季节性冻融区井渠结合灌域地下水动态预报
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摘要
该文以河套灌区永济灌域为研究对象,建立考虑冻融影响的分段式水均衡模型,预报12种井渠结合节水情景的地下水动态响应。结果表明:冻融期间气温对地下水埋深的影响在时间上滞后46.5 d,两者相关关系明显;地下水开发利用越多、秋浇采用黄河水的比例越小,节水规模越大,同时地下水位下降越明显。12种节水情景中,节水规模占现状引水量的5.7%~15.5%,全灌域平均地下水埋深增加0.05~0.24 m,井渠结合区地下水埋深增加0.16~0.38 m;灌域引黄水量与地下水埋深关系用二次函数进行拟合,决定系数R~2达到0.88以上;灌溉水利用效率的提高以及地下水位下降引起潜水蒸发的减小是井渠结合节水的实质。分析结果表明,考虑冻融影响的水均衡模型简单实用,可为中国西北干旱半干旱地区开展井渠结合地下水响应预报提供参考。
Water resources allocation for agriculture irrigation in the Yellow River basin will be reduced due to water shortage and increasing demand for non-agricultural use. Different measurements should be taken to save water and to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture. The conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water is one of the most promising water-saving measurements by decreasing evaporation and increasing water efficiency. However, it also could result in adverse effects on the local environment such as soil desertification when over-extraction of groundwater occurs. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the water dynamics accurately when implementing the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water irrigation in the target district. In this paper, Yongji irrigation sub-area of Hetao irrigation district as the study area to estimate the temporal and spatial groundwater dynamics under the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. Yongji irrigation sub-area locates in the arid and semi-arid area, and it has a six months freezing and thawing period from December to May of the next year. The mechanism driving of the groundwater table change in the freezing and thawing period is different from the unfreezing period, with multiple complex impact factors. Temperature is considered as the most important factor to drive the water table change in the freezing and thawing period. An empirical model has been developed in the freezing and thawing period to correlate the groundwater table depth with the air temperature according to the measured date in the past 15 years. The model showed that the water level would drop 61.87 mm with 1 decline of the air tem℃perature before 46.5 days ago. This empirical model has been integrated to a water balance model to estimate the groundwater dynamics both in the freezing and thawing period and unfreezing period. The model was then applied in the Yongji irrigation sub-area. Model parameters were calibrated with datasets from 2000 to 2010 and were validated with datasets from 2011 to 2012. Then, the calibrated model was applied to estimate the impacts of conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water under 12 kinds of water saving scenarios. The simulating results indicated that exploitation amount of available groundwater and autumn irrigation amount diverting from the Yellow river were two important factors to impact groundwater table depth. For the 12 scenarios, annual average groundwater level decline in the whole district ranges from 0.05 to 0.24 m. The value ranges of groundwater level decline from 0.16 to 0.38 m in the conjunctive groundwater and surface water irrigation district. The irrigation water diverted from Yellow river accounted for 5.7% to 15.5% of the current water diversion every year. During the unfreezing period, the recharge from irrigation contributes the largest supply to the groundwater aquifer, ranging from 1.772×10~8 to 2.123×10~8 m~3/a. The recharge from precipitation ranks secondly to the aquifer with 0.267×10~8 m~3/a. The conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water can reduce the phreatic water evaporation as 0.10~8×10~8 to 0.374×10~8 m~3/a. The less phreatic water evaporation and re-use of groundwater were the key points of saving water by the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. Meanwhile, the groundwater table depth was closely related with the irrigation water amount. The relationship was described by a quadratic function which could be used as an easy groundwater predicted method when carrying out the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. The research results provide important reference to study the groundwater dynamics under the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water in the similar arid and semi-arid regions.
Water resources allocation for agriculture irrigation in the Yellow River basin will be reduced due to water shortage and increasing demand for non-agricultural use. Different measurements should be taken to save water and to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture. The conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water is one of the most promising water-saving measurements by decreasing evaporation and increasing water efficiency. However, it also could result in adverse effects on the local environment such as soil desertification when over-extraction of groundwater occurs. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the water dynamics accurately when implementing the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water irrigation in the target district. In this paper, Yongji irrigation sub-area of Hetao irrigation district as the study area to estimate the temporal and spatial groundwater dynamics under the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. Yongji irrigation sub-area locates in the arid and semi-arid area, and it has a six months freezing and thawing period from December to May of the next year. The mechanism driving of the groundwater table change in the freezing and thawing period is different from the unfreezing period, with multiple complex impact factors. Temperature is considered as the most important factor to drive the water table change in the freezing and thawing period. An empirical model has been developed in the freezing and thawing period to correlate the groundwater table depth with the air temperature according to the measured date in the past 15 years. The model showed that the water level would drop 61.87 mm with 1 decline of the air tem℃perature before 46.5 days ago. This empirical model has been integrated to a water balance model to estimate the groundwater dynamics both in the freezing and thawing period and unfreezing period. The model was then applied in the Yongji irrigation sub-area. Model parameters were calibrated with datasets from 2000 to 2010 and were validated with datasets from 2011 to 2012. Then, the calibrated model was applied to estimate the impacts of conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water under 12 kinds of water saving scenarios. The simulating results indicated that exploitation amount of available groundwater and autumn irrigation amount diverting from the Yellow river were two important factors to impact groundwater table depth. For the 12 scenarios, annual average groundwater level decline in the whole district ranges from 0.05 to 0.24 m. The value ranges of groundwater level decline from 0.16 to 0.38 m in the conjunctive groundwater and surface water irrigation district. The irrigation water diverted from Yellow river accounted for 5.7% to 15.5% of the current water diversion every year. During the unfreezing period, the recharge from irrigation contributes the largest supply to the groundwater aquifer, ranging from 1.772×10~8 to 2.123×10~8 m~3/a. The recharge from precipitation ranks secondly to the aquifer with 0.267×10~8 m~3/a. The conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water can reduce the phreatic water evaporation as 0.10~8×10~8 to 0.374×10~8 m~3/a. The less phreatic water evaporation and re-use of groundwater were the key points of saving water by the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. Meanwhile, the groundwater table depth was closely related with the irrigation water amount. The relationship was described by a quadratic function which could be used as an easy groundwater predicted method when carrying out the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. The research results provide important reference to study the groundwater dynamics under the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water in the similar arid and semi-arid regions.
引文
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[2]沈荣开,张瑜芳,杨金忠.内蒙河套引黄灌区节水改造中推行井渠结合的几个问题[J].中国农村水利水电,2001,2:16-19.
[3]Williamson R,Lachenbruch C,Vangilder C.An integrating approach for conjunctive-use planning of surface and subsurface water system[J].Water Resources Management,2011,25(1):59-78.
[4]Zhang Xiaodong.Conjunctive Surface Water and Groundwater Management under Climate Change[J].Frontiers in Environmental Science,2015,3(1):1-10.
[5]李萍,魏晓妹,降亚楠,等.关中平原渠井双灌区地下水循环对环境变化的响应[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(18):123-131.Li Ping,Wei Xiaomei,Jiang Yanan,et al.Response of groundwater cycle to environmental changes in Guanzhong Plain irrigation district[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(18):123-131.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]李平,齐学斌,黄仲冬,等.渠井用水比对灌区降水响应及其环境效应分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):123-128.Li Ping,Qi Xuebin,Huang Zhongdong,et al.Response of precipitation to ratio of canal to wells and its environmental effects analysis in combined well-canal irrigation area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(11):123-128.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]冯绍元,马英,霍再林,等.非充分灌溉条件下农田水分转化SWAP模拟[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(4):60-68.Feng Shaoyuan,Ma Ying,Huo Zailin,et al.Simulation study of field water transformation under deficit irrigation with SWAP model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(4):60-68.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]康绍忠,胡笑涛,蔡焕杰,等.现代农业与生态节水的理论创新及研究重点[J].水利学报,2004,35(12):1-7.Kang Shaozhong,Hu Xiaotao,Cai Huanjie,et al.New ideas and development tendency of theory for water saving in modern agriculture and ecology[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,35(12):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]阮本清,韩宇平,蒋任飞,等.生态脆弱地区适宜节水强度研究[J].水利学报,2008,39(7):809-814.Ruan Benqing,Han Yuping,Jiang Renfei,et al.Appropriate water saving extent for ecological vulnerable area[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2008,39(7):809-814.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]谭秀翠,杨金忠.石津灌区地下水潜在补给量时空分布及影响因素分析[J].水利学报,2012,43(2):143-152.Tan Xiucui,Yang Jinzhong.Temporal and spatial distribution of the potential recharge and influencing factors in Shijin Irrigation District[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(2):143-152.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]张光辉,费宇红,刘春华,等.华北平原灌溉用水强度与地下水承载力适应性状况[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(1):1-10.Zhang Guanghui,Fei Yuhong,Liu Chunhua,et al.Adaptation between irrigation intensity and groundwater carrying capacity in North China Plain[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(1):1-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]王建莹,张盼盼,刘燕.泾惠渠灌区地下水位动态与灌溉农业的关系[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(1):247-251.Wang Jianying,Zhang Panpan,Liu Yan.Relationship between groundwater level and irrigated agriculture in Jinghuiqu Irrigation area of China[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2016,34(1):247-251.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]刘燕,朱红艳.泾惠渠灌区水环境劣变特征及地下水调蓄能力分析[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(6):19-24.Liu Yan,Zhu Hongyan.Characteristics of inferior variation of water environment and regulating capacity of groundwater reservoir in Jinghui Canal Irrigation District of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(6):19-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]周维博,曾发琛.井渠结合灌区地下水动态预报及适宜渠井用水比分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(1):6-9.Zhou Weibo,Zeng Fachen.The Groundwater Level Forecast and the Rational Ratio Analysis for Irrigation District with both Wells and Canals[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2006,25(1):6-9.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]代锋刚,蔡焕杰,刘晓明,等.利用地下水模型模拟分析灌区适宜井渠灌水比例[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(15):45-51.Dai Fenggang,Cai Huanjie,Liu Xiaoming,et al.Analysis of suitable irrigation water ratio of well to channel based ongroundwater model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(15):45-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]刘平平.井渠结合灌区水资源联合调控模型研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.Liu Pingping.Study On a Conjunctive Use Model of Water Resources in Well-canal Combined Irrigation District:A Case Study in Jinghuiqu Irrigation District[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]赵振国.生态友好灌区水资源联合调度研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2012.Zhao Zhenguo.Research of Water Resources Management in Irrigation Areas by Taking into account the Eco-friendly[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]Emery Coppola Jr,Ferenc Szidarovszky,Mary Poulton,et al.Artificial neural network approach for predicting transient water levels in a multilayered groundwater system under variable state,pumping,and climate conditions[J].Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2003,8(6):348-360.
[19]Daliakopoulos I N,Coulibaly P,Tsanis I K.Groundwater level forecasting using artificial neural networks[J].Journal of hydrology,2005,309(1):229-240.
[20]Sreekanth P,Geethanjali N,Sreedevi P,et al.Forecasting groundwater level using artificial neural networks[J].Current science,2009,96(7):933-939.
[21]Chen Chingwen,Wei Chihchiang,Liu Hungjen,et al.Application of neural networks and optimization model in conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater[J].Water Resources Management,2014,28(10):2813-2832.
[22]李瑞平.冻融土壤水热盐运移规律及其SHAW模型模拟研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007.Li Ruiping.Study on Soil Water-Heat-Salt Transfer during Freezing-Thawing and Its Simulation by SHAW Model[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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