厦门市大气降尘中重金属形态分布及生物有效性
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摘要
采集了2012年11月至2013年1月期间厦门市大气降尘样品,用改进的BCR四步连续提取法分析了12种重金属元素(Ba、Ti、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Ni、Pb、Sr、V)的含量、赋存形态和生物有效性.结果显示,重金属元素四态含量之和均值(mg·kg~(-1))顺序为:Fe(43733)>Zn(4495)>Ti(2728)>Ba(747)>Mn(723)>Cu(444.4)>Sr(176)>Cr(171)>Pb(160)>Ni(40.4)>V(27.6)>Co(11.2);Zn和Cu含量分别为我国土壤环境质量标准第二类标准限值(250和100 mg·kg~(-1))的18倍和4.4倍;除Fe、Ti、Ba、Cr和V外,大气降尘中其他元素生物有效态含量占有相当的比例(32.2%—88.6%).Zn、Sr主要以弱酸溶态存在,Pb主要以可还原态存在,Cu主要以可氧化态存在,其余元素主要以残渣态存在.大气降尘中重金属的平均生物有效性系数顺序为:Sr(0.87)>Zn(0.85)>Cu(0.80)>Pb(0.67)>Mn(0.50)>Co(0.47)>Ni(0.39)>Ba(0.19)≈Cr(0.19)>V(0.12)>Fe(0.08)>Ti(0.01),Ti、Fe、V、Cr和Ba为生物不可利用元素,Ni、Co、Mn和Pb为潜在生物可利用元素,Cu、Zn和Sr为生物可利用元素.
The atmospheric dustfall samples were collected from November 2012 to January 2013 in different functional areas of Xiamen,China. A modified BCR four-step sequential extraction procedure was used to obtain the speciation and bioavailability of Ba,Ti,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn,Ni,Pb,Sr and V. The results showed that the average sum content of the four fractions of heavy metals(mg·kg~(-1)) was in the order of Fe(43733)>Zn(4495)>Ti(2728)>Ba(747)>Mn(723)>Cu(444.4) >Sr(176) >Cr(171) >Pb(160) >Ni(40.4) >V(27.6) >Co(11.2),of which Zn and Cu were respectively 18 and 4.4 times of the second class standard limits(250 and 100 mg·kg~(-1)).Except Fe,Ti,Ba,Cr and V,the other elements presented considerable bioavailable contents with the range of 32. 2%—88. 6% to the total four fractions. Zn and Sr mainly existed in the acid extractable,Pb mainly existed in the reducible fraction, Cu mainly existed in the oxidizablefraction,while the other elements were mainly present in the residual fraction. The average ratio of extractable content to total content of the twelve elements was in the order of Sr(0.87) >Zn(0.85) >Cu(0.80) >Pb(0.67) >Mn(0.50) >Co(0.47) >Ni(0.39) >Ba(0.19) ≈ Cr(0.19) >V(0.12) >Fe(0.08) >Ti(0.01). Ti,Fe,V,Cr and Ba were classified as non-bioavailable elements,whereas Ni,Co,Mn and Pb were remarked as potential bioavailable elements,and Cu,Zn and Sr were regarded as bioavailable elements.
The atmospheric dustfall samples were collected from November 2012 to January 2013 in different functional areas of Xiamen,China. A modified BCR four-step sequential extraction procedure was used to obtain the speciation and bioavailability of Ba,Ti,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn,Ni,Pb,Sr and V. The results showed that the average sum content of the four fractions of heavy metals(mg·kg~(-1)) was in the order of Fe(43733)>Zn(4495)>Ti(2728)>Ba(747)>Mn(723)>Cu(444.4) >Sr(176) >Cr(171) >Pb(160) >Ni(40.4) >V(27.6) >Co(11.2),of which Zn and Cu were respectively 18 and 4.4 times of the second class standard limits(250 and 100 mg·kg~(-1)).Except Fe,Ti,Ba,Cr and V,the other elements presented considerable bioavailable contents with the range of 32. 2%—88. 6% to the total four fractions. Zn and Sr mainly existed in the acid extractable,Pb mainly existed in the reducible fraction, Cu mainly existed in the oxidizablefraction,while the other elements were mainly present in the residual fraction. The average ratio of extractable content to total content of the twelve elements was in the order of Sr(0.87) >Zn(0.85) >Cu(0.80) >Pb(0.67) >Mn(0.50) >Co(0.47) >Ni(0.39) >Ba(0.19) ≈ Cr(0.19) >V(0.12) >Fe(0.08) >Ti(0.01). Ti,Fe,V,Cr and Ba were classified as non-bioavailable elements,whereas Ni,Co,Mn and Pb were remarked as potential bioavailable elements,and Cu,Zn and Sr were regarded as bioavailable elements.
引文
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[2]胡恭任,戚红璐,于瑞莲,等.大气降尘中重金属形态分析及生态风险评价[J].有色金属工程,2011,63(2):286-291.HU G R,QI H L,YU R L,et al.Speciation analysis of heavy metal in atmospheric dust and ecological risk assessment[J].Nonferrou Metals,2011,63(2):286-291(in Chinese).
[3]何桂华,高连存,冯素萍,等.大气降尘中痕量金属元素铜、铅、锌、铬的形态分析[J].山东大学学报:理学版,1994,29(3):332-382.HE G H,GAO L C,FENG S P,et al.Speciation of copper,lead,zinc,chromium in dust[J].Journal of Shandong University,1994,29(3):332-382(in Chinese).
[4]LEE P K,CHOI B Y,KANG M J.Assessment of mobility and bio-availability of heavy metals in dry depositions of Asian dust and implications for environmental risk[J].Chemosphere,2014,119:1411-1421.
[5]赵西强,王增辉,王存龙,等.济南市近地表大气降尘元素地球化学特征及污染评价[J].物探与化探,2016,40(1):154-159.ZHAO X Q,WANG Z H,WANG C L,et al.Geochemical characteristics and pollution assessment of near-surface atmospheric dust in Jinan[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2016,40(1):154-159(in Chinese).
[6]张春荣,吴正龙,田红,等.青岛市区大气降尘重金属的特征和来源分析[J].环境化学,2014,33(7):1187-1193.ZHANG C R,WU Z L,TIAN H,et al.Characteristics and sources analysis of heavy metals in atmospheric dust of Qingdao[J]Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(7):1187-1193(in Chinese).
[7]张海珍,任泉,魏疆,等.乌鲁木齐市不同区域大气降尘中重金属污染及来源分析[J].环境污染与防治,2014,36(8):19-23.ZHANG H Z,REN Q,WEI J,et al.Analysis on the heavy metal pollutants in atmospheric dust in different regions of Urumqi and it sources apportionment[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2014,36(8):19-23(in Chinese).
[8]崔邢涛,栾文楼,李随民,等.石家庄市大气降尘重金属元素来源分析[J].中国地质,2012,40(4):1108-1115.CUI X T,LUAN W L,LI S M,et al.An analysis of the sources of heavy metals in atmospheric dustfall of Shijiazhuang City[J].Geology in China,2012,40(4):1108-1115(in Chinese).
[9]黄顺生,华明,金洋,等.南京市大气降尘重金属含量特征及来源研究[J].地学前缘,2008,15(5):161-166.HUANG S H,HUA M,JIN Y,et al.Concentrations and sources of heavy metal in atmospheric dustfall in the Nanjing City,East Chin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(5):161-166(in Chinese).
[10]LUO N,AN L,NARA A,et al.GIS-based multielement source analysis of dustfall in Beijing:A study of 40 major and trace elements[J]Chemosphere,2016,152:123-131.
[11]于瑞莲,胡恭任,戚红璐,等.泉州市不同功能区大气降尘重金属污染及生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2010,29(6):1086-1090.YU R L,HU G R,QI H L,et al.Pollution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the dustfall from different functional areas o Quanzhou City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2010,29(6):1086-1090(in Chinese).
[12]梅凡民,徐朝友,周亮.西安市公园大气降尘中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd的化学形态特征及其生物有效性[J].环境化学,2011,30(7):1284-1290.MEI F M,XU C Y,ZHOU L.Chemical species and bioavailability of Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni and Cd of dustfall from XI'AN Parks in China[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,30(7):1284-1290(in Chinese).
[13]QIAO Q,HUANG B,ZHANG C,et al.Assessment of heavy metal contamination of dustfall in northern China from integrated chemical and magnetic investigation[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,74(2):182-193.
[14]温先华,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.厦门市大气降尘中重金属生态风险评价与源解析[J].地球与环境,2015,43(1):1-7.WEN X H,HU G R,YU R L,et al.Ecological risk assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in dustfall of Xiamen City,China[J].Earth and Environment,2015,43(1):1-7(in Chinese).
[15]DANG T C,OBBARD J P.Metal speciation in coastal marine sediments from Singapore using a modified BCR-sequential extraction procedure[J].Applied Geochemistry,2006,21(8):1335-1346.
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[17]ADRIANO D C.Trace elements in terrestrial environments:Biogeochemistry,bioavailability,and risks of metals[M].New York:Second Edition Springer,2001.
[18]国家环境保护局主持,中国环境监测总站主编.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.Presided by environmental protection administration,edited chief by China Environmental Monitoring Center.Soil element background values of China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990(in Chinese).
[19]刘章现,王国贞,郭瑞,等.河南省平顶山市大气降尘的化学特征及其来源解析[J].环境化学,2011,30(4):825-831.LIU Z X,WANG G Z,GUO R,et al.Characteristics and source analysis of elements in dustfall in Pingdingshan City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,30(4):825-831(in Chinese).
[20]于瑞莲,余伟河,胡恭任,等.九龙江河口上游表层沉积物中重金属赋存形态及生态风险[J].环境化学,2013,32(12):2321-2328.YU R L,YU W H,HU G R,et al.Speciation and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface sediments from upstream of Jiulong River Estuary[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(12):2321-2328(in Chinese).
[21]冯茜丹,党志,黄伟林.广州市秋季PM2.5中重金属的污染水平与化学形态分析[J].环境科学,2008,29(3):569-575.FENG X D,DANG Z,HUANG W L.Pollution level and chemical speciation of heavy metals in PM2.5during autumn in Guangzhou City[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(3):569-575(in Chinese).