源-储分离型凝灰岩致密油藏形成机理与成藏模式
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摘要
由于致密油藏储层致密,原油充注的阻力较大,烃源岩的高剩余压力是致密油藏原油充注的主要动力,因此,致密油藏一般为源内型和近源型。与以往已发现的大多数致密油藏不同,三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷条湖组凝灰岩致密油藏属于源-储分离型致密油藏。通过油源对比、压汞、岩石润湿性和油水驱替实验等方法,结合地质条件综合分析了条湖组凝灰岩致密油藏的类型、原油的来源、原油充注机理和成藏模式。研究表明:凝灰岩致密油藏的原油主要来自下伏芦草沟组二段烃源岩,属于源-储分离型致密油藏;条湖组凝灰岩中沉积有机质生成原油的极性组分优先吸附在孔隙表面,使得岩石润湿性转为偏亲油,加之凝灰岩孔喉比小,从而导致油驱水启动压力梯度较小,这是远源的凝灰岩致密储层内原油能够得以充注成藏和富集的主要原因。凝灰岩内致密油的成藏与富集主要受控于凝灰岩储层质量和芦草沟组二段良好的排烃条件及断裂-裂缝输导体系,其成藏模式为:"自源润湿、它源成藏、断-缝输导、多点充注、有效凝灰岩储层大面积富集"。
Due to the tight oil reservoir with large crude charging resistance,the high residual pressure of source rocks is the main motivation for crude charging in tight oil reservoir.Therefore,tight oil reservoirs are generally divided into inner-source type and near-source type.Different from the majority of previously discovered tight oil reservoirs,tight tuff reservoirs in Tiaohu Formation,Malang depression,Santanghu Basin are separated source-reservoir type tight tuff reservoirs.Based on oil source correlation,mercury injection,rock wettability,oil-water displacement experiments and other methods in combination with geological conditions,the type,source,oil charging mechanism and hydrocarbon accumulation model of tight tuff reservoir in Tiaohu Formation were comprehensively analyzed.The research indicates that the crude oil in the separated source-reservoir type tight tuff reservoirs are mainly originated from the underlying source rocks in Member 2 of Lucaogou Formation.The polar components of crude oil generated by the sedimentary organic matters of tuffs in Tiaohu Formation are preferentially adsorbed on pore surface,leading to partially lipophilic rock wettability.In addition,the small pore-throat ratio of tuff results in the small starting pressure gradient of oil displacing water,which is a major cause for charging,accumulation and enrichment of crude oil in the tight tuff reservoirs far from source rocks.Hydrocarbon accumulation and enrichment in tuffs are mainly controlled by tuff reservoir quality,good hydrocarbon expulsion condition of Member 2 of Lucaogou Formation and fault-fracture migrating system.The hydrocarbon accumulation model is described as"self-source wettability,accumulation in allochthonous reservoirs,fault-fracture migration,multi-point charging and large-area enrichment of effective tuff reservoir".
Due to the tight oil reservoir with large crude charging resistance,the high residual pressure of source rocks is the main motivation for crude charging in tight oil reservoir.Therefore,tight oil reservoirs are generally divided into inner-source type and near-source type.Different from the majority of previously discovered tight oil reservoirs,tight tuff reservoirs in Tiaohu Formation,Malang depression,Santanghu Basin are separated source-reservoir type tight tuff reservoirs.Based on oil source correlation,mercury injection,rock wettability,oil-water displacement experiments and other methods in combination with geological conditions,the type,source,oil charging mechanism and hydrocarbon accumulation model of tight tuff reservoir in Tiaohu Formation were comprehensively analyzed.The research indicates that the crude oil in the separated source-reservoir type tight tuff reservoirs are mainly originated from the underlying source rocks in Member 2 of Lucaogou Formation.The polar components of crude oil generated by the sedimentary organic matters of tuffs in Tiaohu Formation are preferentially adsorbed on pore surface,leading to partially lipophilic rock wettability.In addition,the small pore-throat ratio of tuff results in the small starting pressure gradient of oil displacing water,which is a major cause for charging,accumulation and enrichment of crude oil in the tight tuff reservoirs far from source rocks.Hydrocarbon accumulation and enrichment in tuffs are mainly controlled by tuff reservoir quality,good hydrocarbon expulsion condition of Member 2 of Lucaogou Formation and fault-fracture migrating system.The hydrocarbon accumulation model is described as"self-source wettability,accumulation in allochthonous reservoirs,fault-fracture migration,multi-point charging and large-area enrichment of effective tuff reservoir".
引文
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[28]王业飞,徐怀民,齐自远,等.原油组分对石英表面润湿性的影响与表征方法[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(5):155-159.Wang Yefei,Xu Huaimin,Qi Ziyuan,et al.Effects of crude fractions on quartz surface wettability and characterization method[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum:Edition of Natural Sciences,2012,36(5):155-159.
[29]Buckley J S.Wetting alteration of solid surfaces by crude oils and their asphaltenes[J].Oil&Gas Science and Technology,1998,53(3):303-312.
[30]Morrow N R.Wettability and its effect on oil recovery[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1990,42(12):1476-1484.
[31]赵泽辉,郭召杰,张臣,等.新疆东部三塘湖盆地构造演化及其石油地质意义[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2003,39(2):219-228.Zhao Zehui,Guo Zhaojie,Zhang Chen,et al.Tectonic evolution of the Santanghu Basin,east Xinjiang and its implication for the hydrocarbon accumulation[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2003,39(2):219-228.
[2]贾承造,邹才能,李建忠,等.中国致密油评价标准、主要类型、基本特征及资源前景[J].石油学报,2012,33(3):343-350.Jia Chengzao,Zou Caineng,Li Jianzhong,et al.Assessment criteria,main types,basic features and resource prospects of the tight oil in China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(3):343-350.
[3]Kuhn P P,di Primio R,Hill R,et al.Three-dimensional modeling study of the low-permeability petroleum system of the Bakken formation[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(10):1867-1897.
[4]张君峰,毕海滨,许浩,等.国外致密油勘探开发新进展及借鉴意义[J].石油学报,2015,36(2):127-137.Zhang Junfeng,Bi Haibin,Xu Hao,et al.New progress and reference significance of overseas tight oil exploration and development[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2015,36(2):127-137.
[5]王社教,蔚远江,郭秋麟,等.致密油资源评价新进展[J].石油学报,2014,35(6):1095-1105.Wang Shejiao,Yu Yuanjiang,Guo Qiulin,et al.New advance in resources evaluation of tight oil[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2014,35(6):1095-1105.
[6]王鹏,潘建国,魏东涛,等.新型烃源岩——沉凝灰岩[J].西安石油大学学报:自然科学版,2011,26(4):19-22.Wang Peng,Pan Jianguo,Wei Dongtao,et al.A new type of hydrocarbon source rock-sedimentary tuff[J].Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University:Natural Science Edition,2011,26(4):19-22.
[7]Lin I I,Hu Chuanmin,Li Yuanhui,et al.Fertilization potential of volcanic dust in the low-nutrient low-chlorophyll western North Pacific subtropical gyre:satellite evidence and laboratory study[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2011,25(1):1-12.
[8]Langmann B,Zaksek K,Hort M,et al.Volcanic ash as fertiliser for the surface ocean[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2010,10(8):3891-3899.
[9]Delmelle P,Lambert M,Dufrêne Y.Gas/aerosol-ash interaction in volcanic plumes:new insights from surface analyses of fine ash particles[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2007,259(1/2):159-170.
[10]柳益群,李红,朱玉双,等.白云岩成因探讨:新疆三塘湖盆地发现二叠系湖相喷流型热水白云岩[J].沉积学报,2010,28(5):861-867.Liu Yiqun,Li Hong,Zhu Yushuang,et al.Permian lacustrine eruptive hydrothermal dolomites,Santanghu Basin,Xinjiang province[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2010,28(5):861-867.
[11]高岗,李华明,梁浩,等.三塘湖盆地侏罗系油气来源与油气成藏模式[J].天然气地球科学,2010,21(1):18-25.Gao Gang,Li Huaming,Liang Hao,et al.Origin of Jurassic hydrocarbon and accumulation model in Santanghu Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2010,21(1):18-25.
[12]马剑,黄志龙,李华明,等.马朗凹陷断裂-烃源岩空间配置关系与石油垂向运移特征[J].沉积学报,2012,30(6):1140-1148.Ma Jian,Huang Zhilong,Li Huaming,et al.Matching relationship between faults and source rock and vertical migration characteristics of the oil in the Malang sag[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2012,30(6):1140-1148.
[13]Ma Jian,Huang Zhilong,Gao Xiaoyu,et al.Oil-source rock correlation for tight oil in tuffaceous reservoirs in the Permian Tiaohu Formation,Santanghu Basin,northwest China[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,2015,52(11):1014-1026.
[14]Zhu Yongfeng,Zhang Lifei,Gu Libing,et al.The zircon shrimp chronology and trace element geochemistry of the Carboniferous volcanic rocks in western Tianshan mountains[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(19):2201-2212.
[15]胡斌,关强,朱伯生,等.三塘湖盆地构造及形变特征[J].新疆石油地质,1999,20(5):374-378.Hu Bin,Guan Qiang,Zhu Bosheng,et al.Structure and deformation characteristics in Santanghu Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,1999,20(5):374-378.
[16]李玮,周鼎武,柳益群,等.三塘湖盆地二叠纪构造层划分及其构造特点[J].西北大学学报:自然科学版,2005,35(5):617-620.Li Wei,Zhou Dingwu,Liu Yiqun,et al.The division of Permian tectonic sequence and the feature of residual tectonic in Santanghu Basin[J].Journal of Northwest University:Natural Science Edition,2005,35(5):617-620.
[17]马剑,黄志龙,刘再振,等.三塘湖盆地条湖组含沉积有机质凝灰岩致密储层特征[J].地学前缘,2015,22(6):185-196.Ma Jian,Huang Zhilong,Liu Zaizhen,et al.Tight reservoir characteristics of sedimentary organic matter-bearing tuff in TiaohuFormation of Santanghu Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2015,22(6):185-196.
[18]郑冰,高仁祥.塔里木盆地原油碳硫同位素特征及油源对比[J].石油实验地质,2006,28(3):281-285.Zheng Bing,Gao Renxiang.Characteristics of carbon and sulfur isotopes in crude oil and oil-source correlation in the Tarim Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2006,28(3):281-285.
[19]Freeman K H,Hayes J M,Trendel J M,et al.Evidence from carbon isotope measurements for diverse origins of sedimentary hydrocarbons[J].Nature,1990,343(6255):254-256.
[20]徐永昌,刘文汇,沈平.含油气盆地油气同位素地球化学研究概述[J].沉积学报,2001,19(2):161-168.Xu Yongchang,Liu Wenhui,Shen Ping.A review of isotope geochemical researches on oil and gas in oil and gas bearing basins[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2001,19(2):161-168.
[21]Burnham A K,Braun R L.Development of a detailed model of petroleum formation,destruction,and expulsion from lacustrine and marine source rocks[J].Organic Geochemistry,1990,16(1/3):27-39.
[22]梁浩,李新宁,马强,等.三塘湖盆地条湖组致密油地质特征及勘探潜力[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(5):563-572.Liang Hao,Li Xinning,Ma Qiang,et al.Geological features and exploration potential of Permian Tiaohu Formation tight oil,Santanghu Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(5):563-572.
[23]许雅,谭文才,王涛.砂岩储层润湿性研究进展[J].国外测井技术,2009(5):8-11.Xu Ya,Tan Wencai,Wang Tao.Advance of sandstone reservoir wettability research[J].World Well Logging Technology,2009(5):8-11.
[24]杨胜来,魏俊之.油层物理学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004.Yang Shenglai,Wei Junzhi.Fundamentals of petrophysics[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2004.
[25]王伟明,赵旭,孙计文,等.致密砂岩气资源潜力关键参数确定方法——以吐哈盆地为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2014,35(2):258-265.Wang Weiming,Zhao Xu,Sun Jiwen,et al.Key parameter selection for tight gas resource potential:a case from Turfan-Hami Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2014,35(2):258-265.
[26]梁文杰,阙国和,刘晨光,等.石油化学[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2008:63-66.Liang Wenjie,Que Guohe,Liu Chenguang,et al.Petrochemistry[M].Dongying:China University of Petroleum Press,2008:63-66.
[27]彭珏,康毅力.润湿性及其演变对油藏采收率的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2008,15(1):72-76.Peng Yue,Kang Yili.Effects of wettability and its evolution on oil reservoir recovery[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2008,15(1):72-76.
[28]王业飞,徐怀民,齐自远,等.原油组分对石英表面润湿性的影响与表征方法[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(5):155-159.Wang Yefei,Xu Huaimin,Qi Ziyuan,et al.Effects of crude fractions on quartz surface wettability and characterization method[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum:Edition of Natural Sciences,2012,36(5):155-159.
[29]Buckley J S.Wetting alteration of solid surfaces by crude oils and their asphaltenes[J].Oil&Gas Science and Technology,1998,53(3):303-312.
[30]Morrow N R.Wettability and its effect on oil recovery[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1990,42(12):1476-1484.
[31]赵泽辉,郭召杰,张臣,等.新疆东部三塘湖盆地构造演化及其石油地质意义[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2003,39(2):219-228.Zhao Zehui,Guo Zhaojie,Zhang Chen,et al.Tectonic evolution of the Santanghu Basin,east Xinjiang and its implication for the hydrocarbon accumulation[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2003,39(2):219-228.