多功能型城市人工湿地水体汞分布特征及其量变分析
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摘要
以重庆某集接纳生活污水处理厂出水、水质净化、休闲娱乐为一体的城市湿地公园为研究对象,根据水流流向设点采样,分析了湿地公园内污水处理区、湖泊深度净化区中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)的分布特征,并探讨了其源汇关系.结果表明,污水处理区出水THg质量浓度范围为1. 98～38. 03 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(9. 10±5. 84) ng·L~(-1)],出水MeHg质量浓度范围为0. 09～0. 84 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(0. 34±0. 08) ng·L~(-1)];湖泊深度净化区THg质量浓度范围为0. 37～85. 69 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(6. 76±2. 29) ng·L~(-1)],MeHg质量浓度范围为0. 04～1. 47 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(0. 35±0. 17) ng·L~(-1)],人为活动对汞浓度的干扰较为明显.水体总汞、甲基汞垂直分布规律具有一致性,均表现出表层<深层.通过物料衡算,表明该湿地系统水体总汞每年降低155. 50 g,水体甲基汞每年降低1. 65 g,对下游水体具有保护作用.
The distribution characteristics and the source-sink relationship of total mercury( THg) and methyl mercury( MeHg) were studied in a wastewater treatment area and in a lake deep purification area of a multifunctional urban wetland that integrates domestic sewage treatment plant effluent,water purification,and leisure entertainment in Chongqing. The results showed that the THg concentration ranged from 1. 98 ng·L~(-1) to 38. 03 ng·L~(-1)[average concentration was( 9. 10 ± 5. 84) ng·L~(-1)]and MeHg concentration ranged from 0. 09 ng·L~(-1) to 0. 84 ng·L~(-1)[average concentration was( 0. 34 ± 0. 08) ng·L~(-1)] in an outlet of wastewater treatment area. In the deep purification zone,the THg concentration ranged from 0. 37 ng·L~(-1) to 85. 69 ng·L~(-1)[average concentration of( 6. 76± 2. 29) ng·L~(-1)]and the MeHg concentration ranged from 0. 04 ng·L~(-1) to 1. 47 ng·L~(-1)[average concentration of( 0. 35 ± 0. 17)ng·L~(-1)]. The interference of human activities on mercury concentration is prominent. The vertical distribution of THg in the water is consistent with that of MeHg,the surface layer has lower values than the deep layer. Material balance suggested that THg in the wetland system decreases by 155. 50 g per year,and MeHg decreases by 1. 65 g per year,which has a protective effect on the downstream water.
The distribution characteristics and the source-sink relationship of total mercury( THg) and methyl mercury( MeHg) were studied in a wastewater treatment area and in a lake deep purification area of a multifunctional urban wetland that integrates domestic sewage treatment plant effluent,water purification,and leisure entertainment in Chongqing. The results showed that the THg concentration ranged from 1. 98 ng·L~(-1) to 38. 03 ng·L~(-1)[average concentration was( 9. 10 ± 5. 84) ng·L~(-1)]and MeHg concentration ranged from 0. 09 ng·L~(-1) to 0. 84 ng·L~(-1)[average concentration was( 0. 34 ± 0. 08) ng·L~(-1)] in an outlet of wastewater treatment area. In the deep purification zone,the THg concentration ranged from 0. 37 ng·L~(-1) to 85. 69 ng·L~(-1)[average concentration of( 6. 76± 2. 29) ng·L~(-1)]and the MeHg concentration ranged from 0. 04 ng·L~(-1) to 1. 47 ng·L~(-1)[average concentration of( 0. 35 ± 0. 17)ng·L~(-1)]. The interference of human activities on mercury concentration is prominent. The vertical distribution of THg in the water is consistent with that of MeHg,the surface layer has lower values than the deep layer. Material balance suggested that THg in the wetland system decreases by 155. 50 g per year,and MeHg decreases by 1. 65 g per year,which has a protective effect on the downstream water.
引文
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[10]Celo V,Lean D R S,Scott S L.Abiotic methylation of mercury in the aquatic environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(1):126-137.
[11]Lindqvist O,Johansson K,Bringmark L,et al.Mercury in the Swedish environment-Recent research on causes,consequences and corrective methods[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1991,55(1-2):xi-261.
[12]王娅,赵铮,木志坚,等.三峡库区典型农田小流域水体汞的时空分布特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(11):4095-4102.Wang Y,Zhao Z,Mu Z J,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution of mercury in water of a small typical agricultural watershed in the three gorges reservoir region[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(11):4095-4102.
[13]白薇扬,张成,唐振亚,等.长寿湖水库垂直剖面不同形态汞的季节变化特征及其影响因素[J].环境科学,2015,36(10):3649-3661.Bai W Y,Zhang C,Tang Z Y,et al.Seasonal variations in vertical profile of Hg species and the influential factors in Changshou reservior[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(10):3649-3661.
[14]闫海鱼,冯新斌,商立海,等.天然水体中痕量汞的形态分析方法研究[J].分析测试学报,2003,22(5):10-13.Yan H Y,Feng X B,Shang L H,et al.Speciation analysis of ultra trace levels of mercury in natural waters[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2003,22(5):10-13.
[15]蒋红梅,冯新斌,粱琏,等.蒸馏-乙基化GC-CVAFS法测定天然水体中的甲基汞[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(5):568-571.Jiang H M,Feng X B,Liang L,et al.Determination of methyl mercury in waters by distillation-GC-CVAFS technique[J].China Environmental Science,2004,24(5):568-571.
[16]赵建.人工湿地对污染河水的净化效果及机理研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.43-45.
[17]李花,毛宇翔,李永,等.汞在城市污水处理厂的赋存特征及质量平衡---总汞[J].环境化学,2014,33(7):1059-1065.Li H,Mao Y X,Li Y,et al.Occurrence and mass balance of mercury at a sewage treatment plant.PartⅠ:total mercury[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(7):1059-1065.
[18]李花,毛宇翔,李永,等.汞在城市污水处理厂的赋存特征及质量平衡---甲基汞[J].环境化学,2014,33(8):1287-1293.Li H,Mao Y X,Li Y,et al.Occurrence and mass balance of mercury at a sewage treatment plant.PartⅡ:methylmercury[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(8):1287-1293.
[19]Balogh S J,Nollet Y H.Methylmercury input to the Mississippi River from a large metropolitan wastewater treatment plant[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,406(1-2):145-153.
[20]Gilmour C C,Bloom N S.A case study of mercury and methylmercury dynamics in a Hg-contaminated municipal wastewater treatment plant[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1995,80(1-4):799-803.
[21]Balogh S J,Nollet Y H.Mercury mass balance at a wastewater treatment plant employing sludge incineration with offgas mercury control[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,389(1):125-131.
[22]刘汝海,刘诗璇,王杰,等.秋夏季黄河三角洲湿地土壤汞和甲基汞的变化[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(1):272-279.Liu R H,Liu S X,Wang J,et al.Change of mercury and methylmercury in Yellow River Delta wetlands from autumn to summer[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(1):272-279.
[23]Nguyen H L,Leermakers M,Kurunczi S,et al.Mercury distribution and speciation in Lake Balaton,Hungary[J].Science of the Total Environment,2005,340(1-3):231-246.
[24]Hall B D,Manolopoulos H,Hurley J P,et al.Methyl and total mercury in precipitation in the Great Lakes region[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(39):7557-7569.
[25]李永华,王五一,杨林生,等.汞的环境生物地球化学研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2004,23(6):33-40.Li Y H,Wang W Y,Yang L S,et al.A review of mercury in environmental biogeochemistry[J].Progress in Geography,2004,23(6):33-40.
[26]Ullrich S M,Tanton T W,Abdrashitova S A.Mercury in the auqatic environment:A review of factors affecting methylation[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science&Technology,2001,31(3):241-293.
[27]冯新斌,仇广乐,付学武,等.环境汞污染[J].化学进展,2009,21(2-3):436-457.Feng X B,Qiu G L,Fu X W,et al.Mercury pollution in the environment[J].Progress in Chemistry,2009,21(2-3):436-457.
[28]Bloom N.Determination of picogram levels of methylmercury by aqueous phase ethylation,followed by cryogenic gas chromatography with cold vapour atomic fluorescence detection[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1989,46(7):1131-1140.
[29]Regnell O,Elert M,H9glund L O,et al.Linking cellulose fiber sediment methyl mercury levels to organic matter decay and major element composition[J].Ambio,2014,43(7):878-890.
[30]Shi J B,Ling L N,Jiang G B,et al.The speciation and bioavailability of mercury in sediments of Haihe River,China[J].Environment International,2005,31(3):357-365.
[31]Vale C,Ferreira A M,Micaelo C,et al.Mobility of contaminants in relation to dredging operations in a mesotidal estuary(Tagus estuary,Portugal)[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(6-7):25-31.
[32]Yan H Y,Feng X B,Shang L H,et al.The variations of mercury in sediment profiles from a historically mercurycontaminated reservoir,Guizhou province,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,407(1):497-506.
[33]刘妍,张蕴,韩晓盈,等.清洁生产审核中物料平衡的难点及应用实例[J].环境科学与管理,2013,38(3):163-168.Liu Y,Zhang Y,Han X Y,et al.Problems and application examples of material balance in cleaner production audits[J].Environmental Science and Management,2013,38(3):163-168.
[2]葛继稳.湿地资源及管理实证研究---以“千湖之省”湖北省为例[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[3]傅娇艳,丁振华.湿地生态系统服务、功能和价值评价研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(3):681-686.Fu J Y,Ding Z H.Research progress on wetland ecosystem service and its valuation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(3):681-686.
[4]俞孔坚,李迪华,潮洛蒙.城市生态基础设施建设的十大景观战略[J].规划师,2001,17(6):9-13,17.Yu K J,Li D H,Chao L M.Ten landscape strategies to build urban ecological infrastructure[J].Planners,2001,17(6):9-13,17.
[5]曹鹏飞.浅谈城市湿地生态功能退化的原因及其恢复与保护[J].福建林业科技,2008,35(1):176-179,196.Cao P F.Preliminary study on the cause of the city wetland ecology function degradation and its restoration with the protection[J].Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology,2008,35(1):176-179,196.
[6]崔保山,杨志峰,李英华,等.城市拓展中湿地的综合保护与发展[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(4):462-471.Cui B S,Yang Z F,Li Y H,et al.The integrated wetland conservation and development in the context of city expansion[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2004,19(4):462-471.
[7]吴晓磊.人工湿地废水处理机理[J].环境科学,1995,16(3):83-86.Wu X L.Mechanism of wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands[J].Environmental Science,1995,16(3):83-86.
[8]刘超翔,胡洪营,张建,等.不同深度人工复合生态床处理农村生活污水的比较[J].环境科学,2003,24(5):92-96.Liu C X,Hu H Y,Zhang J,et al.Rural sewage treatment performance of constructed wetlands with different depths[J].Environmental Science,2003,24(5):92-96.
[9]Orihel D M,Paterson M J,Blanchfield P J,et al.Temporal changes in the distribution,methylation,and bioaccumulation of newly deposited mercury in an aquatic ecosystem[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,154(1):77-88.
[10]Celo V,Lean D R S,Scott S L.Abiotic methylation of mercury in the aquatic environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(1):126-137.
[11]Lindqvist O,Johansson K,Bringmark L,et al.Mercury in the Swedish environment-Recent research on causes,consequences and corrective methods[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1991,55(1-2):xi-261.
[12]王娅,赵铮,木志坚,等.三峡库区典型农田小流域水体汞的时空分布特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(11):4095-4102.Wang Y,Zhao Z,Mu Z J,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution of mercury in water of a small typical agricultural watershed in the three gorges reservoir region[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(11):4095-4102.
[13]白薇扬,张成,唐振亚,等.长寿湖水库垂直剖面不同形态汞的季节变化特征及其影响因素[J].环境科学,2015,36(10):3649-3661.Bai W Y,Zhang C,Tang Z Y,et al.Seasonal variations in vertical profile of Hg species and the influential factors in Changshou reservior[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(10):3649-3661.
[14]闫海鱼,冯新斌,商立海,等.天然水体中痕量汞的形态分析方法研究[J].分析测试学报,2003,22(5):10-13.Yan H Y,Feng X B,Shang L H,et al.Speciation analysis of ultra trace levels of mercury in natural waters[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2003,22(5):10-13.
[15]蒋红梅,冯新斌,粱琏,等.蒸馏-乙基化GC-CVAFS法测定天然水体中的甲基汞[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(5):568-571.Jiang H M,Feng X B,Liang L,et al.Determination of methyl mercury in waters by distillation-GC-CVAFS technique[J].China Environmental Science,2004,24(5):568-571.
[16]赵建.人工湿地对污染河水的净化效果及机理研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.43-45.
[17]李花,毛宇翔,李永,等.汞在城市污水处理厂的赋存特征及质量平衡---总汞[J].环境化学,2014,33(7):1059-1065.Li H,Mao Y X,Li Y,et al.Occurrence and mass balance of mercury at a sewage treatment plant.PartⅠ:total mercury[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(7):1059-1065.
[18]李花,毛宇翔,李永,等.汞在城市污水处理厂的赋存特征及质量平衡---甲基汞[J].环境化学,2014,33(8):1287-1293.Li H,Mao Y X,Li Y,et al.Occurrence and mass balance of mercury at a sewage treatment plant.PartⅡ:methylmercury[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(8):1287-1293.
[19]Balogh S J,Nollet Y H.Methylmercury input to the Mississippi River from a large metropolitan wastewater treatment plant[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,406(1-2):145-153.
[20]Gilmour C C,Bloom N S.A case study of mercury and methylmercury dynamics in a Hg-contaminated municipal wastewater treatment plant[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1995,80(1-4):799-803.
[21]Balogh S J,Nollet Y H.Mercury mass balance at a wastewater treatment plant employing sludge incineration with offgas mercury control[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,389(1):125-131.
[22]刘汝海,刘诗璇,王杰,等.秋夏季黄河三角洲湿地土壤汞和甲基汞的变化[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(1):272-279.Liu R H,Liu S X,Wang J,et al.Change of mercury and methylmercury in Yellow River Delta wetlands from autumn to summer[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(1):272-279.
[23]Nguyen H L,Leermakers M,Kurunczi S,et al.Mercury distribution and speciation in Lake Balaton,Hungary[J].Science of the Total Environment,2005,340(1-3):231-246.
[24]Hall B D,Manolopoulos H,Hurley J P,et al.Methyl and total mercury in precipitation in the Great Lakes region[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(39):7557-7569.
[25]李永华,王五一,杨林生,等.汞的环境生物地球化学研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2004,23(6):33-40.Li Y H,Wang W Y,Yang L S,et al.A review of mercury in environmental biogeochemistry[J].Progress in Geography,2004,23(6):33-40.
[26]Ullrich S M,Tanton T W,Abdrashitova S A.Mercury in the auqatic environment:A review of factors affecting methylation[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science&Technology,2001,31(3):241-293.
[27]冯新斌,仇广乐,付学武,等.环境汞污染[J].化学进展,2009,21(2-3):436-457.Feng X B,Qiu G L,Fu X W,et al.Mercury pollution in the environment[J].Progress in Chemistry,2009,21(2-3):436-457.
[28]Bloom N.Determination of picogram levels of methylmercury by aqueous phase ethylation,followed by cryogenic gas chromatography with cold vapour atomic fluorescence detection[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1989,46(7):1131-1140.
[29]Regnell O,Elert M,H9glund L O,et al.Linking cellulose fiber sediment methyl mercury levels to organic matter decay and major element composition[J].Ambio,2014,43(7):878-890.
[30]Shi J B,Ling L N,Jiang G B,et al.The speciation and bioavailability of mercury in sediments of Haihe River,China[J].Environment International,2005,31(3):357-365.
[31]Vale C,Ferreira A M,Micaelo C,et al.Mobility of contaminants in relation to dredging operations in a mesotidal estuary(Tagus estuary,Portugal)[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(6-7):25-31.
[32]Yan H Y,Feng X B,Shang L H,et al.The variations of mercury in sediment profiles from a historically mercurycontaminated reservoir,Guizhou province,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,407(1):497-506.
[33]刘妍,张蕴,韩晓盈,等.清洁生产审核中物料平衡的难点及应用实例[J].环境科学与管理,2013,38(3):163-168.Liu Y,Zhang Y,Han X Y,et al.Problems and application examples of material balance in cleaner production audits[J].Environmental Science and Management,2013,38(3):163-168.
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