基于等温吸附的页岩水分传输特征研究
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摘要
研究页岩的水分传输特征至关重要,不仅有助于认识页岩的物理化学性质,而且也有助于评价页岩气的吸附扩散和流动能力.本文设计了页岩的水分传输实验装置,采用美国伍德福德和中国南方龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,开展了不同温度、不同湿度下页岩的水分传输实验,研究了页岩的水分传输特征和影响因素.结果表明,页岩的水分吸附属于Ⅱ型曲线,包含着单分子层吸附、多分子层吸附和毛细凝聚的过程,GAB模型可用于描述页岩的水分吸附过程;水分吸附随着相对压力的增大而增强,有机碳含量和温度对页岩水分吸附起着增强作用,而方解石会抑制页岩的水分吸附;随着相对压力的增大,页岩的水分扩散系数呈现先增大后减小随后增加的趋势,其系数大约在8.73×10~(-9)～5.95×10~(-8)m~2/s之间;伍德福德页岩的等量吸附热均大于龙马溪页岩的等量吸附热,这与其页岩的成熟度有关.研究结果为认识页岩的物理化学性质和力学性能以及评价页岩气的吸附流动能力提供参考依据.
The study on moisture transport characteristics of shales is critical, which is not only helpful to understand the physical and chemical properties in shales, but also to evaluate the adsorption, diffusion and flow ability of shale gas.In this study, the experimental device of moisture transport in shales was designed and the shale samples from Woodford in USA and Longmaxi Formation in Southern China were used. The moisture transport in shales was carried out at different temperatures and humidities, and the transport characteristics and the effects in shales were investigated. The results indicate that moisture adsorption isotherms of shales belong to type Ⅱ curve, including the monolayer, multilayer adsorption and capillary condensation, and the GAB model can be used to describe the moisture adsorption process of shale rocks. With the increasing of relative pressure, the moisture adsorption of shales increases. The content of organic carbon and temperature strengthen the moisture adsorption in shales while calcite will inhibit the process. The moisture diffusion coefficient in shales initially increases, then decreases and finally increases with relative pressure, and the value ranges between 8.73×10~(-9) m~2/s and 5.95×10~(-8) m~2/s. The isothermal heat of moisture adsorption in Woodford shale is higher than that of Longmaxi Formation, which is related to shale maturity. These results provide some reference basis for understanding the physical and chemical properties in shales and evaluating the adsorption and flow capacity of shale gas.
The study on moisture transport characteristics of shales is critical, which is not only helpful to understand the physical and chemical properties in shales, but also to evaluate the adsorption, diffusion and flow ability of shale gas.In this study, the experimental device of moisture transport in shales was designed and the shale samples from Woodford in USA and Longmaxi Formation in Southern China were used. The moisture transport in shales was carried out at different temperatures and humidities, and the transport characteristics and the effects in shales were investigated. The results indicate that moisture adsorption isotherms of shales belong to type Ⅱ curve, including the monolayer, multilayer adsorption and capillary condensation, and the GAB model can be used to describe the moisture adsorption process of shale rocks. With the increasing of relative pressure, the moisture adsorption of shales increases. The content of organic carbon and temperature strengthen the moisture adsorption in shales while calcite will inhibit the process. The moisture diffusion coefficient in shales initially increases, then decreases and finally increases with relative pressure, and the value ranges between 8.73×10~(-9) m~2/s and 5.95×10~(-8) m~2/s. The isothermal heat of moisture adsorption in Woodford shale is higher than that of Longmaxi Formation, which is related to shale maturity. These results provide some reference basis for understanding the physical and chemical properties in shales and evaluating the adsorption and flow capacity of shale gas.
引文
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5柳占立,庄茁,孟庆国等.页岩气高效开采的力学问题与挑战.力学学报,2017,49(3):507-516(Liu Zhanli,Zhuang Zhuo,Meng Qingguo,et al.Problems and challenges of mechanics in shale gas efficient exploitation.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(3):507-516(in Chinese)
6 Shen WJ,Xu YM,Li XZ,et al.Numerical simulation of gas and water flow mechanism in hydraulically fractured shale gas reservoirs.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2016,35:726-735
7 Shen WJ,Li XZ,Xu YM,et al.Gas flow behavior of nanoscale pores in shale gas reservoirs.Energies,2017,10(6):1-12
8 International Energy Agency(IEA).World Energy Outlook 2015.IEA/OECD,Paris.www.iea.org,2015
9王红岩,刘玉章,董大忠等.中国南方海相页岩气高效开发的科学问题.石油勘探与开发,2013,40(5):574-579(Wang Hongyan,Liu Yuzhang,Dong Dazhong,et al.Scientific issues on effective development of marine shale gas in southern China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(5):574-579(in Chinese))
10 Engelder T,Cathles L,Bryndzia LT.The fate of residual treatment water in gas shale.Journal of Unconventional Oil&Gas Resources,2014,1:33-48
11 Tokunaga T,Shen WJ,Wan JM,et al.Water saturation relations and their diffusion-limited equilibration in gas shale:Implications for gas flow in unconventional reservoirs.Water Resources Research,2017,53:1-14
12张金川,金之均,袁明生.页岩气成藏机理和分布.天然气工业,2004,24(7):15-18(Zhang Jinchuan,Jin Zhijun,Yuan Mingsheng.Reservoiring mechanism of shale gas and its distribution.Sci SinPhys Mech Astron,2004,24(7):15-18(in Chinese))
13 Shen WJ,Wan JM,Kim Y,et al.Porosity calculation,pore size distribution and mineral analysis within shale rocks:Application of scanning electron microscopy.Elec.J.Geotech.Eng.,2015,20:11477-11490
14 Li J,Li X,Wu K,et al.Thickness and stability of water film confined inside nanoslits and nanocapillaries of shale and clay.International Journal of Coal Geology,2017,179:253-268
15 Boyer C,Kieschnick J,Suarez-Rivera R,et al.Producing gas from its source.Oilfield Review,2006,18(3):36-49
16 Chenevert ME.Shale control with balanced-activity oil-continuous muds.JPT Trans AIME,1970,249:1309-1316
17 Wu QH,Bai BJ,Ma YF,et al.Optic imaging of two-phase-flow behavior in 1D nanoscale channels.SPE Journal,2014,19(5):793-802
18 Chalmers G,Bustin M.The effects and distribution of moisture in gas shale reservoir systems.AAPG ACE,2010
19 Chang MJ,Zhou J,Chenevert ME,et al.The impact of shale preservation on the petrophysical properties of organic-rich shales.SPE166419,2013
20李靖,李相方,王香增等.页岩黏土孔隙含水饱和度分布及其对甲烷吸附的影响.力学学报,2016,48(5):1217-1228(Li Jing,Li Xiangfang,Wang Xiangzeng,et al.Effect of water distribution on methane adsorption capacity in shale clay.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(5):1217-1228(in Chinese))
21齐荣荣,宁正福,王庆等.考虑水蒸气压力的平衡水页岩等温吸附.中国科学:技术科学,2018,48(5):524-536(Qi Rongrong,Ning Zhengfu,Wang Qing,et al.Sorption measurements of moistureequilibrated shale with the consideration of water vapor pressure.Scientia Sinica Technologica,2018,48(5):524-536(in Chinese))
22 Josh M,Esteban L,Piane CD,et al.Laboratory characterisation of shale properties.Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2012,88-89(2):107-124
23高树生,胡志明,郭为等.页岩储层吸水特征与返排能力.天然气工业,2013,33(12):71-76(Gao Shusheng,Hu Zhiming,Guo Wei,et al.Water absorption characteristics of gas shale and the fracturing fluid flowback capacity.Natural Gas Industry,2013,33(12):71-76(in Chinese))
24 Makhanov K,Habibi A,Dehghanpour H,et al.Liquid uptake of gas shales:A workflow to estimate water loss during shut-in periods after fracturing operations.Journal of Unconventional Oil&Gas Resources,2014,7:22-32
25 Yang L,Ge H,Shi X,et al.The effect of microstructure and rock nineralogy on water imbibition characteristics in tight reservoirs.Journal of Natural Gas Science&Engineering,2016,34:1461-1471
26宋付权,张翔,黄小荷等.纳米尺度下页岩基质中的页岩气渗流及渗吸特征.中国科学:技术科学,2016,46(2):120-126(Song Fuquan,Zhang Xiang,Huang Xiaohe,et al.The flow characteristics of shale gas through shale rock matrix in nano-scale and water imbibition on shale sheets.Sci Sin Tech,2016,46(2):120-126(in Chinese))
27申颍浩,葛洪魁,宿帅等.页岩气储层的渗吸动力学特性与水锁解除潜力.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2017,47:114609(Shen Yinghao,Ge Hongkui,Su Shuai,et al.Imbibition characteristic of shale gas formation and water-block removal capability.Sci SinPhys Mech Astron,2017,47:114609(in Chinese))
28 Tien C.Adsorption Calculations and Modeling.Boston:Butterworth-Heinemann,1994
29 Chenevert ME.Adsorptive pore pressures of argillaceous rocks//The 11th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics(USRMS),Berkeley,California,16-19 June,1969
30 Tandanand S.Moisture adsorption rate and strength degradation of Illinois shales//The 26th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics(US-RMS),Rapid,SD,26-28 June,1985
31 Shen WJ,Li XZ,Lu XB,et al.Experimental study and isotherm models of water vapor adsorption in shale rocks.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2018,52:484-491
32 Guggenheim EA.Application of Statistical Mechanics.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1966
33 Charri`ere D,Behra P.Water sorption on coals.Journal of Colloid&Interface Science,2010,344(2):460-467
34 Crank J.The Mathematics of Diffusion,2nd ed.New York:Oxford University Press,1975
35 Myers AL.Thermodynamics of adsorption in porous materials.AIChE J,2002,48(1):145-159
36 Greenspan L.Humidity fixed-points of binary saturated aqueous solutions.Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards,A,Physics and Chemistry,1977,81(1):89-96
37 Cossarutto L,Zimny T,Kaczmarczyk J,et al.Transport and sorption of water vapour in activated carbons,Carbon,2001,39(15):2339-2346
38 Zhang T,Ellis GS,Ruppel SC,et al.Effect of organic-matter type and thermal maturity on methane adsorption in shale-gas systems.Organic Geochemistry,2012,47(6):120-131
2李熙喆,郭振华,胡勇等.中国超深层构造型大气田高效开发策略.石油勘探与开发,2018,45(1):111-118(Li Xizhe,Guo Zhenhua,Hu Yong,et al.Efficient development strategies for large ultradeep structural gas fields in China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,2018,45(1):111-118(in Chinese))
3 Guo W,Shen WJ,Zhou SW,et al.Shale favorable area optimization in coal-bearing series:A case study from the Shanxi Formation in Northern Ordos Basin,China.Energy Exploration&Exploitation,2017,36(5):1295-1309
4 Shen WJ,Zheng LG,Oldenberg CM,et al.Methane adsorption and diffusion in shale rocks-A numerical study using the dusty gas model in Tough2/EOS7C-ECBM.Transport in Porous Media,2018,123(3):521-531
5柳占立,庄茁,孟庆国等.页岩气高效开采的力学问题与挑战.力学学报,2017,49(3):507-516(Liu Zhanli,Zhuang Zhuo,Meng Qingguo,et al.Problems and challenges of mechanics in shale gas efficient exploitation.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(3):507-516(in Chinese)
6 Shen WJ,Xu YM,Li XZ,et al.Numerical simulation of gas and water flow mechanism in hydraulically fractured shale gas reservoirs.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2016,35:726-735
7 Shen WJ,Li XZ,Xu YM,et al.Gas flow behavior of nanoscale pores in shale gas reservoirs.Energies,2017,10(6):1-12
8 International Energy Agency(IEA).World Energy Outlook 2015.IEA/OECD,Paris.www.iea.org,2015
9王红岩,刘玉章,董大忠等.中国南方海相页岩气高效开发的科学问题.石油勘探与开发,2013,40(5):574-579(Wang Hongyan,Liu Yuzhang,Dong Dazhong,et al.Scientific issues on effective development of marine shale gas in southern China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(5):574-579(in Chinese))
10 Engelder T,Cathles L,Bryndzia LT.The fate of residual treatment water in gas shale.Journal of Unconventional Oil&Gas Resources,2014,1:33-48
11 Tokunaga T,Shen WJ,Wan JM,et al.Water saturation relations and their diffusion-limited equilibration in gas shale:Implications for gas flow in unconventional reservoirs.Water Resources Research,2017,53:1-14
12张金川,金之均,袁明生.页岩气成藏机理和分布.天然气工业,2004,24(7):15-18(Zhang Jinchuan,Jin Zhijun,Yuan Mingsheng.Reservoiring mechanism of shale gas and its distribution.Sci SinPhys Mech Astron,2004,24(7):15-18(in Chinese))
13 Shen WJ,Wan JM,Kim Y,et al.Porosity calculation,pore size distribution and mineral analysis within shale rocks:Application of scanning electron microscopy.Elec.J.Geotech.Eng.,2015,20:11477-11490
14 Li J,Li X,Wu K,et al.Thickness and stability of water film confined inside nanoslits and nanocapillaries of shale and clay.International Journal of Coal Geology,2017,179:253-268
15 Boyer C,Kieschnick J,Suarez-Rivera R,et al.Producing gas from its source.Oilfield Review,2006,18(3):36-49
16 Chenevert ME.Shale control with balanced-activity oil-continuous muds.JPT Trans AIME,1970,249:1309-1316
17 Wu QH,Bai BJ,Ma YF,et al.Optic imaging of two-phase-flow behavior in 1D nanoscale channels.SPE Journal,2014,19(5):793-802
18 Chalmers G,Bustin M.The effects and distribution of moisture in gas shale reservoir systems.AAPG ACE,2010
19 Chang MJ,Zhou J,Chenevert ME,et al.The impact of shale preservation on the petrophysical properties of organic-rich shales.SPE166419,2013
20李靖,李相方,王香增等.页岩黏土孔隙含水饱和度分布及其对甲烷吸附的影响.力学学报,2016,48(5):1217-1228(Li Jing,Li Xiangfang,Wang Xiangzeng,et al.Effect of water distribution on methane adsorption capacity in shale clay.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(5):1217-1228(in Chinese))
21齐荣荣,宁正福,王庆等.考虑水蒸气压力的平衡水页岩等温吸附.中国科学:技术科学,2018,48(5):524-536(Qi Rongrong,Ning Zhengfu,Wang Qing,et al.Sorption measurements of moistureequilibrated shale with the consideration of water vapor pressure.Scientia Sinica Technologica,2018,48(5):524-536(in Chinese))
22 Josh M,Esteban L,Piane CD,et al.Laboratory characterisation of shale properties.Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2012,88-89(2):107-124
23高树生,胡志明,郭为等.页岩储层吸水特征与返排能力.天然气工业,2013,33(12):71-76(Gao Shusheng,Hu Zhiming,Guo Wei,et al.Water absorption characteristics of gas shale and the fracturing fluid flowback capacity.Natural Gas Industry,2013,33(12):71-76(in Chinese))
24 Makhanov K,Habibi A,Dehghanpour H,et al.Liquid uptake of gas shales:A workflow to estimate water loss during shut-in periods after fracturing operations.Journal of Unconventional Oil&Gas Resources,2014,7:22-32
25 Yang L,Ge H,Shi X,et al.The effect of microstructure and rock nineralogy on water imbibition characteristics in tight reservoirs.Journal of Natural Gas Science&Engineering,2016,34:1461-1471
26宋付权,张翔,黄小荷等.纳米尺度下页岩基质中的页岩气渗流及渗吸特征.中国科学:技术科学,2016,46(2):120-126(Song Fuquan,Zhang Xiang,Huang Xiaohe,et al.The flow characteristics of shale gas through shale rock matrix in nano-scale and water imbibition on shale sheets.Sci Sin Tech,2016,46(2):120-126(in Chinese))
27申颍浩,葛洪魁,宿帅等.页岩气储层的渗吸动力学特性与水锁解除潜力.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2017,47:114609(Shen Yinghao,Ge Hongkui,Su Shuai,et al.Imbibition characteristic of shale gas formation and water-block removal capability.Sci SinPhys Mech Astron,2017,47:114609(in Chinese))
28 Tien C.Adsorption Calculations and Modeling.Boston:Butterworth-Heinemann,1994
29 Chenevert ME.Adsorptive pore pressures of argillaceous rocks//The 11th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics(USRMS),Berkeley,California,16-19 June,1969
30 Tandanand S.Moisture adsorption rate and strength degradation of Illinois shales//The 26th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics(US-RMS),Rapid,SD,26-28 June,1985
31 Shen WJ,Li XZ,Lu XB,et al.Experimental study and isotherm models of water vapor adsorption in shale rocks.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2018,52:484-491
32 Guggenheim EA.Application of Statistical Mechanics.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1966
33 Charri`ere D,Behra P.Water sorption on coals.Journal of Colloid&Interface Science,2010,344(2):460-467
34 Crank J.The Mathematics of Diffusion,2nd ed.New York:Oxford University Press,1975
35 Myers AL.Thermodynamics of adsorption in porous materials.AIChE J,2002,48(1):145-159
36 Greenspan L.Humidity fixed-points of binary saturated aqueous solutions.Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards,A,Physics and Chemistry,1977,81(1):89-96
37 Cossarutto L,Zimny T,Kaczmarczyk J,et al.Transport and sorption of water vapour in activated carbons,Carbon,2001,39(15):2339-2346
38 Zhang T,Ellis GS,Ruppel SC,et al.Effect of organic-matter type and thermal maturity on methane adsorption in shale-gas systems.Organic Geochemistry,2012,47(6):120-131