增氧地下滴灌改善土壤通气性促进番茄生长
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摘要
增氧地下滴灌将空气与灌溉水混匀后输送到作物根区,可实现作物提质增产和水肥高效利用,而其关键作用机制尚不明确。该文以番茄为供试作物,设置灌水量和增氧量2因素2水平完全随机区组试验,记为W1和W2(分别为作物-蒸发皿系数的0.6和1.0倍)、A和C(增氧和对照组),系统监测了壤质黏土条件下作物生长生理动态与土壤通气性状况,探究土壤通气性与作物生长之间的响应机制。结果表明,增氧地下滴灌对土壤溶解氧浓度、氧气扩散速率、氧化还原电位和土壤呼吸有一定的改善作用。与对照相比,W2A处理开花坐果期灌水后第2天的土壤溶解氧浓度、氧气扩散速率、氧化还原电位和土壤呼吸速率提高了25.71%、52.90%、41.99%和64.70%(P<0.05)。土壤氧气扩散速率和氧化还原电位分别与溶解氧浓度和充气孔隙度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。增氧地下滴灌促进了番茄生物量积累和养分利用,促进了作物的光合作用,表现为产量提高和品质改善。与对照相比,W2A处理3个时期的光合速率分别增大14.51%、21.72%和13.76%(P<0.05),地上及地下部鲜质量分别增加了68.14%和55.18%(P<0.05),根、茎、叶氮素吸收量增加了52.94%、42.03%和24.12%(P<0.05),产量、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量增加了66.40%、51.77%和20.26%(P<0.05)。1.0倍作物-蒸发皿系数灌水时增氧处理在改善土壤通气性,促进番茄生长,提高番茄产量方面的效果最为明显。作物产量与溶解氧浓度、氧化还原电位及土壤呼吸均值均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),作物品质(可溶性固形物、总酸含量)与土壤溶解氧浓度、氧气扩散速率和土壤呼吸均值呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果为揭示增氧地下滴灌对土壤通气性的改善效应提供了科学依据。
Effects of aerated subsurface drip irrigation(ASDI) on yield potential and quality of crop, and relationships between soil aeration, crop yield and fruit quality are less known so far. In order to reveal the relationship between crop growth and soil aeration under ASDI, a pot experiment was conducted using tomato in the Efficiency Agriculture Water Experimental Farm of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power(34°47′5.91″N, 113°47′20.15″E). Herein, 2 levels of irrigation amount(W1 and W2 as 0.6 and 1.0 times of the crop-pan coefficient, respectively) and 2 aeration treatments(A and C as ASDI and control treatment, i.e., non-aeration treatment by subsurface drip irrigation) were set up. During the trial, the soil aeration index under a loamy clay soil, such as air-filled porosity, soil dissolved oxygen(DO), oxidation-reduction potential(Eh), oxygen diffusion rate(ODR), soil respiration, photosynthesis index, crop aboveground biomass, root biomass, nutrient uptake, yield and fruit quality were monitored systematically. The correlation analysis was conducted among soil aeration index, photosynthesis index, nutrient uptake efficiency, yield, and fruit quality. Results showed that the ASDI improved the soil aeration. Compared to control treatment groups, the DO in W2 A and W1 A treatments were increased by 25.71% and 10.64% on the next day after irrigation at flowering and fruit bearing period(P<0.05). In W2 A and W1 A, similarly, the ODR were increased by 52.90% and 32.27% and the Eh were increased by 41.99% and 20.99%, respectively(P<0.05). In contrast with the control groups, the soil respiration in W2 A and W1 A were significantly increased by 64.70% and 28.45% during the flowering and fruit bearing period, 14.17% and 33.24% during the fruit expanding period, 56.91% and 32.86% during the mature period(P<0.05). Meanwhile, there were obvious positive correlations between ODR and Eh and DO and air-filled porosity(P<0.01). The ASDI had a positive effect on the crop photosynthesis, benefiting the increment in biomass, nutrient uptake and crop quality. Compared to the control groups, the net photosynthetic rate in W2 A treatment at flowering and fruit bearing period, fruit expanding period and mature period were increased by 14.51%, 21.72% and 13.76%, respectively(P<0.05). The net photosynthetic rate in W1 A treatment at fruit expanding period was increased by 55.26%(P<0.05). The aboveground fresh weight and root fresh weight significantly increased by 68.14% and 55.18% in W2 A treatment, while the aboveground fresh weight and root fresh weight increased by 9.88% and 45.37% in W1 A treatment(P<0.05). Compared to the control treatment, nitrogen uptake in root, stem and leaf were increased by 52.94%, 42.03% and 24.12%, and phosphorus utilization in root and stem were increased by 74.07% and 36.00%, while the potassium accumulation in root, stem and leaf were increased by 56.52%, 41.09% and 22.44% in W2 A treatment(P<0.05). Similarly, the crop yield, fruit soluble solids, vitamin C content, total acid content and soluble protein in W2 A were increased by 66.40%, 51.77%, 20.26%, 55.26% and 63.64%, respectively(P<0.05). The fruit soluble solids, vitamin C content and total acid content in W1 A treatment were increased by 43.55%, 29.68% and 71.43%, respectively(P<0.05). The ASDI treatment at the irrigation of 1.0 times of the crop-pan coefficient showed the most efficient promotion on soil aeration, crop growth and fruit quality enhancement. There were significantly positive correlations between crop yield and DO, Eh and respiration under ASDI(P<0.05). In addition, there were positive correlations between crop quality(soluble solids and total acid content) and soil aeration indexes(DO, ODR and respiration)(P<0.05). In sum, these results would provide valuable information for the effect of ASDI on soil aeration, crop yield and fruit quality enhancement.
Effects of aerated subsurface drip irrigation(ASDI) on yield potential and quality of crop, and relationships between soil aeration, crop yield and fruit quality are less known so far. In order to reveal the relationship between crop growth and soil aeration under ASDI, a pot experiment was conducted using tomato in the Efficiency Agriculture Water Experimental Farm of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power(34°47′5.91″N, 113°47′20.15″E). Herein, 2 levels of irrigation amount(W1 and W2 as 0.6 and 1.0 times of the crop-pan coefficient, respectively) and 2 aeration treatments(A and C as ASDI and control treatment, i.e., non-aeration treatment by subsurface drip irrigation) were set up. During the trial, the soil aeration index under a loamy clay soil, such as air-filled porosity, soil dissolved oxygen(DO), oxidation-reduction potential(Eh), oxygen diffusion rate(ODR), soil respiration, photosynthesis index, crop aboveground biomass, root biomass, nutrient uptake, yield and fruit quality were monitored systematically. The correlation analysis was conducted among soil aeration index, photosynthesis index, nutrient uptake efficiency, yield, and fruit quality. Results showed that the ASDI improved the soil aeration. Compared to control treatment groups, the DO in W2 A and W1 A treatments were increased by 25.71% and 10.64% on the next day after irrigation at flowering and fruit bearing period(P<0.05). In W2 A and W1 A, similarly, the ODR were increased by 52.90% and 32.27% and the Eh were increased by 41.99% and 20.99%, respectively(P<0.05). In contrast with the control groups, the soil respiration in W2 A and W1 A were significantly increased by 64.70% and 28.45% during the flowering and fruit bearing period, 14.17% and 33.24% during the fruit expanding period, 56.91% and 32.86% during the mature period(P<0.05). Meanwhile, there were obvious positive correlations between ODR and Eh and DO and air-filled porosity(P<0.01). The ASDI had a positive effect on the crop photosynthesis, benefiting the increment in biomass, nutrient uptake and crop quality. Compared to the control groups, the net photosynthetic rate in W2 A treatment at flowering and fruit bearing period, fruit expanding period and mature period were increased by 14.51%, 21.72% and 13.76%, respectively(P<0.05). The net photosynthetic rate in W1 A treatment at fruit expanding period was increased by 55.26%(P<0.05). The aboveground fresh weight and root fresh weight significantly increased by 68.14% and 55.18% in W2 A treatment, while the aboveground fresh weight and root fresh weight increased by 9.88% and 45.37% in W1 A treatment(P<0.05). Compared to the control treatment, nitrogen uptake in root, stem and leaf were increased by 52.94%, 42.03% and 24.12%, and phosphorus utilization in root and stem were increased by 74.07% and 36.00%, while the potassium accumulation in root, stem and leaf were increased by 56.52%, 41.09% and 22.44% in W2 A treatment(P<0.05). Similarly, the crop yield, fruit soluble solids, vitamin C content, total acid content and soluble protein in W2 A were increased by 66.40%, 51.77%, 20.26%, 55.26% and 63.64%, respectively(P<0.05). The fruit soluble solids, vitamin C content and total acid content in W1 A treatment were increased by 43.55%, 29.68% and 71.43%, respectively(P<0.05). The ASDI treatment at the irrigation of 1.0 times of the crop-pan coefficient showed the most efficient promotion on soil aeration, crop growth and fruit quality enhancement. There were significantly positive correlations between crop yield and DO, Eh and respiration under ASDI(P<0.05). In addition, there were positive correlations between crop quality(soluble solids and total acid content) and soil aeration indexes(DO, ODR and respiration)(P<0.05). In sum, these results would provide valuable information for the effect of ASDI on soil aeration, crop yield and fruit quality enhancement.
引文
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[2]Silberbush M,Gornat B,Goldberg D.Effect of irrigation from a point source(trickling)on oxygen flux and on root extension in the soil[J].Plant and Soil,1979,52(4):507-514.
[3]Meyer W S,Barrs H D,Smith R,et al.Effect of irrigation on soil oxygen status and root and shoot growth of wheat in a clay soil[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1985,36(2):171-185.
[4]Mukhtar S,Baker J K,Kanwar R S.Effect of short-term flooding and drainage on soil oxygenation[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1996,39(3):915-920.
[5]Bhattarai S P,Huber S,Midmore D J.Aerated subsurface irrigation water gives growth and yield benefits to zucchini,vegetable soybean and cotton in heavy clay soils[J].Annals of Applied Biology,2015,144(3):285-298.
[6]雷宏军,杨宏光,冯凯,等.循环曝气灌溉条件下小白菜生长及水分与养分利用[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(11):13-18.Lei Hongjun,Yang Hongguang,Feng Kai,et al.Impact of continuous aerating irrigation on growth,water use efficiency and nutrient uptake of pak choi growing in different soils[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(11):13-18.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]雷宏军,冯凯,张振华,等.河南3种典型土壤曝气滴灌草莓生长与品质[J].排灌机械工程学报,2017,35(2):158-164.Lei Hongjun,Feng Kai,Zhang Zhenhua,et al.Growth and quality of potted strawberry under aerated drip irrigation in the three typical soils in Henan Province[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2017,35(2):158-164.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Sojka R E,Lehrsch G A,Kostka S J,et al.Soil water measurements relevant to agronomic and environmental functions of chemically treated soil[J].Journal of ASTMInternational,2009,6(1):1-19.
[9]Zou C,Penfold C,Sands R,et al.Effects of soil air-filled porosity,soil matric potential and soil strength on primary root growth of radiata pine seedlings[J].Plant&Soil,2001,236(1):105-115.
[10]史春余,王振林,余松烈.土壤通气性对甘薯产量的影响及其生理机制[J].中国农业科学,2001,34(2):173-178.Shi Chunyu,Wang Zhenlin,Shi Songlie.Effects of soil aeration on sweet potato yield and its physiological mechanism[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2001,34(2):173-178.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]朱艳,蔡焕杰,宋利兵,等.加气灌溉改善温室番茄根区土壤通气性[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(21):163-172.Zhu Yan,Cai Huanjie,Song Libing,et al.Oxygation improving soil aeration around tomato root zone in greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(21):163-172.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Kirkham M B.Chapter 12-Oxygen diffusion rate[M]//Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations.Burlington:Academic Press.2014:185-200.
[13]Lemon E R,Erickson A E.The measurement of oxygen diffusion in the soil with a platinum microelectrode[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1952,16(2):160-163.
[14]Wolińska A,Stpniewska Z.Soil aeration variability as affected by reoxidation[J].Pedosphere,2013,23(2):236-242.
[15]Feng G,Wu L,Letey J.Evaluating aeration criteria by simultaneous measurement of oxygen diffusion rate and soil-water regime[J].Soil Science,2002,167(8):495-503.
[16]雷宏军,臧明,张振华,等.循环曝气压力与活性剂浓度对滴灌带水气传输的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(22):63-69.Lei Hongjun,Zang Ming,Zhang Zhenhua,et al.Impact of working pressure and surfactant concentration on air-water transmission in drip irrigation tape under cycle aeration[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(22):63-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]雷宏军,刘欢,张振华,等.NaCl及生物降解活性剂对曝气灌溉水氧传输特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(5):96-101Lei Hongjun,Liu huan,Zhang Zhenhua,et al.Impact of NaCl and biodegradable surfactant on water and oxygen transmission under aerated irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(5):96-101.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[18]朱艳,蔡焕杰,宋利兵,等.加气灌溉对番茄植株生长、产量和果实品质的影响[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):199-211.Zhu Yan,Cai Huanjie,Song Libing,et al.Impacts of oxygation on plant growth,yield and fruit quality of tomato[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(8):199-211.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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