典型草原露天煤矿区地下水环境演化机理研究
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摘要
伊敏露天煤矿位于中国东北部呼伦贝尔草原上,多年来的矿业活动对区域地下水环境造成严重影响,同时也给原本脆弱的草原生态环境带来威胁。文章以伊敏煤矿区地下水为研究对象,对比煤矿开采前(1973年)后(2016年)地下水系统的变化特征,运用流场对比、数理统计、Piper三线图、库尔洛夫式等对矿区地下水流场和水化学场的时空演化规律进行研究,以揭示强烈人工干预下草原矿区地下水与环境的相互作用机制。结果表明:露天煤矿开采活动使矿区地下水原生的还原环境变为氧化环境,煤层中的黄铁矿(FeS2)被氧化、产酸并引发后续一系列反应,其结果导致矿区地下水pH值降低,总硬度(TH)、SO2-4、Fe2+、Fe3+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子浓度升高;水化学类型由以HCO3—Na·Ca·Mg型为主演化为以HCO3·SO4—Na·Ca·Mg型为主;煤矿开采强烈疏排地下水加速了区域地下水循环速度,使地下水向着淡化方向发展,TDS、COD、Na++K+等均呈降低趋势。
The Yimin coal mine is located in the Hulunbuir Prairie in northeastern China.The development of the mineral exploration of many years has caused tremendous influence on the regional groundwater environment and also threatened the vulnerable prairie ecological system.In this paper,the groundwater system in the Yimin coal mine area is taken as the research object.Characteristics of the groundwater system before and after the mining are compared in order to reveal the interaction mechanism of groundwater and environment under the intensive manual intervention in a prairie mining area.A comprehensive study of the temporal and spatial evolution of groundwater flow system and geo-chemical characteristics in the coal mining area is carried out by means of groundwater flow field comparison,mathematical statistics,comparison of contour map and Piper diagrams.The results show that the open pit coal mining increases access of O2 to the subsurface and changes the original reduction environment into an oxidation environment,which facilitates sustained pyrite oxidation,acid production,and subsequent reactions.As a result,the pH value decreases,total hardness(TH) and concentrations of SO2-4,Fe2+,Fe3+,Ca2+ and Mg2+ increase significantly.Inaddition,the hydrochemical type of groundwater changes from HCO3—Na·Ca·Mg type to HCO3·SO4—Na·Ca·Mg type.Under the influence of groundwater drainage of the opencast coal mining,the groundwater circulation is accelerated,which leads to an evolution of desalination of groundwater,and the chemical indicators such as TDS,COD and Na++ K+show a decreasing trend in the coal mine area.
The Yimin coal mine is located in the Hulunbuir Prairie in northeastern China.The development of the mineral exploration of many years has caused tremendous influence on the regional groundwater environment and also threatened the vulnerable prairie ecological system.In this paper,the groundwater system in the Yimin coal mine area is taken as the research object.Characteristics of the groundwater system before and after the mining are compared in order to reveal the interaction mechanism of groundwater and environment under the intensive manual intervention in a prairie mining area.A comprehensive study of the temporal and spatial evolution of groundwater flow system and geo-chemical characteristics in the coal mining area is carried out by means of groundwater flow field comparison,mathematical statistics,comparison of contour map and Piper diagrams.The results show that the open pit coal mining increases access of O2 to the subsurface and changes the original reduction environment into an oxidation environment,which facilitates sustained pyrite oxidation,acid production,and subsequent reactions.As a result,the pH value decreases,total hardness(TH) and concentrations of SO2-4,Fe2+,Fe3+,Ca2+ and Mg2+ increase significantly.Inaddition,the hydrochemical type of groundwater changes from HCO3—Na·Ca·Mg type to HCO3·SO4—Na·Ca·Mg type.Under the influence of groundwater drainage of the opencast coal mining,the groundwater circulation is accelerated,which leads to an evolution of desalination of groundwater,and the chemical indicators such as TDS,COD and Na++ K+show a decreasing trend in the coal mine area.
引文
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[12]KARAN S K,SAMADDER S R,MAITI S K.Assessment of the capability of remote sensing and GIStechniques for monitoring reclamation success in coal mine degraded lands[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,182(1):272-283.
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[19]朱立博,王世新,王宇,等.呼伦贝尔草原保护的对策思考[J].草业与畜牧,2008(5):27-31.[ZHU L B,WANG S X,WANG Y,et al.Countermeasures for Hulun Buir grassland's protection[J].Journal of Grassland and Forage Science,2008(5):27-31.(in Chinese)]
[20]马永茂,鞠兴军.呼伦贝尔市矿山地质环境问题及防治措施[J].露天采矿技术,2012(1):85-88.[MA Y M,JU X J.Mining geological environment problems and prevention measures in Hulun Buir[J].Opencast Mining Technology,2012(1):85-88.(in Chinese)]
[21]姬广青.露天煤矿开采对地下水环境的影响研究-以伊敏一号露天矿为例[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2013.[JI G Q.Study of the impacts of strip mining on the groundwater environment一take YIMINNO.1 open pit as an example[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia University,2013.(in Chinese)]
[22]卓义,于凤鸣,包玉海.内蒙古伊敏露天煤矿生态环境遥感监测[J].内蒙古师大学报(自然汉文版),2007,36(3):358-362.[ZHUO Y,YU F M,BAO Y H.Remote sensing monitor of the ecological environment of the Yimin open coal Mine in Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2007,36(3):358-362.(in Chinese)]
[23]HU S,LUO T,JING C.Principal component analysis of fluoride geochemistry of groundwater in Shanxi and Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,135:124-129.
[24]冯海波.内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原露天煤矿区地下水系统演化研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2017.[FENG H B.Groundwater system evolution of the opencast coalmine area in Hulun Buir ptairie,Inner Mongolia,north China[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia University,2017.(in Chinese)]
[25]MEANS B,BEAM P G R,MERCER J.Analysis of hydrated lime consumption in circumneutral underground coal mine drainage treatment[J].Mine Water&the Environment,2015,34(1):10-19.
[26]GAMMONS C H,DUAIME T E,PARKER S R,et al.Geochemistry and stable isotope investigation of acid mine drainage associated with abandoned coal mines in central Montana,USA[J].Chemical Geology,2010,269(1/2):100-112.
[27]BURROWS J E,PETERS S C,III C A C.Temporal geochemical variations in above-and below-drainage coal mine discharge[J].Applied Geochemistry,2015,62:84-95.
[28]周强.中国煤中硫氮的赋存状态研究[J].煤质技术,2008,14(1):73-77.[ZHOU Q.Study on occurrence mode of sulfur and nitrogen in coal in China[J].Coal Quality Technology,2008,14(1):73-77.(in Chinese)]
[29]高连芬,刘桂建,Chou,等.中国煤中硫的地球化学研究[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2005,24(1):79-87.[GAO L F,LIU G J,CHOU C L,et al.The study of sulfur geochemistry in Chinese coals[J].Bulletlrl of Mneralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2005,24(1):79-87.(in Chinese)]
[30]RYUH Y G,DO H K,KIM K H,et al.Vertical hydrochemical stratification of groundwater in a monitoring well:Implications for groundwater monitoring on CO2leakage in geologic storage sites[J].Energy Procedia,2017,114:3863-3869.
[31]BLOWES D W,PTACEK C J,JAMBOR J L,et al.The Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage[J].Treatise on Geochemistry,2014:131-190.
[32]臧红飞,郑秀清,张永波,等.柳林泉域岩溶水中SO2-4的来源探讨[J].水文地质工程地质,2017,44(1):9-15.[ZANG H F,ZHENG X Q,ZHANGY B,et al.Source of SO2-4in karst groundwater in the Liulin spring area[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2017,44(1):9-15.(in Chinese)]
[33]李小倩,张彬,周爱国,等.酸性矿山废水对合山地下水污染的硫氧同位素示踪[J].水文地质工程地质,2014,41(6):103-109.[LI X Q,ZHANGB,ZHOU A G,et al.Using sulfur and oxygen isotopes of sulfate to track groundwater contamination from coal mine drainage in Heshan[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2014,41(6):103-109.(in Chinese)]
[2]HUISAMEN A,WOLKERSDORFER C.Modelling the hydrogeochemical evolution of mine water in a decommissioned opencast coal mine[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2016,164:3-12.
[3]宋晓猛,杨淼,刘勇,等.矿区地下水环境演化的模拟试验研究[J].金属矿山,2010(9):159-161.[SONG X M,YANG M,LIU Y,et al.Simulation experiment on groundwater environment evolution of coal mining district[J].Metal Mine,2010(9):159-161.(in Chinese)]
[4]许多涛.都江堰白依庵泥岩矿山开采的地下水环境效应研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2006.[XUD T.Study of groundwater environmental effect caused by the exploitation of Baiyi'an Mudstone Mine in Dujiangyan[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2006.(in Chinese)]
[5]尹国勋.矿山环境保护[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社,2010:15-16.[YIN G X.Mine environment protection[M].Beijing:China University of Mining and Technology Press,2010:15-16.(in Chinese)]
[6]朱君,张永波,安瑞瑞.露天煤矿开采后地下水疏干范围研究[J].人民黄河,2012,34(12):91-93.[ZHU J,ZHANG Y B,AN R R.Opencast coal mine drainage of the groundwater exploitation research scope[J].Yellow River,2012,34(12):91-93.(in Chinese)]
[7]ZAKIR H M,ISLAM M M,ARAFAT M Y,et al.Hydrogeochemistry and quality assessment of waters of an open coal mine area in a developing country:Acase study from Barapukuria,Bangladesh[J].International Journal of Geosciences Research,2013,1(1):20-44.
[8]NORDSTROM D K.Hydrogeochemical processes governing the origin,transport and fate of major and trace elements from mine wastes and mineralized rock to surface waters[J].Applied Geochemistry,2011,26(11):1777-1791.
[9]GIBERT O,RTTING T,CORTINA J L,et al.Insitu remediation of acid mine drainage using a permeable reactive barrier in Aznalcóllar(Sw Spain)[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,191(1):287-295.
[10]施南迪,董少刚.采用离石黄土原位修复煤矸石渗滤液污染地下水[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(10):1110-1117.[SHI N D,DONG S G.The study on repairing groundwater contamination polluted by coal gangue leachate by means of Lishi Loess[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(10):1110-1117.(in Chinese)]
[11]NORDSTROM D K,BLOWES D W,PTACEK C J.Hydrogeochemistry and microbiology of mine drainage:An update[J].Applied Geochemistry,2015,57:3-16.
[12]KARAN S K,SAMADDER S R,MAITI S K.Assessment of the capability of remote sensing and GIStechniques for monitoring reclamation success in coal mine degraded lands[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,182(1):272-283.
[13]PINETOWN K L,WARD C R,WESTHUIZEN W AV D.Quantitative evaluation of minerals in coal deposits in the Witbank and Highveld Coalfields,and the potential impact on acid mine drainage[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2007,70(1/2/3):166-183.
[14]UTOM A U,ODOH B I,EGBOKA B C E.Assessment of hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater quality in the vicinity of Okpara coal and Obwetti fireclay mines,near Enugu town,Nigeria[J].Applied Water Science,2013,3(1):271-283.
[15]GOMO M,VERMEULEN D.Hydrogeochemical characteristics of a flooded underground coal mine groundwater system[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,2014,92(4):68-75.
[16]EQUEENUDDIN S M,TRIPATHY S,SAHOO P K,et al.Hydrogeochemical characteristics of acid mine drainage and water pollution at Makum Coalfield,India[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2010,105(3):75-82.
[17]SUN J,TANG C,WU P,et al.Hydrogeochemical characteristics of streams with and without acid mine drainage impacts:A paired catchment study in karst geology,SW China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,504(22):115-124.
[18]黄学文,王明莹,李杰,等.呼伦贝尔草地野生禾本科牧草生态地理区系研究[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2013,45(2):107-111.[HUANGX W,WANG M Y,LI J,et al.Study on the ecological and geographical flora of wild gramineous grass in Hulunber steppe[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2013,45(2):107-111.(in Chinese)]
[19]朱立博,王世新,王宇,等.呼伦贝尔草原保护的对策思考[J].草业与畜牧,2008(5):27-31.[ZHU L B,WANG S X,WANG Y,et al.Countermeasures for Hulun Buir grassland's protection[J].Journal of Grassland and Forage Science,2008(5):27-31.(in Chinese)]
[20]马永茂,鞠兴军.呼伦贝尔市矿山地质环境问题及防治措施[J].露天采矿技术,2012(1):85-88.[MA Y M,JU X J.Mining geological environment problems and prevention measures in Hulun Buir[J].Opencast Mining Technology,2012(1):85-88.(in Chinese)]
[21]姬广青.露天煤矿开采对地下水环境的影响研究-以伊敏一号露天矿为例[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2013.[JI G Q.Study of the impacts of strip mining on the groundwater environment一take YIMINNO.1 open pit as an example[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia University,2013.(in Chinese)]
[22]卓义,于凤鸣,包玉海.内蒙古伊敏露天煤矿生态环境遥感监测[J].内蒙古师大学报(自然汉文版),2007,36(3):358-362.[ZHUO Y,YU F M,BAO Y H.Remote sensing monitor of the ecological environment of the Yimin open coal Mine in Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2007,36(3):358-362.(in Chinese)]
[23]HU S,LUO T,JING C.Principal component analysis of fluoride geochemistry of groundwater in Shanxi and Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,135:124-129.
[24]冯海波.内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原露天煤矿区地下水系统演化研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2017.[FENG H B.Groundwater system evolution of the opencast coalmine area in Hulun Buir ptairie,Inner Mongolia,north China[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia University,2017.(in Chinese)]
[25]MEANS B,BEAM P G R,MERCER J.Analysis of hydrated lime consumption in circumneutral underground coal mine drainage treatment[J].Mine Water&the Environment,2015,34(1):10-19.
[26]GAMMONS C H,DUAIME T E,PARKER S R,et al.Geochemistry and stable isotope investigation of acid mine drainage associated with abandoned coal mines in central Montana,USA[J].Chemical Geology,2010,269(1/2):100-112.
[27]BURROWS J E,PETERS S C,III C A C.Temporal geochemical variations in above-and below-drainage coal mine discharge[J].Applied Geochemistry,2015,62:84-95.
[28]周强.中国煤中硫氮的赋存状态研究[J].煤质技术,2008,14(1):73-77.[ZHOU Q.Study on occurrence mode of sulfur and nitrogen in coal in China[J].Coal Quality Technology,2008,14(1):73-77.(in Chinese)]
[29]高连芬,刘桂建,Chou,等.中国煤中硫的地球化学研究[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2005,24(1):79-87.[GAO L F,LIU G J,CHOU C L,et al.The study of sulfur geochemistry in Chinese coals[J].Bulletlrl of Mneralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2005,24(1):79-87.(in Chinese)]
[30]RYUH Y G,DO H K,KIM K H,et al.Vertical hydrochemical stratification of groundwater in a monitoring well:Implications for groundwater monitoring on CO2leakage in geologic storage sites[J].Energy Procedia,2017,114:3863-3869.
[31]BLOWES D W,PTACEK C J,JAMBOR J L,et al.The Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage[J].Treatise on Geochemistry,2014:131-190.
[32]臧红飞,郑秀清,张永波,等.柳林泉域岩溶水中SO2-4的来源探讨[J].水文地质工程地质,2017,44(1):9-15.[ZANG H F,ZHENG X Q,ZHANGY B,et al.Source of SO2-4in karst groundwater in the Liulin spring area[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2017,44(1):9-15.(in Chinese)]
[33]李小倩,张彬,周爱国,等.酸性矿山废水对合山地下水污染的硫氧同位素示踪[J].水文地质工程地质,2014,41(6):103-109.[LI X Q,ZHANGB,ZHOU A G,et al.Using sulfur and oxygen isotopes of sulfate to track groundwater contamination from coal mine drainage in Heshan[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2014,41(6):103-109.(in Chinese)]