绝对重力仪隔振系统发展综述
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摘要
绝对重力仪是测量重力加速度的精密仪器,在计量学、地球物理、资源勘探、辅助导航等领域有着重要意义和广泛应用。目前,绝对重力仪的测量精度已经达到微伽(μGal,1μGal=1×10~(-8)m/s~2)量级,而地面振动噪声严重影响着仪器的测量精度,垂直隔振系统的性能已成为限制绝对重力仪精度的瓶颈。对绝对重力仪所应用的超低频垂直隔振系统进行了详细回顾。现有的超低频垂直隔振系统可被分为被动式隔振和主动式隔振两大类。其中,被动式隔振系统主要基于零长弹簧结构,周期一般可超过15s。主动式隔振系统可以分为一级主动式隔振系统和二级主动式隔振系统,其结构形式包含弹簧振子结构、弹簧摆杆结构等。通过测量待隔振物体的位移、速度、加速度信号等信息并进行反馈控制,可实现超低本振频率,等效周期可超过15s,最长可超过100s。国内研究机构已经开展了多年的针对超低频垂直隔振系统的研究工作,并取得了阶段性的研究成果。通过改进,有望将超低频垂直隔振系统应用于国产绝对重力仪,显著提高仪器的整体性能。
Absolute gravimeter is a precision instrument for measuring the acceleration of gravity.It has important significance and wide application in the fields of metrology,geophysics,resource exploration,auxiliary navigation and so on.At present,the measurement accuracy of absolute gravimeter has reached several microgals(1μGal=1×10~(-8)m/s~2),ground vibration and noise will seriously affect the accuracy of the instrument,the performance of vertical vibration isolation system has become a bottleneck to limit the accuracy of absolute gravimeter.In this paper,the ultra-low frequency vertical vibration isolation system used by absolute gravimeter is reviewed in detail.These isolators can be divided into the passive vibration isolation and active vibration isolation.Among them,the passive vibration isolator is mainly based on zero-length spring structure with a resonance period of more than 15 s.The active vibration isolator can be divided into one-stage and two-stage,the structure includes spring oscillator structure and spring pendulum structure.By measuring the displacement,velocity or acceleration of the target object to be isolated for feedback control,the ultra-low local frequency can be realized.The equivalent period can exceed 15 s,and the longest can exceed 100 s.The ultra-low-frequency vertical vibration isolator has been studied for years in China,and phased results are achieved.It is expected to be applied to domestic absolute gravimeters by improving the overall performance of the instrument.
Absolute gravimeter is a precision instrument for measuring the acceleration of gravity.It has important significance and wide application in the fields of metrology,geophysics,resource exploration,auxiliary navigation and so on.At present,the measurement accuracy of absolute gravimeter has reached several microgals(1μGal=1×10~(-8)m/s~2),ground vibration and noise will seriously affect the accuracy of the instrument,the performance of vertical vibration isolation system has become a bottleneck to limit the accuracy of absolute gravimeter.In this paper,the ultra-low frequency vertical vibration isolation system used by absolute gravimeter is reviewed in detail.These isolators can be divided into the passive vibration isolation and active vibration isolation.Among them,the passive vibration isolator is mainly based on zero-length spring structure with a resonance period of more than 15 s.The active vibration isolator can be divided into one-stage and two-stage,the structure includes spring oscillator structure and spring pendulum structure.By measuring the displacement,velocity or acceleration of the target object to be isolated for feedback control,the ultra-low local frequency can be realized.The equivalent period can exceed 15 s,and the longest can exceed 100 s.The ultra-low-frequency vertical vibration isolator has been studied for years in China,and phased results are achieved.It is expected to be applied to domestic absolute gravimeters by improving the overall performance of the instrument.
引文
[1] Cook A H.The absolute determination of the acceleration due to gravity[J].Metrologia,1965,1(3):84-114.
[2]Krynski J.Gravimetry for geodesy and geodynamics——brief historical review[J].Reports on Geodesy,2012,92(1):69-86.
[3]Agaletsky P N,Yegorov K N,Martsinyak A I.Results of absolute determinations of the acceleration due to gravity by three independent methods in the point of'VNIIM'(Leningrad)[J].Bulletin Géodésique,1936,51(1):82-90.
[4]Preston-Thomas H,Turnbull L G,Green E,et al.An absolute measurement of the acceleration due to gravity at Ottawa[J].Canadian Journal of Physics,1960,38(6):824-852.
[5]Thulin A.Une détennination absolue de g,au pavillon deBreteuil,par la méthode de la chute d'une règle divisée[J].Proceedings of Annales de Geophysique,1960,16:105.
[6] Faller J E.Results of an absolute determination of the acceleration of gravity[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1965,70(16):4035-4038.
[7]Cook A H.A new absolute determination of the acceleration due to gravity at the national physical laboratory[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences,1967,261(1120):211-252.
[8]Faller J E,Guo Y G,Gschwind J,et al.The JILA portable absolute gravity apparatus[J].Bulletin d'Information du BGI,1983,53:87-97.
[9]Niebauer T M,Sasagawa G S,Faller J E,et al.A new generation of absolute gravimeters[J].Metrologia,1995,32(3):159-180.
[10] Niebauer T M,Billson R,Schiel A,et al.The self-attraction correction for the FG5X absolute gravity meter[J].Metrologia,2013,50(1):1-8.
[11]Rinker R L,Faller J E.Super spring——a long period vibration isolator[C].Proceedings of the 2~(nd)International Conference on Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants,1981:411-417.
[12]Sakuma A.An industrialized absolute gravimeter:type GA-60-A description of the instrument and its trial use in the French gravity net[J].Bulletin d'Information du BGI,1983,53:114-118.
[13]D'Agostino G.Development and metrological characterization of a new transportable absolute gravimeter[D].Politecnico di Torino,2005.
[14]郭有光,黄大伦,方永源,等.中国NIM型绝对重力仪及国际绝对重力仪比对[J].现代计量测试,1998(6):12-16.GUO You-guang,HAUNG Da-lun,FANG Yong-yuan,et al.The development of NIM's absolute gravimeters and the international comparison of absolute gravimeters[J].Modern Metrological Testing,1998(6):12-16.
[15]胡华,伍康,申磊,等.新型高精度绝对重力仪[J].物理学报,2012,61(9):099101.HU Hua,WU Kang,SHEN Lei,et al.A new high precision absolute gravimeter[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(9):099101.
[16]Kasevich M,Chu S.Atomic interferometry using stimu-lated Raman transitions[J].Physical Review Letters,1991,67(2):181-184.
[17] Farah T,Clairon A,Landragin A,et al.Continuous g monitoring with atom interferometry[C].Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control and the European Frequency and Time Forum,2011:1-4.
[18] Peck E R.Theory of the comer-cube interferometer[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America,1948,38(12):1015-1024.
[19] Sorrells G G,Douze E J.A preliminary report on infrasonic waves as a source of long-period seismic noise[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1974,79(32):4908-4917.
[20] Trnkoczy A,Bonnann P,Hanka W,et al.Site selection,preparation and installation of seismic stations[A].New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2[M].Potsdam:Deutsches Geo Forschungs Zentrum,2012.
[21] Peterson J.Observations and modeling of seismic background noise[R].Albuquerque:U.S.Department of Interior Geological Survey,1993.
[22]李刚,胡华,伍康,等.基于零长弹簧的超低频垂直隔振系统研究[J].振动与冲击,2015,34(7):33-37+63.LI Gang,HU Hua,WU Kang,et al.Ultra-low frequency vertical vibration isolation system based on zero-length spring[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2015,34(7):33-37+63.
[23] Lucien J B,LaCoste J R.A new type long period vertical seismograph[J].Physics,1934,5(7):178-180.
[24] D'Agostino G,Desogus S,Germak A,et al.The new IMGC-02 transportable absolute gravimeter:measurement apparatus and applications in geophysics and volcanology[J].Annals of Geophysics,2008,51(1):39-49.
[25] Germak A,Desogus S,Origlia C.Interferometer for the IMGC rise-and-fall absolute gravimeter[J].Metrologia,2002,39(5):471-475.
[26]Li G,Hu H,Wu K,et al.Ultra-low frequency vertical vibration isolator based on LaCoste spring linkage[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,2014,85(10):104502.
[27]Cella G,Sannibale V,DeSalvo R,et al.Monolithic geometric anti-spring blades[J].Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,2005,540(2-3):502-519.
[28]Takamori A.Low frequency seismic isolation for gravitational wave detectors[D].University of Tokyo,2002.
[29]Blom M.Seismic attenuation for advanced virgo:vibration isolation for the external injection bench[D].Vrije University of Amsterdam,2015.
[30] DeSalvo R.Passive,nonlinear,mechanical structures for seismic attenuation[J].Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics,2007,2(4):290-298.
[31] Stochino A,Abbot B,Aso Y,et al.The seismic attenuation aystem(SAS)for the advanced LIGO gravitational wave interferometric detectors[J].Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,2009,598(3):737-753.
[32]Winterflood J,Blair D G,Slagmolen B.High performance vibration isolation using springs in Euler column buckling mode[J].Physics Letters A,2002,300(2-3):122-130.
[33]Winterflood J,Blair D G.A long-period vertical vibration isolator for gravitational wave detection[J].Physics Letters A,1998,243(1-2):1-6.
[34]Zhao P F,Luo.J,Zhou Z B,et al.Ultra-low frequency passive vertical vibration isolation system[J].Science in China Series A:Mathematics,1999,42(6):660-665.
[35]Zhao P F,Huang Y Y,Tang M X.A new ultra-low frequency passive vertical vibration isolation system[J].Chinese Physics Letters,2002,19(2):172-173.
[36]Zhao P F,Huang Y Y,Tang M X,et al. Performance of ultra-low frequency passive vertical vibration isolation system with reverse pendulum[J].Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica,2002,15(1):45-48.
[37]Saulson P R.Vibration isolation for broadband gravitational wave antennas[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,1984,55(8):1315-1320.
[38]Hensley J M,Peters A,Chu S.Active low frequency vertical vibration isolation[J].Review of Scientific Instru-ments,1999,70(6):2735-2741.
[39] Tang B,Zhou L,Xiong Z Y,et al.A programmable broadband low frequency active vibration isolation system for atom interferometry[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments,2014,85(9):093109.
[40] Zhou M K,Xiong X,Chen L L,et al.Note:a three-dimension active vibration isolator for precision atom gravimeters[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,2015,86(4):046108.
[41]Rinker R L.Super spring——a new type of low frequency vibration isolator[D].University of Colorado,1983.
[42] NERC Space Geodesy Facility.Absolute gravimetry[EB/OL].http://sgf.rgo.ac.uk/work/gravimetry.html.
[43]Nelson P G.An active vibration isolation system for inertial reference and precision measurement[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,1991,62(9):2069-2075.
[44]Wu K,Li G,Hu H,et al.Active low-frequency vertical vibration isolation system for precision measurements[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2017,30(1):164-169.
[45]Wang G,Wu K,Hu H,et al.Ultra-low-frequency vertical vibration isolator based on a two-stage beam structure for absolute gravimetry[J].Review of Scientific Instrument,2016,87(10):105101.
[46]Yao J M,Wu K,Qian J,et al.An ultra-low frequency active vertical vibration isolator wmth geometric anti-spring structure[C].AM/SME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,2017.
[2]Krynski J.Gravimetry for geodesy and geodynamics——brief historical review[J].Reports on Geodesy,2012,92(1):69-86.
[3]Agaletsky P N,Yegorov K N,Martsinyak A I.Results of absolute determinations of the acceleration due to gravity by three independent methods in the point of'VNIIM'(Leningrad)[J].Bulletin Géodésique,1936,51(1):82-90.
[4]Preston-Thomas H,Turnbull L G,Green E,et al.An absolute measurement of the acceleration due to gravity at Ottawa[J].Canadian Journal of Physics,1960,38(6):824-852.
[5]Thulin A.Une détennination absolue de g,au pavillon deBreteuil,par la méthode de la chute d'une règle divisée[J].Proceedings of Annales de Geophysique,1960,16:105.
[6] Faller J E.Results of an absolute determination of the acceleration of gravity[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1965,70(16):4035-4038.
[7]Cook A H.A new absolute determination of the acceleration due to gravity at the national physical laboratory[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences,1967,261(1120):211-252.
[8]Faller J E,Guo Y G,Gschwind J,et al.The JILA portable absolute gravity apparatus[J].Bulletin d'Information du BGI,1983,53:87-97.
[9]Niebauer T M,Sasagawa G S,Faller J E,et al.A new generation of absolute gravimeters[J].Metrologia,1995,32(3):159-180.
[10] Niebauer T M,Billson R,Schiel A,et al.The self-attraction correction for the FG5X absolute gravity meter[J].Metrologia,2013,50(1):1-8.
[11]Rinker R L,Faller J E.Super spring——a long period vibration isolator[C].Proceedings of the 2~(nd)International Conference on Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants,1981:411-417.
[12]Sakuma A.An industrialized absolute gravimeter:type GA-60-A description of the instrument and its trial use in the French gravity net[J].Bulletin d'Information du BGI,1983,53:114-118.
[13]D'Agostino G.Development and metrological characterization of a new transportable absolute gravimeter[D].Politecnico di Torino,2005.
[14]郭有光,黄大伦,方永源,等.中国NIM型绝对重力仪及国际绝对重力仪比对[J].现代计量测试,1998(6):12-16.GUO You-guang,HAUNG Da-lun,FANG Yong-yuan,et al.The development of NIM's absolute gravimeters and the international comparison of absolute gravimeters[J].Modern Metrological Testing,1998(6):12-16.
[15]胡华,伍康,申磊,等.新型高精度绝对重力仪[J].物理学报,2012,61(9):099101.HU Hua,WU Kang,SHEN Lei,et al.A new high precision absolute gravimeter[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(9):099101.
[16]Kasevich M,Chu S.Atomic interferometry using stimu-lated Raman transitions[J].Physical Review Letters,1991,67(2):181-184.
[17] Farah T,Clairon A,Landragin A,et al.Continuous g monitoring with atom interferometry[C].Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control and the European Frequency and Time Forum,2011:1-4.
[18] Peck E R.Theory of the comer-cube interferometer[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America,1948,38(12):1015-1024.
[19] Sorrells G G,Douze E J.A preliminary report on infrasonic waves as a source of long-period seismic noise[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1974,79(32):4908-4917.
[20] Trnkoczy A,Bonnann P,Hanka W,et al.Site selection,preparation and installation of seismic stations[A].New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2[M].Potsdam:Deutsches Geo Forschungs Zentrum,2012.
[21] Peterson J.Observations and modeling of seismic background noise[R].Albuquerque:U.S.Department of Interior Geological Survey,1993.
[22]李刚,胡华,伍康,等.基于零长弹簧的超低频垂直隔振系统研究[J].振动与冲击,2015,34(7):33-37+63.LI Gang,HU Hua,WU Kang,et al.Ultra-low frequency vertical vibration isolation system based on zero-length spring[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2015,34(7):33-37+63.
[23] Lucien J B,LaCoste J R.A new type long period vertical seismograph[J].Physics,1934,5(7):178-180.
[24] D'Agostino G,Desogus S,Germak A,et al.The new IMGC-02 transportable absolute gravimeter:measurement apparatus and applications in geophysics and volcanology[J].Annals of Geophysics,2008,51(1):39-49.
[25] Germak A,Desogus S,Origlia C.Interferometer for the IMGC rise-and-fall absolute gravimeter[J].Metrologia,2002,39(5):471-475.
[26]Li G,Hu H,Wu K,et al.Ultra-low frequency vertical vibration isolator based on LaCoste spring linkage[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,2014,85(10):104502.
[27]Cella G,Sannibale V,DeSalvo R,et al.Monolithic geometric anti-spring blades[J].Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,2005,540(2-3):502-519.
[28]Takamori A.Low frequency seismic isolation for gravitational wave detectors[D].University of Tokyo,2002.
[29]Blom M.Seismic attenuation for advanced virgo:vibration isolation for the external injection bench[D].Vrije University of Amsterdam,2015.
[30] DeSalvo R.Passive,nonlinear,mechanical structures for seismic attenuation[J].Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics,2007,2(4):290-298.
[31] Stochino A,Abbot B,Aso Y,et al.The seismic attenuation aystem(SAS)for the advanced LIGO gravitational wave interferometric detectors[J].Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,2009,598(3):737-753.
[32]Winterflood J,Blair D G,Slagmolen B.High performance vibration isolation using springs in Euler column buckling mode[J].Physics Letters A,2002,300(2-3):122-130.
[33]Winterflood J,Blair D G.A long-period vertical vibration isolator for gravitational wave detection[J].Physics Letters A,1998,243(1-2):1-6.
[34]Zhao P F,Luo.J,Zhou Z B,et al.Ultra-low frequency passive vertical vibration isolation system[J].Science in China Series A:Mathematics,1999,42(6):660-665.
[35]Zhao P F,Huang Y Y,Tang M X.A new ultra-low frequency passive vertical vibration isolation system[J].Chinese Physics Letters,2002,19(2):172-173.
[36]Zhao P F,Huang Y Y,Tang M X,et al. Performance of ultra-low frequency passive vertical vibration isolation system with reverse pendulum[J].Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica,2002,15(1):45-48.
[37]Saulson P R.Vibration isolation for broadband gravitational wave antennas[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,1984,55(8):1315-1320.
[38]Hensley J M,Peters A,Chu S.Active low frequency vertical vibration isolation[J].Review of Scientific Instru-ments,1999,70(6):2735-2741.
[39] Tang B,Zhou L,Xiong Z Y,et al.A programmable broadband low frequency active vibration isolation system for atom interferometry[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments,2014,85(9):093109.
[40] Zhou M K,Xiong X,Chen L L,et al.Note:a three-dimension active vibration isolator for precision atom gravimeters[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,2015,86(4):046108.
[41]Rinker R L.Super spring——a new type of low frequency vibration isolator[D].University of Colorado,1983.
[42] NERC Space Geodesy Facility.Absolute gravimetry[EB/OL].http://sgf.rgo.ac.uk/work/gravimetry.html.
[43]Nelson P G.An active vibration isolation system for inertial reference and precision measurement[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,1991,62(9):2069-2075.
[44]Wu K,Li G,Hu H,et al.Active low-frequency vertical vibration isolation system for precision measurements[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2017,30(1):164-169.
[45]Wang G,Wu K,Hu H,et al.Ultra-low-frequency vertical vibration isolator based on a two-stage beam structure for absolute gravimetry[J].Review of Scientific Instrument,2016,87(10):105101.
[46]Yao J M,Wu K,Qian J,et al.An ultra-low frequency active vertical vibration isolator wmth geometric anti-spring structure[C].AM/SME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,2017.