语音要素对二语语音离变程度的影响研究
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摘要
语音离变指说话人的语音特征较标准语语音规范的偏离,而偏离程度与语音各要素具有密切关联。本文以英语语音离变为例,借助中国英语学习者语音数据库中的自然语料和经Praat修改音高参数获取的合成语料,利用E-Prime设计了语音感知实验,在四组听者中考察了音段音位(或称发音)和超音段音位(主要是语调)对二语语音离变程度的影响。结果显示,发音能够显著影响二语语音离变程度,而语调的作用依不同听者组而异:对英美教师组、英美学生组和中国教师组来说,语调没有显著性影响;对中国学生组而言,语调在发音符合目标语语音规范的前提下具有显著性作用。研究对语音教学和语音能力评估有启示意义。
Pronunciation deviation refers to the speaker's pronunciation deviated from the pronunciation norm and the degree of deviation is closely related to different pronunciation elements. Taking the natural speech materials from the English Speech Corpus of Chinese Learners( ESCCL)and the synthesized ones obtained by modifying the pitch parameter via Praat,this paper designed a speech perception experiment via E-Prime and explored the influences of segmental features( or articulation) and suprasegmental features( mainly intonation) on degrees of L2 English pronunciation deviation among 4 listener groups. Research results showed that articulation could significantly influence the degrees of pronunciation deviation,and intonation performed differently among the listener groups. For the English Teacher group,the English Student group and the Chinese Teacher group,intonation had an insignificant influence; for the Chinese Student group,its influence was significant when articulation conformed to the pronunciation norms of the target language. This study provides some enlightenment for pronunciation teaching and assessment.
Pronunciation deviation refers to the speaker's pronunciation deviated from the pronunciation norm and the degree of deviation is closely related to different pronunciation elements. Taking the natural speech materials from the English Speech Corpus of Chinese Learners( ESCCL)and the synthesized ones obtained by modifying the pitch parameter via Praat,this paper designed a speech perception experiment via E-Prime and explored the influences of segmental features( or articulation) and suprasegmental features( mainly intonation) on degrees of L2 English pronunciation deviation among 4 listener groups. Research results showed that articulation could significantly influence the degrees of pronunciation deviation,and intonation performed differently among the listener groups. For the English Teacher group,the English Student group and the Chinese Teacher group,intonation had an insignificant influence; for the Chinese Student group,its influence was significant when articulation conformed to the pronunciation norms of the target language. This study provides some enlightenment for pronunciation teaching and assessment.
引文
[1]Anderson-Hsieh,J.,R.Johnson & K.Koehler.1992.The relationship between native speaker judgments of nonnative pronunciation and deviance in segmentals,prosody and syllable structure[J].Language Learning,(4):529-555.
[2]Best,C.1995.A direct realist view of cross-language speech perception[A].In W.Strange (ed.).Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience:Issues in Cross-language Research[C].Timonium:York Press.
[3]Best,C.& M.Tyler.2007.Nonnative and second-language speech perception:Commonalities and complementarities[A].In O.Bohn & M.Munro (eds.).Language Experience in Second Language Speech Learning:In Honor of James Emil Flege[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
[4]Boula de Mareüil,P.& B.Vieru-Dimulescu.2006.The contribution of prosody to the perception of foreign accent[J].Phonetica,(4):247-267.
[5]Duran,D.2008.Segmental Foreign Accent[D].MA Thesis.Stuttgart:University of Stuttgart.
[6]Fayer,J.& E.Krasinski.1987.Native and nonnative judgments of intelligibility and irritation[J].Language Learning,(3):313-326.
[7]Gut,U.2007.Foreign accent[A].In C.Müller (ed.).Speaker Classification I:Fundamentals,Features and Methods[C].Berlin & Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.
[8]Hilbert,A.,H.Mixdorff,H.Ding,H.Pfitzinger & O.Jokisch.2010.Prosodic analysis of German produced by Russian and Chinese learners[R].Chicago:The 5th International Conference on Speech Prosody.
[9]Jenkins,J.2000.The Phonology of English as an International Language[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[10]Jilka,M.2000.The Contribution of Intonation to the Perception of Foreign Accent[D].Ph.D Dissertation.Stuttgart:University of Stuttgart.
[11]Kennedy,S.& P.Trofimovich.2008.Intelligibility,comprehensibility,and accentedness of L2 speech:The role of listener experience and semantic context[J].The Canadian Modern Language Review,(3):459-489.
[12]Magen,H.1998.The perception of foreign-accented speech[J].Journal of Phonetics,(4):381-400.
[13]Munro,M.1995.Nonsegmental factors in foreign accent:Ratings of filtered speech[J].Studies in Second Language Acquisition,(1):17-34.
[14]Munro,M.2003.A primer on accent discrimination in the Canadian context[J].TESL Canada Journal,(2):38-51.
[15]Munro,M.& T.Derwing.1995.Processing time,accent and comprehensibility in the perception of native and foreign-accented speech[J].Language and Speech,(3):289-306.
[16]O'Grady,W.,J.Archibald,M.Aronoff & J.Rees-Miller.2010.Contemporary Linguistics:An Introduction (6th Edition)[M].Boston:Bedford/ St Martin's.
[17]Pennington,M.& J.Richards.1986.Pronunciation revisited[J].TESOL Quarterly,(2):207-225.
[18]Piske,T.,I.MacKay & J.Flege.2001.Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2:A review[J].Journal of Phonetics,(2):191-215.
[19]Riney,T.,M.Takada & M.Ota.2000.Segmentals and global foreign accent:The Japanese flap in EFL[J].TESOL Quarterly,(4):711-737.
[20]Roach,P.2000.English Phonetics and Phonology:A Practical Course [M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[21]Schmid,P.& G.Yeni-Komshian.1999.The effects of speaker accent and target predictability on perception of mispronunciations[J].Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research,(1):56-64.
[22]Segrest,S.,P.Perrewé,T.Gillespie,B.Mayes & G.Ferris.2006.Implicit sources of bias in employment interview judgments and decisions[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,(2):152-167.
[23]van Els,T.& K.de Bot.1987.The role of intonation in foreign accent[J].The Modern Language Journal,(2):147-155.
[24]Werker,J.& R.Tees.1984.Cross-language speech perception:Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life[J].Infant Behavior and Development,(1):49-63.
[25]陈桦.2008.中国学生英语语调模式研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.
[26]蒋跃袁家宏.2012.对二语英语自然言语中外国口音的感知的研究[J].西安交通大学学报(社科版),(5):96-100+128.
[27]林焘王理嘉.1992.语音学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社.
[28]文秋芳刘相东金立民.2005.中外评委对大学生英语演讲能力评价的差异[J].外语教学与研究,(5):337-342.
(1)鉴于中国英语学习者的语言学习环境,本文把英国BBC英语和美国VOA英语作为英语语音规范。
(2)由于本研究使用的E-Prime软件只能处理10秒以内的语音材料,因此研究中将1个长对话分成了1个小对话和1个句子,并从另外1个长对话中单独摘出了1个祈使句。在口音感知实验前,请听者阅读所有对话,且在感知实验中将一分为二的对话前后排序,从而保证了对话的效果。
(3)本文提取音高参数的方法是提取每个单词开头、中间和结尾音素的音高值。
(4)教师组和学生组的划分依据主要在于他们与外国口音接触量的区分。
(5)在中国学生组中,18名同学没有教学经历,11名同学有半年到一年半不等的兼职教师经历,仅有1名同学在入读硕士研究生之前担任过一年半的中学教师。
[2]Best,C.1995.A direct realist view of cross-language speech perception[A].In W.Strange (ed.).Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience:Issues in Cross-language Research[C].Timonium:York Press.
[3]Best,C.& M.Tyler.2007.Nonnative and second-language speech perception:Commonalities and complementarities[A].In O.Bohn & M.Munro (eds.).Language Experience in Second Language Speech Learning:In Honor of James Emil Flege[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
[4]Boula de Mareüil,P.& B.Vieru-Dimulescu.2006.The contribution of prosody to the perception of foreign accent[J].Phonetica,(4):247-267.
[5]Duran,D.2008.Segmental Foreign Accent[D].MA Thesis.Stuttgart:University of Stuttgart.
[6]Fayer,J.& E.Krasinski.1987.Native and nonnative judgments of intelligibility and irritation[J].Language Learning,(3):313-326.
[7]Gut,U.2007.Foreign accent[A].In C.Müller (ed.).Speaker Classification I:Fundamentals,Features and Methods[C].Berlin & Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.
[8]Hilbert,A.,H.Mixdorff,H.Ding,H.Pfitzinger & O.Jokisch.2010.Prosodic analysis of German produced by Russian and Chinese learners[R].Chicago:The 5th International Conference on Speech Prosody.
[9]Jenkins,J.2000.The Phonology of English as an International Language[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[10]Jilka,M.2000.The Contribution of Intonation to the Perception of Foreign Accent[D].Ph.D Dissertation.Stuttgart:University of Stuttgart.
[11]Kennedy,S.& P.Trofimovich.2008.Intelligibility,comprehensibility,and accentedness of L2 speech:The role of listener experience and semantic context[J].The Canadian Modern Language Review,(3):459-489.
[12]Magen,H.1998.The perception of foreign-accented speech[J].Journal of Phonetics,(4):381-400.
[13]Munro,M.1995.Nonsegmental factors in foreign accent:Ratings of filtered speech[J].Studies in Second Language Acquisition,(1):17-34.
[14]Munro,M.2003.A primer on accent discrimination in the Canadian context[J].TESL Canada Journal,(2):38-51.
[15]Munro,M.& T.Derwing.1995.Processing time,accent and comprehensibility in the perception of native and foreign-accented speech[J].Language and Speech,(3):289-306.
[16]O'Grady,W.,J.Archibald,M.Aronoff & J.Rees-Miller.2010.Contemporary Linguistics:An Introduction (6th Edition)[M].Boston:Bedford/ St Martin's.
[17]Pennington,M.& J.Richards.1986.Pronunciation revisited[J].TESOL Quarterly,(2):207-225.
[18]Piske,T.,I.MacKay & J.Flege.2001.Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2:A review[J].Journal of Phonetics,(2):191-215.
[19]Riney,T.,M.Takada & M.Ota.2000.Segmentals and global foreign accent:The Japanese flap in EFL[J].TESOL Quarterly,(4):711-737.
[20]Roach,P.2000.English Phonetics and Phonology:A Practical Course [M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[21]Schmid,P.& G.Yeni-Komshian.1999.The effects of speaker accent and target predictability on perception of mispronunciations[J].Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research,(1):56-64.
[22]Segrest,S.,P.Perrewé,T.Gillespie,B.Mayes & G.Ferris.2006.Implicit sources of bias in employment interview judgments and decisions[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,(2):152-167.
[23]van Els,T.& K.de Bot.1987.The role of intonation in foreign accent[J].The Modern Language Journal,(2):147-155.
[24]Werker,J.& R.Tees.1984.Cross-language speech perception:Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life[J].Infant Behavior and Development,(1):49-63.
[25]陈桦.2008.中国学生英语语调模式研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.
[26]蒋跃袁家宏.2012.对二语英语自然言语中外国口音的感知的研究[J].西安交通大学学报(社科版),(5):96-100+128.
[27]林焘王理嘉.1992.语音学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社.
[28]文秋芳刘相东金立民.2005.中外评委对大学生英语演讲能力评价的差异[J].外语教学与研究,(5):337-342.
(1)鉴于中国英语学习者的语言学习环境,本文把英国BBC英语和美国VOA英语作为英语语音规范。
(2)由于本研究使用的E-Prime软件只能处理10秒以内的语音材料,因此研究中将1个长对话分成了1个小对话和1个句子,并从另外1个长对话中单独摘出了1个祈使句。在口音感知实验前,请听者阅读所有对话,且在感知实验中将一分为二的对话前后排序,从而保证了对话的效果。
(3)本文提取音高参数的方法是提取每个单词开头、中间和结尾音素的音高值。
(4)教师组和学生组的划分依据主要在于他们与外国口音接触量的区分。
(5)在中国学生组中,18名同学没有教学经历,11名同学有半年到一年半不等的兼职教师经历,仅有1名同学在入读硕士研究生之前担任过一年半的中学教师。