Geology,2015,185:116-130.
[10]陈卫忠,吕森鹏,郭小红,等.脆性岩石卸围压试验与岩爆机理研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(6):963-969.CHEN Weizhong,LYU Senpeng,GUO Xiaohong,et al.Unloading confining pressure for brittle rock and mechanism of rock burst[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(6):963-969.
[11]王凯,郑吉玉,朱奎胜.2种应力路径下无烟煤的变形破坏特征及能量分析[J].岩土力学,2015,36(增刊2):259-266.WANG Kai,ZHENG Jiyu,ZHU Kuisheng.Analysis of deformation failure characteristics and energy of anthracite under two kinds of stress paths[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(Sup 2):259-266.
[12]黄达,黄润秋,张永兴.三轴加卸载下花岗岩脆性破坏及应力跌落规律[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2011,33(2):1-6.HUANG Da,HUANG Runqiu,ZHANG Yongxing.Characteristics of brittle failure and stress drop under triaxial loading and unloading[J].Journal of Civil,Architectural&Environmental Engineering,2011,33(2):1-6.
[13]苏承东,高保彬,南华,等.不同应力路径下煤样变形破坏过程声发射特征的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(4):757-766.SU Chengdong,GAO Baobin,NAN Hua,et al.Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics during deformation and failure processes of coal samples of coal samples under different stress paths[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(4):757-766.
[14]何江.煤矿采动动载对煤岩体的作用及诱冲机理研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2013.
[2]窦林名,何学秋.冲击矿压防治理论与技术[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2001:124-140.
[3]谢和平,周宏伟,刘建锋,等.不同开采条件下采动力学行为研究[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(7):1067-1074.XIE Heping,ZHOU Hongwei,LIU Jianfeng,et al.Mining-induced mechanical behavior in coal seams under different mining layouts[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(7):1067-1074.
[4]谢和平,张泽天,高峰,等.不同开采方式下煤岩应力场-裂隙场-渗流场行为研究[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(10):2405-2417.XIE Heping,ZHANG Zetian,GAO Feng,et al.Stress-fracture-seepage field behavior of coal under different mining layouts[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(10):2405-2417.
[5]许江,李波波,周婷,等.加卸载条件下煤岩变形特性与渗透特征的试验研究[J].煤炭学报,2012,37(9):1493-1498.XU Jiang,LI Bobo,ZHOU Ting,et al.Experimental study of coal deformation and permeability characteristics under loading-unloading conditions[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2012,37(9):1493-1498.
[6]苏承东,翟新献,李永明,等.煤样三轴压缩下变形和强度分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(增刊1):2963-2968.SU Chengdong,ZHAI Xinxian,LI Yongming,et al.Study on deformation and strength of coal samples in triaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(Sup 1):2963-2968.
[7]HE M C,MIAO J L,FENG J L.Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2010,47:286-298.
[8]HE M C,JIA X N,COIL M,et al.Experimental study of rockbursts in underground quarrying of Carrara marble[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2012,52:1-8.
[9]HE M C,SOUSA L R E,MIRANDA T,et al.Rockburst laboratory tests database-application of data mining techniques[J].Environmental Geology,2015,185:116-130.
[10]陈卫忠,吕森鹏,郭小红,等.脆性岩石卸围压试验与岩爆机理研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(6):963-969.CHEN Weizhong,LYU Senpeng,GUO Xiaohong,et al.Unloading confining pressure for brittle rock and mechanism of rock burst[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(6):963-969.
[11]王凯,郑吉玉,朱奎胜.2种应力路径下无烟煤的变形破坏特征及能量分析[J].岩土力学,2015,36(增刊2):259-266.WANG Kai,ZHENG Jiyu,ZHU Kuisheng.Analysis of deformation failure characteristics and energy of anthracite under two kinds of stress paths[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(Sup 2):259-266.
[12]黄达,黄润秋,张永兴.三轴加卸载下花岗岩脆性破坏及应力跌落规律[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2011,33(2):1-6.HUANG Da,HUANG Runqiu,ZHANG Yongxing.Characteristics of brittle failure and stress drop under triaxial loading and unloading[J].Journal of Civil,Architectural&Environmental Engineering,2011,33(2):1-6.
[13]苏承东,高保彬,南华,等.不同应力路径下煤样变形破坏过程声发射特征的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(4):757-766.SU Chengdong,GAO Baobin,NAN Hua,et al.Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics during deformation and failure processes of coal samples of coal samples under different stress paths[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(4):757-766.
[14]何江.煤矿采动动载对煤岩体的作用及诱冲机理研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2013.
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