《红楼梦》在日本的翻译与影响研究
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摘要
日本的《红楼梦》翻译始于1892年,至今已有126年历史,期间产生了至少38种译本,是中日文化交流史上的佳话。明治、大正、昭和前期、昭和后期、平成五个时期的译本诞生与各时期日本的诗学、政局、出版业状况及中国红学发展息息相关。《红楼梦》在中国经典地位的逐步确立、日本的中国白话文学研究传统、《红楼梦》与日本传统审美观的契合、读者热爱、出版社支持是产生如此众多译本的原因。松枝茂夫、伊藤漱平、井波陵一全译本三足鼎立的日译体系仍存在汉学家与作家、译入与译出、男女译者比例失衡的问题,需有新译本产生予以调和。这些译本一方面相互影响并为日本近当代作家的创作带来灵感,一方面与韩译本、英译本产生互动,为多语种、跨文化的《红楼梦》翻译研究提供了素材。
The translation of Dream of the Red Chamber in Japan began in 1892. Within 126 years,at least 38 versions have been produced,which is of great significance in the history of Sino-Japanese cultural communication. Translations in the five periods,the Meiji,the Taishō,the Early Shōwa,the Late Shōwa and the Heisei,are closely related to the development of Japanese poetry,political situation,publishing industry and Chinese Redology. The rendering of so many translations can be attributed to the gradual establishment of the canonical status of Dream of the Red Chamber in China,the research tradition of Chinese vernacular literature in Japan,the resonance between Dream of the Red Chamber and Japanese traditional aesthetics,the love from readers and the support of publishing houses. As for the three-pillar Japanese translation system of Matsueda Shigeo,Itō Sōhei and Inami Ryōichi,there are still imbalances between the sinologists and writers,between the out-bound and in-bound,and between the male and female translators,which needs to be reconciled by new translations. These translations have exerted influences on one other and brought inspirations to Japanese modern and contemporary writers' creation. Meanwhile they have interacted with Korean translations and English translations,providing materials for multilingual and cross-cultural translation studies of Dream of the Red Chamber.
The translation of Dream of the Red Chamber in Japan began in 1892. Within 126 years,at least 38 versions have been produced,which is of great significance in the history of Sino-Japanese cultural communication. Translations in the five periods,the Meiji,the Taishō,the Early Shōwa,the Late Shōwa and the Heisei,are closely related to the development of Japanese poetry,political situation,publishing industry and Chinese Redology. The rendering of so many translations can be attributed to the gradual establishment of the canonical status of Dream of the Red Chamber in China,the research tradition of Chinese vernacular literature in Japan,the resonance between Dream of the Red Chamber and Japanese traditional aesthetics,the love from readers and the support of publishing houses. As for the three-pillar Japanese translation system of Matsueda Shigeo,Itō Sōhei and Inami Ryōichi,there are still imbalances between the sinologists and writers,between the out-bound and in-bound,and between the male and female translators,which needs to be reconciled by new translations. These translations have exerted influences on one other and brought inspirations to Japanese modern and contemporary writers' creation. Meanwhile they have interacted with Korean translations and English translations,providing materials for multilingual and cross-cultural translation studies of Dream of the Red Chamber.
引文
Hawkes,D.1980.Preface[A].In X.Q.Cao.The Story of the Stone,also known as The Dream of the Red Chamber.Vol.3[M].London:Penguin.20.
Lefevere,A.1982.Mother courage’s cucumbers:Text,system and refraction in a theory of literature[J].Modern Language Studies 12(4):3-20.
井波律子,2009,『中国の五大小説』(下)[M]。東京:岩波書店。
小浜陵一,1978,デイヴィッド·ホークス訳曹雪芹<石頭記>[J],『中国文学報』(29):130-144。
塩谷温,1919,『支那文学概論講話』[M]。東京:大日本雄弁会。
坪内逍遥,2010,『小説神髄』[M]。東京:岩波書店。
松枝茂夫,1998,『松枝茂夫文集』(一)[M]。東京:研文出版。
森槐南,1892,紅楼夢論評[J],『早稲田文学』(27):1-9。
伊藤漱平,1997,二十一世纪红学展望--一个外国学者论述《红楼梦》的翻译问题[J],《红楼梦学刊》(增刊):16-29。
崔溶澈,2006,试论《红楼梦》的外文翻译--文化差异与韩文翻译[J],《红楼梦学刊》(6):266-282。
崔溶澈,2008,《红楼梦》的文化翻译--以韩国语译文为主[J],《红楼梦学刊》(5):131-149。
刘雨珍,2010,《清代首届驻日公使馆员笔谈资料汇编》[M]。天津:天津人民出版社。
1.本文将仅翻译了原著的某个或某几个片段、某回或某几回的译文视为摘译;完整翻译了全书的为全译本;篇幅介于摘译与全译之间,对所译原文基本不作增删和编辑的译本视为节译本,反之视为编译本;以其他语种译本而非中文原著为底本翻译的译本为转译本。鉴于《红楼梦》有80回本和120回本两大版本系统之分,将完整翻译了前80回的《国译汉文大成红楼梦》也视为全译本。为行文方便,文中多冠译者姓氏(或出版年份加姓氏)于译本前予以代称。
2 .幸田露伴并未全程参与翻译,但为译本撰写了解题,审校了译文并添加了30余条按语。
3 .日本人称《三国演义》为《三国志演义》或《三国志》。
4 .小浜是井波陵一旧姓。
5 .伊藤漱平的译者序言分布在第1、8、9、10册,但“大中华文库”本只采用和翻译了第1册的序言。且伊藤耗费巨大心血所做的注释均没有收入。该套书虽据伊藤后记选择了人民文学出版社出版的俞平伯《红楼梦八十回校本》作为汉语原文,却没有用1958年的版本,而用了1963年的修订本,可伊藤本的底本是1958年本,这就导致个别原文与译文对应不上。目前只有东京大学东洋文化研究所收藏了该套书。
Lefevere,A.1982.Mother courage’s cucumbers:Text,system and refraction in a theory of literature[J].Modern Language Studies 12(4):3-20.
井波律子,2009,『中国の五大小説』(下)[M]。東京:岩波書店。
小浜陵一,1978,デイヴィッド·ホークス訳曹雪芹<石頭記>[J],『中国文学報』(29):130-144。
塩谷温,1919,『支那文学概論講話』[M]。東京:大日本雄弁会。
坪内逍遥,2010,『小説神髄』[M]。東京:岩波書店。
松枝茂夫,1998,『松枝茂夫文集』(一)[M]。東京:研文出版。
森槐南,1892,紅楼夢論評[J],『早稲田文学』(27):1-9。
伊藤漱平,1997,二十一世纪红学展望--一个外国学者论述《红楼梦》的翻译问题[J],《红楼梦学刊》(增刊):16-29。
崔溶澈,2006,试论《红楼梦》的外文翻译--文化差异与韩文翻译[J],《红楼梦学刊》(6):266-282。
崔溶澈,2008,《红楼梦》的文化翻译--以韩国语译文为主[J],《红楼梦学刊》(5):131-149。
刘雨珍,2010,《清代首届驻日公使馆员笔谈资料汇编》[M]。天津:天津人民出版社。
1.本文将仅翻译了原著的某个或某几个片段、某回或某几回的译文视为摘译;完整翻译了全书的为全译本;篇幅介于摘译与全译之间,对所译原文基本不作增删和编辑的译本视为节译本,反之视为编译本;以其他语种译本而非中文原著为底本翻译的译本为转译本。鉴于《红楼梦》有80回本和120回本两大版本系统之分,将完整翻译了前80回的《国译汉文大成红楼梦》也视为全译本。为行文方便,文中多冠译者姓氏(或出版年份加姓氏)于译本前予以代称。
2 .幸田露伴并未全程参与翻译,但为译本撰写了解题,审校了译文并添加了30余条按语。
3 .日本人称《三国演义》为《三国志演义》或《三国志》。
4 .小浜是井波陵一旧姓。
5 .伊藤漱平的译者序言分布在第1、8、9、10册,但“大中华文库”本只采用和翻译了第1册的序言。且伊藤耗费巨大心血所做的注释均没有收入。该套书虽据伊藤后记选择了人民文学出版社出版的俞平伯《红楼梦八十回校本》作为汉语原文,却没有用1958年的版本,而用了1963年的修订本,可伊藤本的底本是1958年本,这就导致个别原文与译文对应不上。目前只有东京大学东洋文化研究所收藏了该套书。