介入治疗胃静脉曲张:过去、现在和将来
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摘要
<正>门静脉高压患者胃静脉曲张(gastric varices,GV)发病率约为20%,包括孤立性胃静脉曲张(isolated gastric varices,IGV)和胃静脉合并食管静脉曲张(esophageal varices,EV)。食管胃静脉曲张是肝硬化门静脉高压的重要并发症,其发病率与肝脏代偿功能有关,在Child-Pugh A级患者中,食管胃静脉曲张的发病率达40%,在Child-Pugh C级患者则达到80%~([1])。食管胃静脉曲张每年破裂出血的风
引文
[1]Sarin SK,Kumar A.Endoscopic treatment of gastric varices[J].Clin Liver Dis,2014,18(4):809-827.
[2]Graham DY,Smith JL.The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage[J].Gastroenterology,1981,80(4):800-809.
[3]El-Serag HB,Everhart JE.Improved survival after variceal hemorrhage over an 11-year period in the Department of Veterans Affairs[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2000,95(12):3566-3573.
[4]D'Amico G.Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis.Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators[J].Hepatology,2003,38(3):599-612.
[5]Carbonell N,Pauwels A,Serfaty L,et al.Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades[J].Hepatology,2004,40(3):652-659.
[6]Garcia-Pagán JC,Barrufet M,Cardenas A,et al.Management of gastric varices[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2014,12(6):919-928.
[7]Sarin SK,Lahoti D,Saxena SP,et al.Prevalence,classification and natural history of gastric varices:A long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients[J].Hepatology,1992,16(6):1343-1349.
[8]Tripathi D,Stanley AJ,Hayes PC,et al.UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients[J].Gut,2015,64(11):1680-1704.
[9]de Franchis R,Baveno VI Faculty.Expanding consensus in portal hypertension:Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop:Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension[J].JHepatol,2015,63(3):743-752.
[10]Garcia-Tsao G,Abraldes JG,Berzigotti A,et al.Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis:Risk stratification,diagnosis,and management:2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases[J].Hepatology,2017,65(1):310-335.
[11]中华医学会肝病学分会,中华医学会消化病学分会,中华医学会内镜学分会.肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治指南(2015)[J].中国肝脏病杂志,2016,8(1):1-18.
[12]Saad WE.Vascular anatomy and the morphologic and hemodynamic classifications of gastric varices and spontaneous portosystemic shunts relevant to the BRTO procedure[J].Tech Vasc Interv Radiol,2013,16(2):60-100.
[13]Lopera JE.Gastric varices[J].Radiographics,2013,33(1):100-101.
[14]Ibukuro K,Tsukiyama T,Mori K,et al.Precaval draining vein from paraesophageal varices:radiologic-anatomic correlation[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,1999,172(3):651-654.
[15]Boyer TD,Haskal ZJ,American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)in the management of portal hypertension:update 2009[J].Hepatology,2010,51(1):306.
[16]R觟sch J,Uchida BT,Putnam JS,et al.Experimental intrahepatic portacaval anastomosis:use of expandable Gianturco stents[J].Radiology,1987,162(2):481-485.
[17]LaBerge JM,Ring EJ,Gordon RL.Percutaneous intrahepatic portosystemic shunt created via a femoral vein approach[J].Radiology,1991,181(3):679-681.
[18]Ring EJ,Lake JR,Roberts JP,et al.Using transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts to control variceal bleeding before liver transplantation[J].Ann Intern Med,1992,116(4):304-309.
[19]LaBerge JM,Ring EJ,Lake JR,et al.Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts:preliminary results in 25 patients[J].J Vasc Surg,1992,16(2):258-267.
[20]LaBerge JM,Ring EJ,Gordon RL,et al.Creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with the wallstent endoprosthesis:results in 100 patients[J].Radiology,1993,187(2):413-420.
[21]Sahagun G,Benner KG,Saxon R,et al.Outcome of 100 patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for variceal hemorrhage[J].Am J Gastroenterol,1997,92(9):1444-1452.
[22]Chau TN,Patch D,Chan YW,et al."Salvage"transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts:gastric fundal compared with esophageal variceal bleeding[J].Gastroenterology,1998,114(5):981-987.
[23]Tripathi D,Therapondos G,Jackson E,et al.The role of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt(TIPSS)in the management of bleeding gastric varices:clinical and haemodynamic correlations[J].Gut,2002,51(2):270-274.
[24]Mahadeva S,Bellamy MC,Kessel D,et al.Cost-effectiveness of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate(histoacryl)glue injections versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the management of acute gastric variceal bleeding[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2003,98(12):2688-2693.
[25]Procaccini NJ,Al-Osaimi AM,Northup P,et al.Endoscopic cyanoacrylate versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for gastric variceal bleeding:A single-center US analysis[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2009,70(5):881-887.
[26]Lo GH,Liang HL,Chen WC,et al.A prospective,randomized controlled trial of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus cyanoacrylate injection in the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding[J].Endoscopy,2007,39(8):679-685.
[27]Procaccini NJ,Al-Osaimi AM,Northup P,et al.Endoscopic cyanoacrylate versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for gastric variceal bleeding:A single-center US analysis[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2009,70(5):881-887.
[28]Yu JZ,Wang XZ,Jiang MS,et al.Comparison of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)alone and combined with embolisation for the management of cardiofundal varices:Aretrospective study[J].Eur Radiol,2019,29(2):699-706.
[29]Kanagawa H,Mima S,Kouyama H,et al.Treatment of gastric fundal varices by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,1996,11(1):51-58.
[30]Hirota S,Matsumoto S,Tomita M,et al.Retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices[J].Radiology,1999,211(2):349-356.
[31]Saad WE,Darcy MD.Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)versus balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration(BRTO)for the management of gastric varices[J].Semin Intervent Radiol,2011,28(3):339-349.
[32]Olson E,Yune HY,Klatte EC.Transrenal-vein reflux ethanol sclerosis of gastroesophageal varices[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,1984,143(3):627-628.
[33]Choi YH,Yoon CJ,Park JH,et al.Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for gastric variceal bleeding:its feasibility compared with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt[J].Korean J Radiol,2003,4(2):109-116.
[34]Hong CH,Kim HJ,Park JH,et al.Treatment of patients with gastric variceal hemorrhage:endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2009,24(3):372-378.
[35]Jang SY,Kim GH,Park SY,et al.Clinical outcomes of balloonoccluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for the treatment of gastric variceal hemorrhage in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis:A retrospective multicenter study[J].Clin Mol Hepatol,2012,18(4):368-374.
[36]Cho SK,Shin SW,Lee IH,et al.Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices:outcomes and complications in 49 patients[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007,189(6):W365-W372.
[37]Luo XF,Ma HY,Yu JZ,et al.Efficacy and safety of balloonoccluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices with lauromacrogol foam sclerotherapy:initial experience[J].Abdom Radiol(NY),2018,43(7):1820-1824.
[38]Park JK,Saab S,Kee ST,et al.Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration(BRTO)for treatment of gastric varices:review and meta-analysis[J].Dig Dis Sci,2015,60(6):1543-1553.
[39]Wang YB,Zhang JY,Gong JP,et al.Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for treatment of gastric varices due to portal hypertension:A meta-analysis[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2016,31(4):727-733.
[40]Kim SK,Lee KA,Sauk S,et al.Comparison of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with covered stent and balloonoccluded retrograde transvenous obliteration in managing isolated gastric varices[J].Korean J Radiol,2017,18(2):345-354.
[41]Lee SJ,Kim SU,Kim MD,et al.Comparison of treatment outcomes between balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for gastric variceal bleeding hemostasis[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2017,32(8):1487-1494.
[2]Graham DY,Smith JL.The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage[J].Gastroenterology,1981,80(4):800-809.
[3]El-Serag HB,Everhart JE.Improved survival after variceal hemorrhage over an 11-year period in the Department of Veterans Affairs[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2000,95(12):3566-3573.
[4]D'Amico G.Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis.Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators[J].Hepatology,2003,38(3):599-612.
[5]Carbonell N,Pauwels A,Serfaty L,et al.Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades[J].Hepatology,2004,40(3):652-659.
[6]Garcia-Pagán JC,Barrufet M,Cardenas A,et al.Management of gastric varices[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2014,12(6):919-928.
[7]Sarin SK,Lahoti D,Saxena SP,et al.Prevalence,classification and natural history of gastric varices:A long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients[J].Hepatology,1992,16(6):1343-1349.
[8]Tripathi D,Stanley AJ,Hayes PC,et al.UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients[J].Gut,2015,64(11):1680-1704.
[9]de Franchis R,Baveno VI Faculty.Expanding consensus in portal hypertension:Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop:Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension[J].JHepatol,2015,63(3):743-752.
[10]Garcia-Tsao G,Abraldes JG,Berzigotti A,et al.Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis:Risk stratification,diagnosis,and management:2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases[J].Hepatology,2017,65(1):310-335.
[11]中华医学会肝病学分会,中华医学会消化病学分会,中华医学会内镜学分会.肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治指南(2015)[J].中国肝脏病杂志,2016,8(1):1-18.
[12]Saad WE.Vascular anatomy and the morphologic and hemodynamic classifications of gastric varices and spontaneous portosystemic shunts relevant to the BRTO procedure[J].Tech Vasc Interv Radiol,2013,16(2):60-100.
[13]Lopera JE.Gastric varices[J].Radiographics,2013,33(1):100-101.
[14]Ibukuro K,Tsukiyama T,Mori K,et al.Precaval draining vein from paraesophageal varices:radiologic-anatomic correlation[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,1999,172(3):651-654.
[15]Boyer TD,Haskal ZJ,American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)in the management of portal hypertension:update 2009[J].Hepatology,2010,51(1):306.
[16]R觟sch J,Uchida BT,Putnam JS,et al.Experimental intrahepatic portacaval anastomosis:use of expandable Gianturco stents[J].Radiology,1987,162(2):481-485.
[17]LaBerge JM,Ring EJ,Gordon RL.Percutaneous intrahepatic portosystemic shunt created via a femoral vein approach[J].Radiology,1991,181(3):679-681.
[18]Ring EJ,Lake JR,Roberts JP,et al.Using transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts to control variceal bleeding before liver transplantation[J].Ann Intern Med,1992,116(4):304-309.
[19]LaBerge JM,Ring EJ,Lake JR,et al.Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts:preliminary results in 25 patients[J].J Vasc Surg,1992,16(2):258-267.
[20]LaBerge JM,Ring EJ,Gordon RL,et al.Creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with the wallstent endoprosthesis:results in 100 patients[J].Radiology,1993,187(2):413-420.
[21]Sahagun G,Benner KG,Saxon R,et al.Outcome of 100 patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for variceal hemorrhage[J].Am J Gastroenterol,1997,92(9):1444-1452.
[22]Chau TN,Patch D,Chan YW,et al."Salvage"transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts:gastric fundal compared with esophageal variceal bleeding[J].Gastroenterology,1998,114(5):981-987.
[23]Tripathi D,Therapondos G,Jackson E,et al.The role of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt(TIPSS)in the management of bleeding gastric varices:clinical and haemodynamic correlations[J].Gut,2002,51(2):270-274.
[24]Mahadeva S,Bellamy MC,Kessel D,et al.Cost-effectiveness of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate(histoacryl)glue injections versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the management of acute gastric variceal bleeding[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2003,98(12):2688-2693.
[25]Procaccini NJ,Al-Osaimi AM,Northup P,et al.Endoscopic cyanoacrylate versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for gastric variceal bleeding:A single-center US analysis[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2009,70(5):881-887.
[26]Lo GH,Liang HL,Chen WC,et al.A prospective,randomized controlled trial of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus cyanoacrylate injection in the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding[J].Endoscopy,2007,39(8):679-685.
[27]Procaccini NJ,Al-Osaimi AM,Northup P,et al.Endoscopic cyanoacrylate versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for gastric variceal bleeding:A single-center US analysis[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2009,70(5):881-887.
[28]Yu JZ,Wang XZ,Jiang MS,et al.Comparison of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)alone and combined with embolisation for the management of cardiofundal varices:Aretrospective study[J].Eur Radiol,2019,29(2):699-706.
[29]Kanagawa H,Mima S,Kouyama H,et al.Treatment of gastric fundal varices by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,1996,11(1):51-58.
[30]Hirota S,Matsumoto S,Tomita M,et al.Retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices[J].Radiology,1999,211(2):349-356.
[31]Saad WE,Darcy MD.Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)versus balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration(BRTO)for the management of gastric varices[J].Semin Intervent Radiol,2011,28(3):339-349.
[32]Olson E,Yune HY,Klatte EC.Transrenal-vein reflux ethanol sclerosis of gastroesophageal varices[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,1984,143(3):627-628.
[33]Choi YH,Yoon CJ,Park JH,et al.Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for gastric variceal bleeding:its feasibility compared with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt[J].Korean J Radiol,2003,4(2):109-116.
[34]Hong CH,Kim HJ,Park JH,et al.Treatment of patients with gastric variceal hemorrhage:endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2009,24(3):372-378.
[35]Jang SY,Kim GH,Park SY,et al.Clinical outcomes of balloonoccluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for the treatment of gastric variceal hemorrhage in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis:A retrospective multicenter study[J].Clin Mol Hepatol,2012,18(4):368-374.
[36]Cho SK,Shin SW,Lee IH,et al.Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices:outcomes and complications in 49 patients[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2007,189(6):W365-W372.
[37]Luo XF,Ma HY,Yu JZ,et al.Efficacy and safety of balloonoccluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices with lauromacrogol foam sclerotherapy:initial experience[J].Abdom Radiol(NY),2018,43(7):1820-1824.
[38]Park JK,Saab S,Kee ST,et al.Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration(BRTO)for treatment of gastric varices:review and meta-analysis[J].Dig Dis Sci,2015,60(6):1543-1553.
[39]Wang YB,Zhang JY,Gong JP,et al.Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for treatment of gastric varices due to portal hypertension:A meta-analysis[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2016,31(4):727-733.
[40]Kim SK,Lee KA,Sauk S,et al.Comparison of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with covered stent and balloonoccluded retrograde transvenous obliteration in managing isolated gastric varices[J].Korean J Radiol,2017,18(2):345-354.
[41]Lee SJ,Kim SU,Kim MD,et al.Comparison of treatment outcomes between balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for gastric variceal bleeding hemostasis[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2017,32(8):1487-1494.