超压盆地油气垂向运移高度研究
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摘要
在超压盆地中,当断层活动断开超压烃源岩时,油气会沿断层面发生涌流式垂向运移,这一瞬态涌流过程为油气大规模运聚成藏提供了重要的油气来源。然而,对于油气沿断层垂向运移距离问题的研究,停留在定性分析阶段,较少考虑到断层开启时造成的泄压作用,也很少区分地层水和油气运移距离的差异。本文认为,油气顺断层向上运移的距离主要由源岩超压带内超压幅度决定,油气垂向运移理论高度可由超压幅度折算,因而超压幅度越大,油气垂向运移距离越远,油气上涌顶界面埋深越浅。油气初次上涌的起始位置不是地表面,而是有效烃源岩顶面。另外,由于油气的大量上涌,超压带快速泄压,大部分油气上涌实际距离不能达到理论上涌的最大距离。同时,考虑到沿断层运移时受到阻力作用,油气实际上垂向运移高度远远小于理论运移高度。
Hydrocarbon of overpressure basins can vertically migrate along faults through inrush current when active fault cut through the overpressure source rocks.This process provides an important hydrocarbon source for large-scale migration and accumulation.However,the research on the distance of hydrocarbon vertical migration is still in qualitative analysis stage,with less attention on pressure relief during fault opening and migration distance difference between hydrocarbon and the formation water.This paper shows that the height of hydrocarbon vertical migration along fault relies on the overpressure amplitude in source rocks.The larger the amplitude is,the farther the hydrocarbon can migrate vertically.Consequently,the top interface of upwelling is buried more shallowly.The initial position of hydrocarbon upwelling is not ground surface but the top of effective source rock.With vertical inrushing of a large volume of hydrocarbon,the pressure in overpressure belt releases rapidly so that great majority of hydrocarbon cannot reach the theoretical top interface of upwelling.Besides,taking the resistance of vertical migration along faults into account,the real height of vertical migration of hydrocarbon will be far lower than the theoretical migration distance.
Hydrocarbon of overpressure basins can vertically migrate along faults through inrush current when active fault cut through the overpressure source rocks.This process provides an important hydrocarbon source for large-scale migration and accumulation.However,the research on the distance of hydrocarbon vertical migration is still in qualitative analysis stage,with less attention on pressure relief during fault opening and migration distance difference between hydrocarbon and the formation water.This paper shows that the height of hydrocarbon vertical migration along fault relies on the overpressure amplitude in source rocks.The larger the amplitude is,the farther the hydrocarbon can migrate vertically.Consequently,the top interface of upwelling is buried more shallowly.The initial position of hydrocarbon upwelling is not ground surface but the top of effective source rock.With vertical inrushing of a large volume of hydrocarbon,the pressure in overpressure belt releases rapidly so that great majority of hydrocarbon cannot reach the theoretical top interface of upwelling.Besides,taking the resistance of vertical migration along faults into account,the real height of vertical migration of hydrocarbon will be far lower than the theoretical migration distance.
引文
Bethke C M,Reed J D,Oltz D F.1991.Long-range petroleum migration in the Illinois basin.AAPG Bulletin,75(5):925~945.
Dahlberg E C.1982.Applied Hydrodynamics in Petroleum Exploration.New York:Springer-Verlag.
Du Xu,Zheng Hongyin,Jiao Xiuqiong.1995.Abnormal pressure and hydrocarbon accumulation.Earthence Frontiers,2(3/4):137~148(in Chinese with English abstract).
Fu Xiaofei,Xu Meng,Liu Shaobo,Zhou Qingong,Meng Lingdong.2016.Interior structure of fractures in the tight sandstonegypsum mudstone(reservoir caprock combinations)in the Kuqa depression,Tarim basin,and its significance in gas reservoir accumulation.Acta Geologica Sinica,90(3):521~533(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Zhifeng,Liu Zhen,LüRui,Liu Guochang,Zhang Gongcheng,Shen Huailei.2012.Predrill prediction of formation pressure using seismic data in deep-water area of Baiyun depression,northern South China Sea.Oil Geophysical Prospecting,47(1):126~132(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hao Fang,Zou Huayao,Yang Xusheng,Wang Minfang.2003.Episodic petroleum accumulation,its driving mechanisms and distinguishing markers.Scientia Geologica Sinica,38(3):403~412(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hao Fang,Zou Huayao,Fang Yong,Zeng Zhiping.2004.Overpressure-fault controlled fluid flow and episodic hydrocarbon accumulation.Acta Petrolei Sinica,25(6):38~47(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hao Fang,Zou Huayao,Gong Zaisheng,Fang Yong.2006.The material and energy effects of neotectonics/late-stage tectonics and petroleum accumulation.Acta Geologica Sinica,80(3):424~431(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hooper E C D.1991.Fluid migration along growth faults in compacting sedimentary basins.Jour.Petrol.Geol.,4(2):161~180.
Hubbert M K.1941.Motion of ground water.Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences,3(3SeriesⅡ):39~55.
Hubbert M K.1953.Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic conditions.AAPG Bulletin,37(8):1954~2026.
Hunt J M.1990.Generation and migration of petroleum from abnormally pressured fluid compartments.AAPG Bulletin,74(1):1~12.
Jiang Zhenxue,Pang Xiongqi,Zeng Jianhui,Wang Hongyu,Luo Qun.2005.Research on types of the dominant migration pathways and their physical simulation experiments.Earth Science Frontiers,12(4):507~516(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lahann R W,Swarbrick R E.2011.Overpressure generation by load transfer following shale framework weakening due to smectite diagenesis.Geofluids,11(4):362~375.
Law B E,Spenser C W.1998.Abnormal pressures in hydrocarbon environments.AAPG Memoir,70:1~11.
Lee M K,Williams D D.2000.Paleohydrology of the Delaware basin,western Texas:overpressure development,hydrocarbon migration,and ore genesis.AAPG Bulletin,84(7):961~974.
Li Mingcheng.2000.An overview of hydrocarbon migration research.Petroleum Exploration&Development,27(4):3~10(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Jingdong,Jiang Youlu,Gao Ping.2010.Evolution of formation pressure and its relationship with hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in puwei area,dongpu depression.Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),34(5):25~37(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Weimin,Tao Keyu,Gao Xiuwei,Wang Ming,Abduwali Rixit,Cao Jian.2015.Long-distance hydrocarbon migration and accumulation models and key controls in petroliferous basin.Geological Review,61(3):621~633(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Yifeng,Qiu Nansheng,Xie Zengye,Yao Qianying,Zhu Chuanqing.2016.Overpressure compartments in the central paleo-uplift,Sichuan Basin,southwest China.AAPG Bulletin,100(5):867~888.
Liu Zhen,ZhangWanxuan,Zhang Houfu,Deng Zuyou.1993.An analysis of abnormal formation pressure of Paleogene in the north sag of Liaoxi depression.Acta Petrolei Sinica,14(1):14~23(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Zhen,DaiLichang,Zhao Yang,Xu Xiaoming,Zhang Shanwen,Cai Jingong.2005.Characteristics of geotemperature-pressure systems and their controlling functions on pools’distribution in the Jiyang depression.Scientia Geologica Sinica,40(1):1~15(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Zhen,Zhao Yang,Du Jinhu,Xiao Wei,Jin Bo,Xu Xiaoming,Liang Quansheng,Hao Qi.2006.Characteristics of"multifactor controlling and key-factor enterapping"of formation and distribution of lithologic petroleum reservoirs in continental rift basin.Scientia Geologica Sinica,41(4):612~635(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu Xuesong,Jiang Youlu,Wu Wei.2004.Petroleum geology and recovery efficiency.Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,11(6):7~9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Meng Qi’an,Zhao Bo,Liang Hongping,Sun Guoxin,Peng Jianliang,Baoli,Li Yingshuang,Huo Liming,Ma Yongyi.2014.Hydrocarbon accumulation factors of the slope area outside of source area:a case study of west slope area in northern Songliao Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(3):433~446(in Chinese with English abstract).
Neuzil C E.1995.Abnormal pressures as hydrodynamic phenomena.American Journal of Science,295(6):742~786.
Nguyen B T T,Jones S J,Goulty N R,Middleton A J,Grant N,Ferguson A,Bowen L.2013.The role of fluid pressure and diagenetic cements for porosity preservation in Triassic fluvial reservoirs of the Central Graben,North Sea.AAPG Bulletin,97(8):1273~1302.
Sibson R H.1994.Crustal stress,faulting and fluid flow.In:Parnell J,ed.Geofluids:Origin,Migration and Evolution of Fluids in Sedimentary Basins.Geological Society Special Publication,78:69~84.
Su Ming,Yangrui,Wu Nengyou,Wang Hongbin,LIang Jinqiang,Sha Zhibin,Cong Xiaorong,Qiao Shaohua.2014.Structural characteristics in the Shenhu area,northern continental slope of South China sea,and their influences on gas hydrate.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(3):318~326(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tian Shicheng,Chen Yongjin,Shi Fengcheng,Liu Chuanhu.2004.The function of abnormal pressure compartment in hydrocarbon accumulation.Earth Science Frontiers,11(3):283~284(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tingay M R,Morley C K,Laird A,Limpornpipat O,Krisadasima K,Pabchanda S,Macintyre H R.2013.Evidence for overpressure generation by kerogento-gas maturation in the northern Malay Basin.AAPG Bulletin,97(4):639~672.
Wang Jianwei,Song Guoqi,Song Shujun,Wang Xinzheng,Han Zhongyi,Zhao Mifu.2007.Transformation of driving mechanism for the second petroleum migration and its significance in petroleum geology-Taking the Niuzhuang sag as an example.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(10):1423~1431(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu Xunde,Zhang Yingzhao,Pei Jiangxiang,Li Li,Gan Jun,Xiong Xiaofeng.2014.Gas accumulation models and exploration strategy for high quality natural gas in the Dongfang area.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(5):956~965(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Qiming,Dong Weiliang.2000.Overpressure system of hydrocarbon-bearing basins in China.Acta Petrolei Sinica,21(6):1~11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Shaohua,Yang Minghui,Luo Xiaohua.2015.Hydrocarbon episodic migration in fault zones:Insight from physical simulation experiments.Geological Review,61(5):1183~1191(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zou Huayao,Jin Yan,Huang Guanghui.1999.Fault sealing and its influence on petroleum migration and accumulation.Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute,21(1):9~17(in Chinese with English abstract).
杜栩,郑洪引,焦秀琼.1995.异常压力与油气分布.地学前缘,2(3/4):137~148.
付晓飞,徐萌,柳少波,卓勤功,孟令东.2016.塔里木盆地库车坳陷致密砂岩-膏泥岩储盖组合断裂带内部结构及与天然气成藏关系.地质学报,90(3):521~533.
郭志峰,刘震,吕睿,刘国昌,张功成,沈怀磊.2012.南海北部深水区白云凹陷钻前地层压力地震预测方法.石油地球物理勘探,47(1):126~132.
郝芳,邹华耀,杨旭升,王敏芳.2003.油气幕式成藏及其驱动机制和识别标志.地质科学,38(3):403~412.
郝芳,邹华耀,方勇,曾治平.2004.断-压双控流体流动与油气幕式快速成藏.石油学报,25(6):38~47
郝芳,邹华耀,龚再升,方勇.2006.新(晚期)构造运动的物质、能量效应与油气成藏.地质学报,80(3):424~431.
姜振学,庞雄奇,曾溅辉,王洪玉,罗群.2005.油气优势运移通道的类型及其物理模拟实验研究.地学前缘,12(4):507~516.
李明诚.2000.石油与天然气运移研究综述.石油勘探与开发,27(4):3~10.
刘景东,蒋有录,高平.2010.东濮凹陷濮卫地区地层压力演化及其与油气运聚的关系.中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),34(5):25~37.
刘卫民,陶柯宇,高秀伟,王明,阿布都外里·热西提,曹剑.2015.含油气盆地远距离成藏模式与主控因素.地质论评,61(3):621~633.
刘震,张万选,张厚福,邓祖佑.1993.辽西凹陷北洼下第三系异常地层压力分析.石油学报,14(1):14~23.
刘震,戴立昌,赵阳,许晓明,张善文,蔡进功.2005.济阳坳陷地温-地压系统特征及其对油气藏分布的控制作用.地质科学,40(1):1~15.
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邹华耀,金燕,黄光辉.1999.断层封闭与油气运移和聚集.江汉石油学院学报,21(1):9~17.
Dahlberg E C.1982.Applied Hydrodynamics in Petroleum Exploration.New York:Springer-Verlag.
Du Xu,Zheng Hongyin,Jiao Xiuqiong.1995.Abnormal pressure and hydrocarbon accumulation.Earthence Frontiers,2(3/4):137~148(in Chinese with English abstract).
Fu Xiaofei,Xu Meng,Liu Shaobo,Zhou Qingong,Meng Lingdong.2016.Interior structure of fractures in the tight sandstonegypsum mudstone(reservoir caprock combinations)in the Kuqa depression,Tarim basin,and its significance in gas reservoir accumulation.Acta Geologica Sinica,90(3):521~533(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo Zhifeng,Liu Zhen,LüRui,Liu Guochang,Zhang Gongcheng,Shen Huailei.2012.Predrill prediction of formation pressure using seismic data in deep-water area of Baiyun depression,northern South China Sea.Oil Geophysical Prospecting,47(1):126~132(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hao Fang,Zou Huayao,Yang Xusheng,Wang Minfang.2003.Episodic petroleum accumulation,its driving mechanisms and distinguishing markers.Scientia Geologica Sinica,38(3):403~412(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hao Fang,Zou Huayao,Fang Yong,Zeng Zhiping.2004.Overpressure-fault controlled fluid flow and episodic hydrocarbon accumulation.Acta Petrolei Sinica,25(6):38~47(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hao Fang,Zou Huayao,Gong Zaisheng,Fang Yong.2006.The material and energy effects of neotectonics/late-stage tectonics and petroleum accumulation.Acta Geologica Sinica,80(3):424~431(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hooper E C D.1991.Fluid migration along growth faults in compacting sedimentary basins.Jour.Petrol.Geol.,4(2):161~180.
Hubbert M K.1941.Motion of ground water.Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences,3(3SeriesⅡ):39~55.
Hubbert M K.1953.Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic conditions.AAPG Bulletin,37(8):1954~2026.
Hunt J M.1990.Generation and migration of petroleum from abnormally pressured fluid compartments.AAPG Bulletin,74(1):1~12.
Jiang Zhenxue,Pang Xiongqi,Zeng Jianhui,Wang Hongyu,Luo Qun.2005.Research on types of the dominant migration pathways and their physical simulation experiments.Earth Science Frontiers,12(4):507~516(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lahann R W,Swarbrick R E.2011.Overpressure generation by load transfer following shale framework weakening due to smectite diagenesis.Geofluids,11(4):362~375.
Law B E,Spenser C W.1998.Abnormal pressures in hydrocarbon environments.AAPG Memoir,70:1~11.
Lee M K,Williams D D.2000.Paleohydrology of the Delaware basin,western Texas:overpressure development,hydrocarbon migration,and ore genesis.AAPG Bulletin,84(7):961~974.
Li Mingcheng.2000.An overview of hydrocarbon migration research.Petroleum Exploration&Development,27(4):3~10(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Jingdong,Jiang Youlu,Gao Ping.2010.Evolution of formation pressure and its relationship with hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in puwei area,dongpu depression.Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),34(5):25~37(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Weimin,Tao Keyu,Gao Xiuwei,Wang Ming,Abduwali Rixit,Cao Jian.2015.Long-distance hydrocarbon migration and accumulation models and key controls in petroliferous basin.Geological Review,61(3):621~633(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Yifeng,Qiu Nansheng,Xie Zengye,Yao Qianying,Zhu Chuanqing.2016.Overpressure compartments in the central paleo-uplift,Sichuan Basin,southwest China.AAPG Bulletin,100(5):867~888.
Liu Zhen,ZhangWanxuan,Zhang Houfu,Deng Zuyou.1993.An analysis of abnormal formation pressure of Paleogene in the north sag of Liaoxi depression.Acta Petrolei Sinica,14(1):14~23(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Zhen,DaiLichang,Zhao Yang,Xu Xiaoming,Zhang Shanwen,Cai Jingong.2005.Characteristics of geotemperature-pressure systems and their controlling functions on pools’distribution in the Jiyang depression.Scientia Geologica Sinica,40(1):1~15(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Zhen,Zhao Yang,Du Jinhu,Xiao Wei,Jin Bo,Xu Xiaoming,Liang Quansheng,Hao Qi.2006.Characteristics of"multifactor controlling and key-factor enterapping"of formation and distribution of lithologic petroleum reservoirs in continental rift basin.Scientia Geologica Sinica,41(4):612~635(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lu Xuesong,Jiang Youlu,Wu Wei.2004.Petroleum geology and recovery efficiency.Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,11(6):7~9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Meng Qi’an,Zhao Bo,Liang Hongping,Sun Guoxin,Peng Jianliang,Baoli,Li Yingshuang,Huo Liming,Ma Yongyi.2014.Hydrocarbon accumulation factors of the slope area outside of source area:a case study of west slope area in northern Songliao Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(3):433~446(in Chinese with English abstract).
Neuzil C E.1995.Abnormal pressures as hydrodynamic phenomena.American Journal of Science,295(6):742~786.
Nguyen B T T,Jones S J,Goulty N R,Middleton A J,Grant N,Ferguson A,Bowen L.2013.The role of fluid pressure and diagenetic cements for porosity preservation in Triassic fluvial reservoirs of the Central Graben,North Sea.AAPG Bulletin,97(8):1273~1302.
Sibson R H.1994.Crustal stress,faulting and fluid flow.In:Parnell J,ed.Geofluids:Origin,Migration and Evolution of Fluids in Sedimentary Basins.Geological Society Special Publication,78:69~84.
Su Ming,Yangrui,Wu Nengyou,Wang Hongbin,LIang Jinqiang,Sha Zhibin,Cong Xiaorong,Qiao Shaohua.2014.Structural characteristics in the Shenhu area,northern continental slope of South China sea,and their influences on gas hydrate.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(3):318~326(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tian Shicheng,Chen Yongjin,Shi Fengcheng,Liu Chuanhu.2004.The function of abnormal pressure compartment in hydrocarbon accumulation.Earth Science Frontiers,11(3):283~284(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tingay M R,Morley C K,Laird A,Limpornpipat O,Krisadasima K,Pabchanda S,Macintyre H R.2013.Evidence for overpressure generation by kerogento-gas maturation in the northern Malay Basin.AAPG Bulletin,97(4):639~672.
Wang Jianwei,Song Guoqi,Song Shujun,Wang Xinzheng,Han Zhongyi,Zhao Mifu.2007.Transformation of driving mechanism for the second petroleum migration and its significance in petroleum geology-Taking the Niuzhuang sag as an example.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(10):1423~1431(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu Xunde,Zhang Yingzhao,Pei Jiangxiang,Li Li,Gan Jun,Xiong Xiaofeng.2014.Gas accumulation models and exploration strategy for high quality natural gas in the Dongfang area.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(5):956~965(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Qiming,Dong Weiliang.2000.Overpressure system of hydrocarbon-bearing basins in China.Acta Petrolei Sinica,21(6):1~11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Shaohua,Yang Minghui,Luo Xiaohua.2015.Hydrocarbon episodic migration in fault zones:Insight from physical simulation experiments.Geological Review,61(5):1183~1191(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zou Huayao,Jin Yan,Huang Guanghui.1999.Fault sealing and its influence on petroleum migration and accumulation.Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute,21(1):9~17(in Chinese with English abstract).
杜栩,郑洪引,焦秀琼.1995.异常压力与油气分布.地学前缘,2(3/4):137~148.
付晓飞,徐萌,柳少波,卓勤功,孟令东.2016.塔里木盆地库车坳陷致密砂岩-膏泥岩储盖组合断裂带内部结构及与天然气成藏关系.地质学报,90(3):521~533.
郭志峰,刘震,吕睿,刘国昌,张功成,沈怀磊.2012.南海北部深水区白云凹陷钻前地层压力地震预测方法.石油地球物理勘探,47(1):126~132.
郝芳,邹华耀,杨旭升,王敏芳.2003.油气幕式成藏及其驱动机制和识别标志.地质科学,38(3):403~412.
郝芳,邹华耀,方勇,曾治平.2004.断-压双控流体流动与油气幕式快速成藏.石油学报,25(6):38~47
郝芳,邹华耀,龚再升,方勇.2006.新(晚期)构造运动的物质、能量效应与油气成藏.地质学报,80(3):424~431.
姜振学,庞雄奇,曾溅辉,王洪玉,罗群.2005.油气优势运移通道的类型及其物理模拟实验研究.地学前缘,12(4):507~516.
李明诚.2000.石油与天然气运移研究综述.石油勘探与开发,27(4):3~10.
刘景东,蒋有录,高平.2010.东濮凹陷濮卫地区地层压力演化及其与油气运聚的关系.中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),34(5):25~37.
刘卫民,陶柯宇,高秀伟,王明,阿布都外里·热西提,曹剑.2015.含油气盆地远距离成藏模式与主控因素.地质论评,61(3):621~633.
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