应用CNCPS体系评价扁杏加工副产物的营养价值
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摘要
本研究旨在应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)评价不同扁杏加工副产物的营养价值。选择3种不同的扁杏加工副产物,分别测定其营养成分,应用CNCPS体系理论计算其碳水化合物和蛋白质组分,并分析其营养价值。结果显示,在常规营养成分中,杏仁皮的粗蛋白质(CP)含量较扁杏渣高54.38%(P <0.05);其粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量较扁杏皮分别高1.84、1.47、1.27和1.93倍(P <0.05);扁杏皮的灰分(Ash)含量显著高于扁杏渣和杏仁皮(P <0.05)。在蛋白质组分中,扁杏皮的非蛋白氮(PA)含量较杏仁皮高3.63倍(P <0.05);扁杏渣的慢速降解真蛋白质(PB3)含量显著高于杏仁皮和扁杏皮(P <0.05);杏仁皮的快速降解真蛋白质PB1、中速降解真蛋白质PB2和不可利用蛋白质(PC)含量显著高于扁杏渣和扁杏皮(P <0.05)。在碳水化合物组分中,扁杏渣的碳水化合物(CHO)含量较杏仁皮提高13.36%(P <0.05);扁杏皮的非结构性碳水化合物(CNSC)较杏仁皮高87.43%(P <0.05);扁杏皮的糖(CA),淀粉和可溶性纤维(CB1)含量显著高于扁杏渣和杏仁皮(P <0.05);扁杏渣的可利用纤维(CB2)含量显著高于杏仁皮和扁杏皮(P <0.05);杏仁皮的不可利用纤维(CC)含量显著高于扁杏渣和扁杏皮(P <0.05)。结果表明,不同扁杏加工副产物在常规营养成分、碳水化合物和蛋白质组分等方面存在显著差异。在应用扁杏加工副产物作动物饲料时,应对其化学成分和营养价值进行实际测定或估测。
The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient values of different by-product from frocessing industry of almond according to the methodology of Cornell net carbohydrate-protein system(CNCPS).Three by-product from frocessing industry of almond were collected to determine nutrient compositions,and partition of the protein and carbohydrate fractions were calculated respectively according to the CNCPS method and also analyzed its nutritional value.The results showed as follows:as for the proximate nutrients,the crude protein(CP) contents of almond skin was 54.38% higher than that of almond pomaces(P <0.05),while its ether extract(EE),neutral detergent fiber(NDF),acid detergent fiber(ADF),and acid detergent lignin(ADL) contents were 1.84,1.47,1.27 and 1.93 times higher than that of almond hull(P < 0.05).The ash(Ash) content of almond hull was significantly higher than that of almond pomaces and almond skin(P < 0.05).As for the nitrogenous compounds,the non-protein nitrogen(PA) content of almond hull was 3.63 times higher than that of almond skin(P < 0.05);The slowly rumen degradable true protein(PB3) contents of almond pomaces were significantly higher than that of almond hull and almond skin(P < 0.05).The rapidly rumen degradable true protein(PB1),intermediately rumen degradable true protein(PB2) and undegradable crude protein(PC) contents of almond skin were significantly higher than that of almond pomaces and almond hull(P < 0.05).For the carbohydrate compounds,the carbohydrate(CHO) content of almond pomaces was 13.36 times higher than that of almond skin(P < 0.05).The nonstructural carbohydrate(CNSC) content of almond hull was 87.43% higher than that of almond skin(P < 0.05);The sugars(CA),starch and soluble fiber(CB1)contents of almond hull were significantly higher than that of almond pomaces and almond skin(P < 0.05).The available fiber(CB2) content of almond pomaces was significantly higher than that of almond skin and almond hull(P < 0.05).The unavailable fiber(CC) contents of almond skin were significantly higher than that of almond pomaces and almond hull(P < 0.05).In conclusion,the proximate nutrients,carbohydrate fractions and protein fractions were found to be significantly different among different by-products from frocessing industry of almond.Therefore,it is recommended to determine or estimate the chemical composition and nutrition value of by-products of almond processing when it is used for feeding animal.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient values of different by-product from frocessing industry of almond according to the methodology of Cornell net carbohydrate-protein system(CNCPS).Three by-product from frocessing industry of almond were collected to determine nutrient compositions,and partition of the protein and carbohydrate fractions were calculated respectively according to the CNCPS method and also analyzed its nutritional value.The results showed as follows:as for the proximate nutrients,the crude protein(CP) contents of almond skin was 54.38% higher than that of almond pomaces(P <0.05),while its ether extract(EE),neutral detergent fiber(NDF),acid detergent fiber(ADF),and acid detergent lignin(ADL) contents were 1.84,1.47,1.27 and 1.93 times higher than that of almond hull(P < 0.05).The ash(Ash) content of almond hull was significantly higher than that of almond pomaces and almond skin(P < 0.05).As for the nitrogenous compounds,the non-protein nitrogen(PA) content of almond hull was 3.63 times higher than that of almond skin(P < 0.05);The slowly rumen degradable true protein(PB3) contents of almond pomaces were significantly higher than that of almond hull and almond skin(P < 0.05).The rapidly rumen degradable true protein(PB1),intermediately rumen degradable true protein(PB2) and undegradable crude protein(PC) contents of almond skin were significantly higher than that of almond pomaces and almond hull(P < 0.05).For the carbohydrate compounds,the carbohydrate(CHO) content of almond pomaces was 13.36 times higher than that of almond skin(P < 0.05).The nonstructural carbohydrate(CNSC) content of almond hull was 87.43% higher than that of almond skin(P < 0.05);The sugars(CA),starch and soluble fiber(CB1)contents of almond hull were significantly higher than that of almond pomaces and almond skin(P < 0.05).The available fiber(CB2) content of almond pomaces was significantly higher than that of almond skin and almond hull(P < 0.05).The unavailable fiber(CC) contents of almond skin were significantly higher than that of almond pomaces and almond hull(P < 0.05).In conclusion,the proximate nutrients,carbohydrate fractions and protein fractions were found to be significantly different among different by-products from frocessing industry of almond.Therefore,it is recommended to determine or estimate the chemical composition and nutrition value of by-products of almond processing when it is used for feeding animal.
引文
[1]高红,郝小燕,张幸怡,等.应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系和NRC模型评价4种粮食加工副产物的营养价值[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(10):3359~3368
[2]何余堂,高虹妮,解玉梅,等.扁杏仁皮中膳食纤维的制备及理化性能研究[J].食品科技,2013,38(2):69~74
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[6]刘策,曹清明,刁其玉,等.固态发酵对杏仁皮产品营养成分及瘤胃降解率的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2014,40(9):67~71.
[7]刘耀玺,李志西.仁用杏果肉酿醋技术及其醋酸饮料的研制[J].食品研究与开发,2012,33(7):71~76.
[8]吕波,陈红莉,李吉堂,等.应用CNCPS体系评价兵团农区肉牛常用粗饲料营养价值[J].中国饲料,2016,2:25~29.
[9]马桢,汪春泉.利用净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系组分估测肉牛日粮营养物质全消化道表观消化率研究[J].动物营养学报,2010,4:929~933.
[10]王将,郑亚军,冯翠萍.杏仁皮中黄酮类化合物抗氧化性的研究[J].中国粮油学报,2010,25(1):78~81.
[11]王文奇,王世昌,谭伟龙,等.杏渣养分瘤胃降解率的测定[J].草食家畜,2013,161(4):55~61.
[12]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[D].北京:中国农业大学,2009.
[13]赵金石.基于CNCPS模型思路的中国肉牛、奶牛营养动态模型的建立与应用[D].北京:中国农业大学,2008.
[14]张英杰,杨增.苹果渣和葡萄渣在反刍动物上的应用[J].饲料工业,2016,37(10):1~3.
[15]AACC.Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists[M].Saint Paul:American Association of Cereal Chemists,1976.
[16]Elahi M Y,Kargar H,Dindarlou M S,et al.The chemical composition and in vitro digestibility evaluation of almond tree(Prunus dulcis D.A.Webb syn.Prunus amygdalus;var.Shokoufeh)leaves versus hulls and green versus dry leaves as feed for ruminan[J].Agroforest Syst,2017,91:773~780.
[17]Krishnamoorthy U C,Sniffen C J,Stern M D,et al.Evaluation of mathematical of digestion and an in vitro simulation of rumen proteolysis to estimate the rumen undegraded nitrogen content of feedstuffs[J].Brit J Nut,1983,50(3):555~565.
[18]Mandalari G,Tomaino A,Arcoraci T,et al.Characterization of polyphenols,lipids and dietary fibre from almond skins(Amygdalus communis L.)[J].J Food Compos Anal,2010,23(2):166~174.
[19]Nocek J E.Bovine acidosis:implications on lameness[J].J Dairy Sci,1997,80:1005~1028.
[20]NRC.Nutrient requirement of dairy cattle(6th)[J].Washington D C:National Academy Press,1989,40~50.
[21]NRC.Nutrient requirement of dairy cattle(6th)[J].Washington DC:National Academy Press,2001,45~60.
[22]Sniffen C J,connor J D,an Soest P J,et al.A net caibo-hydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅱ.Carbohydrateand protein availability[J].J Animal Sci,1992,70(11):3562~3577.
[23]VanSoest P J,Sniffen C J,Mertens D R,et al.A net protein system for cattle:the rumen submodel for nitrogen[A].In:Owens F N.Protein requirements for cattle:proceedings of an international symposium[C].Stillwater:Oklahoma State University,1981:265.
[24]Van Amburgh M E,Collao-Saenz E A,Higgs R J,et al.The Cornell net carbohydrate andprotein system updates to the model and evaluation ofversion 6.5[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98:6361~6380.
[25]Van Soest P J,H Wine.Use of detergents in the analyses of fibrous feeds.Part IV.Determination of plant cell wall constituents[J].JAssoc Offi Anal Chem,1967,50:50~55.
[26]Zhou J H,Zou C X,Liang X W,et al.Evaluation of nutritive value of common roughages for guangxi water buffalo by Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2011,23(12):2190~2197.
[2]何余堂,高虹妮,解玉梅,等.扁杏仁皮中膳食纤维的制备及理化性能研究[J].食品科技,2013,38(2):69~74
[3]靳玲品,李艳玲,屠焰,等.应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系评定我国北方奶牛常用粗饲料的营养价值[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(3):512~526
[4]李建云,柴贵宾,朱晓萍,等.辽宁绒山羊常用饲料营养价值评定[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(7):38~42
[5]刘策.杏仁皮营养价值的评定研究:[硕士学位论文][D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2014.
[6]刘策,曹清明,刁其玉,等.固态发酵对杏仁皮产品营养成分及瘤胃降解率的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2014,40(9):67~71.
[7]刘耀玺,李志西.仁用杏果肉酿醋技术及其醋酸饮料的研制[J].食品研究与开发,2012,33(7):71~76.
[8]吕波,陈红莉,李吉堂,等.应用CNCPS体系评价兵团农区肉牛常用粗饲料营养价值[J].中国饲料,2016,2:25~29.
[9]马桢,汪春泉.利用净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系组分估测肉牛日粮营养物质全消化道表观消化率研究[J].动物营养学报,2010,4:929~933.
[10]王将,郑亚军,冯翠萍.杏仁皮中黄酮类化合物抗氧化性的研究[J].中国粮油学报,2010,25(1):78~81.
[11]王文奇,王世昌,谭伟龙,等.杏渣养分瘤胃降解率的测定[J].草食家畜,2013,161(4):55~61.
[12]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[D].北京:中国农业大学,2009.
[13]赵金石.基于CNCPS模型思路的中国肉牛、奶牛营养动态模型的建立与应用[D].北京:中国农业大学,2008.
[14]张英杰,杨增.苹果渣和葡萄渣在反刍动物上的应用[J].饲料工业,2016,37(10):1~3.
[15]AACC.Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists[M].Saint Paul:American Association of Cereal Chemists,1976.
[16]Elahi M Y,Kargar H,Dindarlou M S,et al.The chemical composition and in vitro digestibility evaluation of almond tree(Prunus dulcis D.A.Webb syn.Prunus amygdalus;var.Shokoufeh)leaves versus hulls and green versus dry leaves as feed for ruminan[J].Agroforest Syst,2017,91:773~780.
[17]Krishnamoorthy U C,Sniffen C J,Stern M D,et al.Evaluation of mathematical of digestion and an in vitro simulation of rumen proteolysis to estimate the rumen undegraded nitrogen content of feedstuffs[J].Brit J Nut,1983,50(3):555~565.
[18]Mandalari G,Tomaino A,Arcoraci T,et al.Characterization of polyphenols,lipids and dietary fibre from almond skins(Amygdalus communis L.)[J].J Food Compos Anal,2010,23(2):166~174.
[19]Nocek J E.Bovine acidosis:implications on lameness[J].J Dairy Sci,1997,80:1005~1028.
[20]NRC.Nutrient requirement of dairy cattle(6th)[J].Washington D C:National Academy Press,1989,40~50.
[21]NRC.Nutrient requirement of dairy cattle(6th)[J].Washington DC:National Academy Press,2001,45~60.
[22]Sniffen C J,connor J D,an Soest P J,et al.A net caibo-hydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅱ.Carbohydrateand protein availability[J].J Animal Sci,1992,70(11):3562~3577.
[23]VanSoest P J,Sniffen C J,Mertens D R,et al.A net protein system for cattle:the rumen submodel for nitrogen[A].In:Owens F N.Protein requirements for cattle:proceedings of an international symposium[C].Stillwater:Oklahoma State University,1981:265.
[24]Van Amburgh M E,Collao-Saenz E A,Higgs R J,et al.The Cornell net carbohydrate andprotein system updates to the model and evaluation ofversion 6.5[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98:6361~6380.
[25]Van Soest P J,H Wine.Use of detergents in the analyses of fibrous feeds.Part IV.Determination of plant cell wall constituents[J].JAssoc Offi Anal Chem,1967,50:50~55.
[26]Zhou J H,Zou C X,Liang X W,et al.Evaluation of nutritive value of common roughages for guangxi water buffalo by Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2011,23(12):2190~2197.