深部切顶沿空成巷关键参数研究及工程应用
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摘要
传统充填沿空留巷工艺繁琐﹑留巷速度慢,与现代化高强度开采要求不相适应,由此提出了切顶沿空成巷无煤柱开采新技术,其中关键参数设计是该技术的核心问题之一,对留巷的稳定性具有较大影响。以城郊煤矿21304工作面为研究背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等方法,对切顶沿空成巷关键参数进行了系统研究。基于岩石碎胀自承特性和围岩结构"S-R"稳定原理,推导出切顶高度﹑切顶角度的理论计算公式;建立了聚能爆破力学模型,并结合数值模拟和现场试验,确定了聚能爆破装药量及钻孔间距。研究结果表明:合理的切顶参数能够切断巷道顶板与采空区岩层间的力学关系,使采空区顶板沿切缝顺利垮落,碎胀的矸石可有效支撑上覆顶板,限制其回转下沉,减弱覆岩运动对留巷的扰动作用,沿空巷道围岩变形量明显减小。根据理论计算﹑数值分析和现场试验研究成果,确定了城郊煤矿21304工作面切顶沿空成巷关键参数,并在现场进行了应用,回采后沿空巷道侧向顶板能够迅速切落形成巷帮,留巷稳定后各项指标均能满足现场使用要求。
The traditional gob-side entry retaining with filling is cumbersome and slow, which cannot satisfy the requirements of modern high-intensity mining. Thus, a non-pillar mining technology by cutting roof is proposed to form a roadway along the empty. However, the design of key parameters is one of core problems of this technology, which has a great influence on the stability of gob-side entry retaining. In this study, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field tests are conducted to investigate the key parameters systematically at the 21304 working face of Chengjiao mine. We derive the formulas for the height and the angle of cutting roof by using the self-bearing of bulking rocks and the stability principle(S-R) of surrounding rock. A mechanical model of energy-cavity blasting is established and further used to determine the explosive payload and spacing of borehole in combination with numerical simulation and field tests. The results show that the mechanical relationship between the roof and stratum of mining goaf can be cut off if the designed parameters of cutting roof are proper. Additionally, the roof can collapse along pre-cutting and gangue of bulking rock can support the overlying roof. Moreover, the rotary sinking, disturbance to roadway and deformation of surrounding rock of roadway are all controlled by cutting roof. The key parameters for the 21304 working face of Chengjiao mine are obtained by theoretical calculation, numerical simulation and field tests. The field application indicates that the lateral roof of roadway can be quickly cut down into the roadside after robbing and all indicators can meet the requirements of this site.
The traditional gob-side entry retaining with filling is cumbersome and slow, which cannot satisfy the requirements of modern high-intensity mining. Thus, a non-pillar mining technology by cutting roof is proposed to form a roadway along the empty. However, the design of key parameters is one of core problems of this technology, which has a great influence on the stability of gob-side entry retaining. In this study, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field tests are conducted to investigate the key parameters systematically at the 21304 working face of Chengjiao mine. We derive the formulas for the height and the angle of cutting roof by using the self-bearing of bulking rocks and the stability principle(S-R) of surrounding rock. A mechanical model of energy-cavity blasting is established and further used to determine the explosive payload and spacing of borehole in combination with numerical simulation and field tests. The results show that the mechanical relationship between the roof and stratum of mining goaf can be cut off if the designed parameters of cutting roof are proper. Additionally, the roof can collapse along pre-cutting and gangue of bulking rock can support the overlying roof. Moreover, the rotary sinking, disturbance to roadway and deformation of surrounding rock of roadway are all controlled by cutting roof. The key parameters for the 21304 working face of Chengjiao mine are obtained by theoretical calculation, numerical simulation and field tests. The field application indicates that the lateral roof of roadway can be quickly cut down into the roadside after robbing and all indicators can meet the requirements of this site.
引文
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[4]李化敏.沿空留巷顶板岩层控制设计[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(5):651-654.LI Hua-min.Control design of roof rocks for gob-side entry retaining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(5):651-654.
[5]张东升,马立强,缪协兴,等.综放沿空留巷围岩变形影响因素的分析[J].中国矿业大学学报,2006,35(1):1-6.ZHANG Dong-sheng,MA Li-qiang,MIAO Xie-xing,et al.Factor analysis on deformation of gob-side entry retaining with entry-in packing in top-coal caving mining face[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2006,35(1):1-6.
[6]马立强,张东升,陈涛,等.综放巷内充填原位沿空留巷充填体支护阻力研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(3):544-550.MA Li-qiang,ZHANG Dong-sheng,CHEN Tao,et al.Study on packing body supporting resistance of enter-in packing for in-situ gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized top-coal caving mining face[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(3):544-550.
[7]唐建新,胡海,涂兴东,等.普通混凝土巷旁充填沿空留巷试验[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(9):1425-1429.TANG Jian-xin,HU Hai,TU Xing-dong,et al.Experimental on roadside packing gob-side entry retaining for ordinary concrete[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(9):1425-1429.
[8]唐建新,邓月华,涂兴东,等.锚网索联合支护沿空留巷顶板离层分析[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(11):1827-1831.TANG Jian-xin,DENG Yue-hua,TU Xing-dong,et al.Analysis of roof separation in gob-side entry retaining combined support with bolting wire mesh[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(11):1827-1831.
[9]康红普,牛多龙,张镇,等.深部沿空留巷围岩变形特征与支护技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(10):1977-1987.KANG Hong-pu,NIU Duo-long,ZHANG Zhen,et al.Deformation characteristics of surrounding rock and supporting technology of gob-side entry retaining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(10):1977-1987.
[10]何满潮,高玉兵,杨军,等.厚煤层快速回采切顶卸压无煤柱自成巷工程试验[J].岩土力学,2018,39(1):254-264.HE Man-chao,GAO Yu-bing,YANG Jun,et al.Engineering experimentation of gob-side entry retaining formed by roof cutting and pressure release in a thick-seam fast-extracted mining face[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(1):254-264.
[11]张国锋,何满潮,俞学平,等.白皎矿保护层沿空切顶成巷无煤柱开采技术研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(4):511-516.ZHANG Guo-feng,HE Man-chao,YU Xue-ping,et al.Research on the technique of no-pillar mining with gob-side entry retaining formed by advanced roof caving in the protective seam in Baijiao coal mine[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2011,28(4):511-516.
[12]孙晓明,刘鑫,梁广峰,等.薄煤层切顶卸压沿空留巷关键参数研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(7):1449-1456.SUN Xiao-ming,LIU Xin,LIANG Guang-feng,et al.Key parameters of gob-side entry retaining formed by roof cut and pressure releasing in thin seams[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(7):1449-1456.
[13]钱鸣高,石平五,许家林.矿山压力与岩层控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2010.QIAN Ming-gao,SHI Ping-wu,XU Jia-lin.Mine pressure and strata control[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology Press,2010.
[14]钱鸣高,缪协兴,何富连.采场“砌体梁”结构的关键块分析[J].煤炭学报,1994,19(6):557-563.QIAN Ming-gao,MIAO Xie-xing,HE Fu-lian.Analysis of key block in the structure of voussoir beam in longwall mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,1994,19(6):557-563.
[15]黄庆享,石平五,钱鸣高.老顶岩块端角摩擦系数和挤压系数实验研究[J].岩土力学,2000,21(1):60-63.HUANG Qing-xiang,SHI Ping-wu,QIAN Ming-gao.Experiment study on the coefficients of friction and inserting of main roof block corner[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2000,21(1):60-63.
[16]何满潮,曹伍富,单仁亮,等.双向聚能拉伸爆破新技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(12):2047-2051.HE Man-chao,CAO Wu-fu,SHAN Ren-liang,et al.New blasting technology-bilateral cumulative[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(12):2047-2051.
[17]何满潮,孙晓明.中国煤矿软岩巷道工程支护设计与施工指南[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.HE Man-chao,SUN Xiao-ming.Supporting design and construction guide of soft rock roadway in coal mine of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.
[18]杨永琦,戴俊,单仁亮,等.岩石定向断裂控制爆破原理与参数研究[J].爆破器材,2000,29(6):24-28.YANG Yong-qi,DAI Jun,SHAN Ren-liang,et al.A study on the mechanism of directional split of rock by controlled blasting and its parameters[J].Explosive Materials,2000,29(6):24-28.
[19]郭德勇,宋文健,李中州,等.煤层深孔聚能爆破致裂增透工艺研究[J].煤炭学报,2009,34(8):1086-1089.GUO De-yong,SONG Wen-jian,LI Zhong-zhou,et al.Research on splitting technical of coal bed deep hole cumulative blasting to improve permeability[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2009,34(8):1086-1089.
[20]张自政,柏建彪,陈勇,等.浅孔爆破机制及其在厚层坚硬顶板沿空留巷中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(增刊1):3008-3017.ZHANG Zi-zheng,BAI Jian-biao,CHEN Yong,et al.Shallow-hole blasting mechanism and its application for gob-side entry retaining with thick and hard roof[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(Supp.1):3008-3017.
[21]高魁,刘泽功,刘健,等.深孔爆破在深井坚硬复合顶板沿空留巷强制放顶中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(8):1588-1594.GAO Kui,LIU Ze-gong,LIU Jian,et al.Application of deep borehole blasting to gob-side entry retaining forced roof caving in hard and compound roof deep well[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(8):1588-1594.
[2]柏建彪,周华强,侯朝炯,等.沿空留巷巷旁支护技术的发展[J].中国矿业大学学报,2004,33(2):59-62.BAI Jian-biao,ZHOU Hua-qiang,HOU Chao-jiong,et al.Development of support technology beside roadway in goaf-side entry retaining for next sublevel[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2004,33(2):59-62.
[3]孙恒虎,吴健,邱运新.沿空留巷的矿压规律及岩层控制[J].煤炭学报,1992,17(1):15-24.SUN Heng-hu,WU Jian,QIU Yun-xin.Rules of ground pressure and strata control in gateways maintained in goaf[J].Journal of China Coal Society,1992,17(1):15-24.
[4]李化敏.沿空留巷顶板岩层控制设计[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(5):651-654.LI Hua-min.Control design of roof rocks for gob-side entry retaining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(5):651-654.
[5]张东升,马立强,缪协兴,等.综放沿空留巷围岩变形影响因素的分析[J].中国矿业大学学报,2006,35(1):1-6.ZHANG Dong-sheng,MA Li-qiang,MIAO Xie-xing,et al.Factor analysis on deformation of gob-side entry retaining with entry-in packing in top-coal caving mining face[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2006,35(1):1-6.
[6]马立强,张东升,陈涛,等.综放巷内充填原位沿空留巷充填体支护阻力研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(3):544-550.MA Li-qiang,ZHANG Dong-sheng,CHEN Tao,et al.Study on packing body supporting resistance of enter-in packing for in-situ gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized top-coal caving mining face[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(3):544-550.
[7]唐建新,胡海,涂兴东,等.普通混凝土巷旁充填沿空留巷试验[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(9):1425-1429.TANG Jian-xin,HU Hai,TU Xing-dong,et al.Experimental on roadside packing gob-side entry retaining for ordinary concrete[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(9):1425-1429.
[8]唐建新,邓月华,涂兴东,等.锚网索联合支护沿空留巷顶板离层分析[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(11):1827-1831.TANG Jian-xin,DENG Yue-hua,TU Xing-dong,et al.Analysis of roof separation in gob-side entry retaining combined support with bolting wire mesh[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(11):1827-1831.
[9]康红普,牛多龙,张镇,等.深部沿空留巷围岩变形特征与支护技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(10):1977-1987.KANG Hong-pu,NIU Duo-long,ZHANG Zhen,et al.Deformation characteristics of surrounding rock and supporting technology of gob-side entry retaining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(10):1977-1987.
[10]何满潮,高玉兵,杨军,等.厚煤层快速回采切顶卸压无煤柱自成巷工程试验[J].岩土力学,2018,39(1):254-264.HE Man-chao,GAO Yu-bing,YANG Jun,et al.Engineering experimentation of gob-side entry retaining formed by roof cutting and pressure release in a thick-seam fast-extracted mining face[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(1):254-264.
[11]张国锋,何满潮,俞学平,等.白皎矿保护层沿空切顶成巷无煤柱开采技术研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(4):511-516.ZHANG Guo-feng,HE Man-chao,YU Xue-ping,et al.Research on the technique of no-pillar mining with gob-side entry retaining formed by advanced roof caving in the protective seam in Baijiao coal mine[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2011,28(4):511-516.
[12]孙晓明,刘鑫,梁广峰,等.薄煤层切顶卸压沿空留巷关键参数研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(7):1449-1456.SUN Xiao-ming,LIU Xin,LIANG Guang-feng,et al.Key parameters of gob-side entry retaining formed by roof cut and pressure releasing in thin seams[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(7):1449-1456.
[13]钱鸣高,石平五,许家林.矿山压力与岩层控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2010.QIAN Ming-gao,SHI Ping-wu,XU Jia-lin.Mine pressure and strata control[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology Press,2010.
[14]钱鸣高,缪协兴,何富连.采场“砌体梁”结构的关键块分析[J].煤炭学报,1994,19(6):557-563.QIAN Ming-gao,MIAO Xie-xing,HE Fu-lian.Analysis of key block in the structure of voussoir beam in longwall mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,1994,19(6):557-563.
[15]黄庆享,石平五,钱鸣高.老顶岩块端角摩擦系数和挤压系数实验研究[J].岩土力学,2000,21(1):60-63.HUANG Qing-xiang,SHI Ping-wu,QIAN Ming-gao.Experiment study on the coefficients of friction and inserting of main roof block corner[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2000,21(1):60-63.
[16]何满潮,曹伍富,单仁亮,等.双向聚能拉伸爆破新技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(12):2047-2051.HE Man-chao,CAO Wu-fu,SHAN Ren-liang,et al.New blasting technology-bilateral cumulative[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(12):2047-2051.
[17]何满潮,孙晓明.中国煤矿软岩巷道工程支护设计与施工指南[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.HE Man-chao,SUN Xiao-ming.Supporting design and construction guide of soft rock roadway in coal mine of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.
[18]杨永琦,戴俊,单仁亮,等.岩石定向断裂控制爆破原理与参数研究[J].爆破器材,2000,29(6):24-28.YANG Yong-qi,DAI Jun,SHAN Ren-liang,et al.A study on the mechanism of directional split of rock by controlled blasting and its parameters[J].Explosive Materials,2000,29(6):24-28.
[19]郭德勇,宋文健,李中州,等.煤层深孔聚能爆破致裂增透工艺研究[J].煤炭学报,2009,34(8):1086-1089.GUO De-yong,SONG Wen-jian,LI Zhong-zhou,et al.Research on splitting technical of coal bed deep hole cumulative blasting to improve permeability[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2009,34(8):1086-1089.
[20]张自政,柏建彪,陈勇,等.浅孔爆破机制及其在厚层坚硬顶板沿空留巷中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(增刊1):3008-3017.ZHANG Zi-zheng,BAI Jian-biao,CHEN Yong,et al.Shallow-hole blasting mechanism and its application for gob-side entry retaining with thick and hard roof[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(Supp.1):3008-3017.
[21]高魁,刘泽功,刘健,等.深孔爆破在深井坚硬复合顶板沿空留巷强制放顶中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(8):1588-1594.GAO Kui,LIU Ze-gong,LIU Jian,et al.Application of deep borehole blasting to gob-side entry retaining forced roof caving in hard and compound roof deep well[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(8):1588-1594.