运动生理学的学科起源——基于骨骼肌相关研究的追溯
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摘要
追溯第1本运动生理学教材(1889年)出版以前有关骨骼肌结构功能、收缩特征、随意运动以及疲劳的研究,从学科知识体系角度进行回顾与总结,认为早期生理学中以骨骼肌和运动为对象的相关研究与现代运动生理学基础知识体系是一脉相承的,是运动生理学知识体系的逻辑起点。在生理学发展的进程中,骨骼肌的研究经历了从普通生理学对骨骼肌形态结构的认知,到专门性研究对肌肉收缩本质生物电的掌握,从比较生理学对骨骼肌疲劳与工作效率的研究,到运动生理学知识的不断丰富和发展,这一历程揭示了普通生理学和比较生理学对运动生理学的产生具有重要推动作用。本研究回顾骨骼肌研究过程中生动的历史材料,再现学者尊重事实,敢于创新,勇于争论的研究历程,可启发后人的创造精神,促进运动生理学学科发展。
This article traces the previous research on skeletal muscle structure function,contraction characteristics,voluntary movement and fatigue before the publication of the first textbook Exercise Physiology(1889). Reviewing and summarizing it from the perspective of disciplinary knowledge system,we believe that the related research on skeletal muscle and exercise in early physiology is in line with the basic knowledge system of modern exercise physiology,and is the logical starting point of the knowledge system of exercise physiology. In the process of physiological development,the study of skeletal muscle has experienced the understanding of skeletal muscle morphological structure from general physiology,to the special study of muscle contraction essential bioelectricity,and the study of skeletal muscle fatigue and work efficiency from comparative physiology,to the continuous enrichment and development of exercise physiology,this process reveals that general physiology and comparative physiology play an important role in promoting the development of exercise physiology. This study traces the vivid historical materials in the process of skeletal muscle research,reproduces the scholars' respect for the facts,dares to innovate,and dares to debate the research process,which can inspire the creative spirit of future generations and promote the development of sports physiology.
This article traces the previous research on skeletal muscle structure function,contraction characteristics,voluntary movement and fatigue before the publication of the first textbook Exercise Physiology(1889). Reviewing and summarizing it from the perspective of disciplinary knowledge system,we believe that the related research on skeletal muscle and exercise in early physiology is in line with the basic knowledge system of modern exercise physiology,and is the logical starting point of the knowledge system of exercise physiology. In the process of physiological development,the study of skeletal muscle has experienced the understanding of skeletal muscle morphological structure from general physiology,to the special study of muscle contraction essential bioelectricity,and the study of skeletal muscle fatigue and work efficiency from comparative physiology,to the continuous enrichment and development of exercise physiology,this process reveals that general physiology and comparative physiology play an important role in promoting the development of exercise physiology. This study traces the vivid historical materials in the process of skeletal muscle research,reproduces the scholars' respect for the facts,dares to innovate,and dares to debate the research process,which can inspire the creative spirit of future generations and promote the development of sports physiology.
引文
[1]威廉·哈维.心血运动论[M].田洺,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
[2]威廉·哈维.心血运动论[M].何西,译.南京:江苏人民出版社,2011.
[3]姚泰,赵志奇,朱大年.人体生理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2015.
[4]王庭槐.生理学[M].北京:北京高等教育出版社,2015.
[5]陈守良.动物生理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2012.
[6]王瑞元,苏全生.运动生理学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2015.
[7]王步标,华明.运动生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2011.
[8]邓树勋,王健,乔德才.运动生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2015.
[9]田野.运动生理学高级教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[10]杨锡让.运动生理学学科现状与进展[J].北京体育大学学报,2004(09):1153-1158.
[11]王瑞元,杨锡让,刘柏,等.运动生理学的现状与展望[J].北京体育大学学报,1994(04):50-57.
[12]侯怀银,刘光艳.中国教育学学科体系的构建及其特征:以20世纪下半叶为中心[J].华中师范大学学报:人文社会科学版,2006(02):126-134.
[13]杨开城,李向荣,张晓英.论教育研究的科学性问题[J].清华大学教育研究,2010,31(05):66-71.
[14] TURNER W. Remarks on the Musculus Kerato-Cricoideus,a Muscle of the Larynx(Merkel's Muscle)[J].Edinb Med J,1860,5(8):744-746.
[15] TURNER W.On Irregularities of the Omo-Hyoid Muscle;with Remarks upon Their Bearings on the Surgical Anatomy of the Muscle[J].Edinb Med J,1861,6(11):982-986.
[16] TURNER W.The Trachealis Muscle of Man and Animals[J].J Anat Physiol,1883,17(2):204-206.
[17] MACNAMARA C.On the Minute Anatomy of Muscle[J].Ind Med Gaz,1866,1(9):237-238.
[18] ABBEY W.The Minute Anatomy of Muscle,and the Staining Action of Aniline[J].Ind Med Gaz,1867,2(1):21-22.
[19] NEWMAN D.New Theory of Contraction of Striated Muscle,and Demonstration of the Composition of the Broad Dark Bands[J].J Anat Physiol,1879,13(4):549-576.
[20] WAGSTAFFE W W.Description of an Accessory Muscle in connection with the Popliteus[J].J Anat Physiol,1871,6(1):214-215.
[21] DOBSON G E.Note on the Rectus Abdominis et Sternalis Muscle[J].J Anat Physiol,1882,17(1):84-85.
[22] WEST S H.A Peculiar Digastric Muscle-a Variety of the Occipito-Hyoid[J].J Anat Physiol,1873,8(1):150-151.
[23] BELLAMY E.Note on the Absence of the Quadratus Femoris Muscle and on a Spine possessing a Sixth Lumbar Vertebra,the First Rib being Rudimentary[J].J Anat Physiol,1874,9(1):185-186.
[24] THIN G. On the Minute Anatomy of Muscle and Tendon,and Some Notes Regarding the Structure of the Cornea[J].Edinb Med J,1874,20(3):238-251.
[25] NORRIS R.Researches on Muscular Irritability and the Relations which exist between Muscle,Nerve and Blood[J].J Anat Physiol,1867,1(2):217-236.
[26] NORRIS C B. Dynamics of Nerve and Muscle[J].Br Med J,1871,2(553):150-151.
[27] RUTHERFORD W.Electrotonus[J].J Anat Physiol,1868,2(1):87-103.
[28] BRUNTON T L,FERRIER D. Report on the Progress of Physiology[J].J Anat Physiol,1871,6(1):218-248.
[29] ROMANES G J. Observations on the Galvanic Excitation of Nerve and Muscle,with special reference to the modification of the Excitability of Motor Nerves produced by Injury[J].J Anat Physiol,1876,10(4):707-734.
[30] BURDON-SANDERSON J.A Report on Prof. L.Hermann's recent Researches on the Electro-motive Properties of Muscle[J].J Physiol,1878,1(2-3):196-212.
[31] CASH J T. The Relationship between the Muscle and its Contraction[J].J Anat Physiol,1881,15(3):431-445.
[32] YEO G F.On the Normal Duration and Significance of the"Latent Period of Excitation"in Muscle-contraction[J].J Physiol,1888,9(5-6):396-453.
[33] WILSON W H. Note on the Time Relations of Stimulation of the Optic Lobes of the Frog[J].The Journal of physiology,1890,11(6):504-508.
[34] YEO G F,CASH T. On the Relation between the Active Phases of Contraction and the Latent Period of Skeletal Muscle[J].J Physiol,1883,4(2-3):198-221.
[35] YEO G F,HERROUN E F.The Minimal Interval at which the summation of two Maximal Stimuli occurs in Striated Muscle[J].J Physiol,1885,6(3):122-132.
[36] HOISHOLT A W.Is the Nervous Impulse delayed in the Motor Nerve Terminations?[J].The Journal of physiology,1885,6(1-2):1-21.
[37] PUTNAM J J.Description of a Modified Pendulum-Myograph[J].The Journal of physiology,1879,2(3):206-208.
[38] HENRY W C.A Critical and Experimental Inquiry into the Relations Subsisting between Nerve and Muscle[J].Edinb Med Surg J,1832,37(110):11-20.
[39] HORSLEY V,SCHAFER E A. Experiments on the character of the Muscular Contractions which are evoked by Excitation of the various parts of the Motor Tract[J].The Journal of physiology,1886,7(2):96-110.
[40] CUNNIGHAM D J.The Relation of Nerve-Supply to Muscle-Homology[J].J Anat Physiol,1881,16(1):1-9.
[41] FHERROUN E,YEO G F. Note on the Sound accompanying the Single Contraction of Skeletal Muscle[J].J Physiol,1885,6(4-5):287-292.
[42] SCHAFER E A.On the Rhythm of Muscular Response to Volitional Impulses in Man[J].The Journal of physiology,1886,7(2):111-117.
[43] HAUGHTON S. Observations on the Rate at Which Muscular Action Takes Place,and on the Quantity of Work Stored up in Muscle Deducible from That Rate[J].Br Foreign Med Chir Rev,1863,31(61):276-279.
[44] HAUGHTON S.On the Natural Laws of Muscular Exertion[J].Nature,1871,3:289.
[45] NIPHJER F E. On the Mechanical Work done in exhausting a Muscle[J].Nature,1875(12):271-272.
[46] HINRICHS G. The Law of Muscular Exhaustion and Restoration[J].Nature,1875(1):426-427.
[47] RINGER S. Regarding the Action of Lime Potassium and Sodium Salts on Skeletal Muscle[J].J Physiol,1887,8(1):20-24.
[48] RINGER S,BUXTON D W. Upon the Similarity and Dissimilarity of the behaviour of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle when brought into relation with Solutions containing Sodium,Calcium and Potassium Salts[J].J Physiol,1887,8(5):288-295.
[49] SANDERSON J B,GOTCH F. On the Electrical Organ of the Skate[J].The Journal of physiology,1888,9(2-3):137-166.
[50] FEHLING H.The quantitative determination of sugar and starch by means of copper sulfate[J]. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie,1849,72(1):116-113.
[51] MCDONNELL R.On the Recent Researches Concerning the Sugar of Muscle[J].J Anat Physiol,1867,1(2):275-280.
[52] GASKELL W H.Preliminary Note of further Investigations upon the Vaso-motor Nerves of Striated Muscle[J].J Physiol,1878,1(1):108.
[53] HALLIBURTON W D. On Muscle-Plasma[J].J Physiol,1887,8(3-4):133-202.
[54] BRUNTON T L,CASH J T. On the Circumstances which modify the Action of Caffeine and Theine upon Voluntary Muscle[J].J Physiol,1888,9(2-3):112-136.
[55] ROUGET M. Progress of Medical Science[J].British medical journal,1867,2(347):150-151.
[56] MOSSO A. Ueber die Gesetze der Ermudung.Untersuchungen an Muskeln des Menschen[J]. Arch. f. Physiol,1890:89-168.
[2]威廉·哈维.心血运动论[M].何西,译.南京:江苏人民出版社,2011.
[3]姚泰,赵志奇,朱大年.人体生理学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2015.
[4]王庭槐.生理学[M].北京:北京高等教育出版社,2015.
[5]陈守良.动物生理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2012.
[6]王瑞元,苏全生.运动生理学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2015.
[7]王步标,华明.运动生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2011.
[8]邓树勋,王健,乔德才.运动生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2015.
[9]田野.运动生理学高级教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[10]杨锡让.运动生理学学科现状与进展[J].北京体育大学学报,2004(09):1153-1158.
[11]王瑞元,杨锡让,刘柏,等.运动生理学的现状与展望[J].北京体育大学学报,1994(04):50-57.
[12]侯怀银,刘光艳.中国教育学学科体系的构建及其特征:以20世纪下半叶为中心[J].华中师范大学学报:人文社会科学版,2006(02):126-134.
[13]杨开城,李向荣,张晓英.论教育研究的科学性问题[J].清华大学教育研究,2010,31(05):66-71.
[14] TURNER W. Remarks on the Musculus Kerato-Cricoideus,a Muscle of the Larynx(Merkel's Muscle)[J].Edinb Med J,1860,5(8):744-746.
[15] TURNER W.On Irregularities of the Omo-Hyoid Muscle;with Remarks upon Their Bearings on the Surgical Anatomy of the Muscle[J].Edinb Med J,1861,6(11):982-986.
[16] TURNER W.The Trachealis Muscle of Man and Animals[J].J Anat Physiol,1883,17(2):204-206.
[17] MACNAMARA C.On the Minute Anatomy of Muscle[J].Ind Med Gaz,1866,1(9):237-238.
[18] ABBEY W.The Minute Anatomy of Muscle,and the Staining Action of Aniline[J].Ind Med Gaz,1867,2(1):21-22.
[19] NEWMAN D.New Theory of Contraction of Striated Muscle,and Demonstration of the Composition of the Broad Dark Bands[J].J Anat Physiol,1879,13(4):549-576.
[20] WAGSTAFFE W W.Description of an Accessory Muscle in connection with the Popliteus[J].J Anat Physiol,1871,6(1):214-215.
[21] DOBSON G E.Note on the Rectus Abdominis et Sternalis Muscle[J].J Anat Physiol,1882,17(1):84-85.
[22] WEST S H.A Peculiar Digastric Muscle-a Variety of the Occipito-Hyoid[J].J Anat Physiol,1873,8(1):150-151.
[23] BELLAMY E.Note on the Absence of the Quadratus Femoris Muscle and on a Spine possessing a Sixth Lumbar Vertebra,the First Rib being Rudimentary[J].J Anat Physiol,1874,9(1):185-186.
[24] THIN G. On the Minute Anatomy of Muscle and Tendon,and Some Notes Regarding the Structure of the Cornea[J].Edinb Med J,1874,20(3):238-251.
[25] NORRIS R.Researches on Muscular Irritability and the Relations which exist between Muscle,Nerve and Blood[J].J Anat Physiol,1867,1(2):217-236.
[26] NORRIS C B. Dynamics of Nerve and Muscle[J].Br Med J,1871,2(553):150-151.
[27] RUTHERFORD W.Electrotonus[J].J Anat Physiol,1868,2(1):87-103.
[28] BRUNTON T L,FERRIER D. Report on the Progress of Physiology[J].J Anat Physiol,1871,6(1):218-248.
[29] ROMANES G J. Observations on the Galvanic Excitation of Nerve and Muscle,with special reference to the modification of the Excitability of Motor Nerves produced by Injury[J].J Anat Physiol,1876,10(4):707-734.
[30] BURDON-SANDERSON J.A Report on Prof. L.Hermann's recent Researches on the Electro-motive Properties of Muscle[J].J Physiol,1878,1(2-3):196-212.
[31] CASH J T. The Relationship between the Muscle and its Contraction[J].J Anat Physiol,1881,15(3):431-445.
[32] YEO G F.On the Normal Duration and Significance of the"Latent Period of Excitation"in Muscle-contraction[J].J Physiol,1888,9(5-6):396-453.
[33] WILSON W H. Note on the Time Relations of Stimulation of the Optic Lobes of the Frog[J].The Journal of physiology,1890,11(6):504-508.
[34] YEO G F,CASH T. On the Relation between the Active Phases of Contraction and the Latent Period of Skeletal Muscle[J].J Physiol,1883,4(2-3):198-221.
[35] YEO G F,HERROUN E F.The Minimal Interval at which the summation of two Maximal Stimuli occurs in Striated Muscle[J].J Physiol,1885,6(3):122-132.
[36] HOISHOLT A W.Is the Nervous Impulse delayed in the Motor Nerve Terminations?[J].The Journal of physiology,1885,6(1-2):1-21.
[37] PUTNAM J J.Description of a Modified Pendulum-Myograph[J].The Journal of physiology,1879,2(3):206-208.
[38] HENRY W C.A Critical and Experimental Inquiry into the Relations Subsisting between Nerve and Muscle[J].Edinb Med Surg J,1832,37(110):11-20.
[39] HORSLEY V,SCHAFER E A. Experiments on the character of the Muscular Contractions which are evoked by Excitation of the various parts of the Motor Tract[J].The Journal of physiology,1886,7(2):96-110.
[40] CUNNIGHAM D J.The Relation of Nerve-Supply to Muscle-Homology[J].J Anat Physiol,1881,16(1):1-9.
[41] FHERROUN E,YEO G F. Note on the Sound accompanying the Single Contraction of Skeletal Muscle[J].J Physiol,1885,6(4-5):287-292.
[42] SCHAFER E A.On the Rhythm of Muscular Response to Volitional Impulses in Man[J].The Journal of physiology,1886,7(2):111-117.
[43] HAUGHTON S. Observations on the Rate at Which Muscular Action Takes Place,and on the Quantity of Work Stored up in Muscle Deducible from That Rate[J].Br Foreign Med Chir Rev,1863,31(61):276-279.
[44] HAUGHTON S.On the Natural Laws of Muscular Exertion[J].Nature,1871,3:289.
[45] NIPHJER F E. On the Mechanical Work done in exhausting a Muscle[J].Nature,1875(12):271-272.
[46] HINRICHS G. The Law of Muscular Exhaustion and Restoration[J].Nature,1875(1):426-427.
[47] RINGER S. Regarding the Action of Lime Potassium and Sodium Salts on Skeletal Muscle[J].J Physiol,1887,8(1):20-24.
[48] RINGER S,BUXTON D W. Upon the Similarity and Dissimilarity of the behaviour of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle when brought into relation with Solutions containing Sodium,Calcium and Potassium Salts[J].J Physiol,1887,8(5):288-295.
[49] SANDERSON J B,GOTCH F. On the Electrical Organ of the Skate[J].The Journal of physiology,1888,9(2-3):137-166.
[50] FEHLING H.The quantitative determination of sugar and starch by means of copper sulfate[J]. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie,1849,72(1):116-113.
[51] MCDONNELL R.On the Recent Researches Concerning the Sugar of Muscle[J].J Anat Physiol,1867,1(2):275-280.
[52] GASKELL W H.Preliminary Note of further Investigations upon the Vaso-motor Nerves of Striated Muscle[J].J Physiol,1878,1(1):108.
[53] HALLIBURTON W D. On Muscle-Plasma[J].J Physiol,1887,8(3-4):133-202.
[54] BRUNTON T L,CASH J T. On the Circumstances which modify the Action of Caffeine and Theine upon Voluntary Muscle[J].J Physiol,1888,9(2-3):112-136.
[55] ROUGET M. Progress of Medical Science[J].British medical journal,1867,2(347):150-151.
[56] MOSSO A. Ueber die Gesetze der Ermudung.Untersuchungen an Muskeln des Menschen[J]. Arch. f. Physiol,1890:89-168.