中国城市群的竞争力及对区域差异的影响
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摘要
城市群已成为中国推进新型城镇化的主体形态,但各城市群的发展水平和在区域经济发展中的地位不同。本文引入竞争力这一概念,通过对城市群竞争力概念、内涵和评价方法的回顾,从经济竞争力、人力资源竞争力、基础设施竞争力、国际化竞争力和科技竞争力五个方面构建中国城市群竞争力评价指标体系。研究结果发现中国城市群的竞争力存在着发展水平差异和区域差异。按照综合竞争力和五项一级指标竞争力评价,13个城市群的发展水平可以分为四个层次:第一层次包括长三角、京津唐和珠三角三大城市群,是中国的经济中心和参与国际竞争合作的重要平台;第二层次包括成渝、山东半岛、辽中南、武汉等四个城市群,它们在部分方面的竞争力体现出了一定的优势和潜力,是区域经济的增长极。第三、第四层次城市群的竞争力较为薄弱。本文进一步提出城市群核心竞争力的概念,科创能力、国际化水平、资本集聚度是构成城市群核心竞争力的三大要素,城市群核心竞争力的差异在很大程度上造成了中国三大地带之间的发展差异,且由于先进生产要素分布的高度不均衡,中国区域发展差异的现象还将长期存在。
Mega-city regions have emerged as the main spatial form of China's new urbanization strategy, and become the basic spatial units of participating in global and regional competition for China. However, mega-city regions are not equally capable of boosting regional economic development due to different levels of development. Therefore, this paper adopts the concept of competitiveness, as both theoretical framework and empirical model, to evaluate the development status of China's mega-city regions. This paper firstly reviews the definition of China's mega-city regions, the concept of competitiveness of mega-city regions and the methodology to evaluate the competitiveness of mega-city regions. Based on the review of related literatures, this paper proposes a multi-tier evaluation system to calculate the competitiveness of 13 mega city-regions of China. The chosen indicators come from the five perspectives of economic development, human resource, infrastructural accessibility,integration into global economy and capacity of scientific and technological innovation. The result shows that there are great disparities and regional inequality in competitiveness across different mega city-regions. Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Beijing-TianjinTangshan are the first-tier mega city-regions with the highest level of comprehensive competitiveness and have significant global influence as well. Chengdu-Chongqing, Shandong peninsula, South-central Liaoning and Wuhan belong to the second-tier mega city-regions that shows partial advantages and has significant regional influence. Southeast Fujian, ChangshaZhuzhou-Xiangtan, Central Plains and Central Shaanxi Plain belong to the third-tier mega-city regions. Harbin-Daqing-Qiqihar and Changchun-Jilin belong to the fourth-tier mega-city regions. The third and fourth tiers of mega-city regions have relatively weak competitiveness.Aside from disparities in competitiveness, regional inequalities exist for the uneven distribution of high-weight indicators that consist of the core competitiveness. In general, core competitiveness consists of the advanced productive factors such as the ability of scientific and technological innovation, integration into global economy and capacity of capital agglomeration. The differences of the core competitiveness between coastal and inland megacity regions are the main manifestation of regional inequalities. Due to the highly unbalanced distribution of the advanced productive factors among the eastern, central and western regions,the regional inequalities of China will probably exist for a long time.
Mega-city regions have emerged as the main spatial form of China's new urbanization strategy, and become the basic spatial units of participating in global and regional competition for China. However, mega-city regions are not equally capable of boosting regional economic development due to different levels of development. Therefore, this paper adopts the concept of competitiveness, as both theoretical framework and empirical model, to evaluate the development status of China's mega-city regions. This paper firstly reviews the definition of China's mega-city regions, the concept of competitiveness of mega-city regions and the methodology to evaluate the competitiveness of mega-city regions. Based on the review of related literatures, this paper proposes a multi-tier evaluation system to calculate the competitiveness of 13 mega city-regions of China. The chosen indicators come from the five perspectives of economic development, human resource, infrastructural accessibility,integration into global economy and capacity of scientific and technological innovation. The result shows that there are great disparities and regional inequality in competitiveness across different mega city-regions. Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Beijing-TianjinTangshan are the first-tier mega city-regions with the highest level of comprehensive competitiveness and have significant global influence as well. Chengdu-Chongqing, Shandong peninsula, South-central Liaoning and Wuhan belong to the second-tier mega city-regions that shows partial advantages and has significant regional influence. Southeast Fujian, ChangshaZhuzhou-Xiangtan, Central Plains and Central Shaanxi Plain belong to the third-tier mega-city regions. Harbin-Daqing-Qiqihar and Changchun-Jilin belong to the fourth-tier mega-city regions. The third and fourth tiers of mega-city regions have relatively weak competitiveness.Aside from disparities in competitiveness, regional inequalities exist for the uneven distribution of high-weight indicators that consist of the core competitiveness. In general, core competitiveness consists of the advanced productive factors such as the ability of scientific and technological innovation, integration into global economy and capacity of capital agglomeration. The differences of the core competitiveness between coastal and inland megacity regions are the main manifestation of regional inequalities. Due to the highly unbalanced distribution of the advanced productive factors among the eastern, central and western regions,the regional inequalities of China will probably exist for a long time.
引文
[1]宁越敏.中国城市化特点、问题及治理.南京社会科学,2012,(10):19-27.[Ning Yuemin.A study on the urbanization,urban problems and solution in China.Social Sciences in Nanjing,2012,(10):19-27.]
[2]宁越敏.论中国城市群的界定和作用.区域经济评论,2016,(1):124-130.[Ning Yuemin.The development and construction of Chinese city cluster.Regional Economic Review,2016,(1):124-130.]
[3]Gottmann,J.,Megalopolis or the urbanization of the northeastern seaboard.Economic Geography,1957,33(3):189-200.
[4]Hall,P.,Pain,K.The Polycentric Metropolis:Learning from Mega-city Regions in Europe.Routledge,2006.
[5]Scott,A.Global City-Regions:Trends,Theory,Policy.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2001.
[6]Florida R,Gulden T,Mellander,C.The Rise of the Mega-region.Cambridge Journal of Regions.Economy and Society,2008,(1):459-476.
[7]周一星,史育龙.建立中国城市的实体地域概念.地理学报,1995,50(4):289-301.[Zhou Yixing,Shi Yulong.Toward establishing the concept of physical urban area in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,1995,50(4):289-301.]
[8]姚士谋,陈振光,朱英明.中国城市群.合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.1992.[Yao Shimou,Chen Zhenguang,Zhu Yingming.The Urban Agglomeration of China.Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Press.1992.]
[9]张学良.2014中国区域经济发展报告.北京:人民出版社,2014.[Zhang Xueliang.Report on the Development of Regional Economy 2014.Beijing:People's Publishing House,2014.]
[10]Porter M.The Competitive Advantage of Nations.The Free Press,1990.
[11]赵彦云.中国国际竞争力评价.经济研究参考,1997,(6):19-30.[Zhao Yanyun.International competent ability of China.Review of Economic Research,1997,(6):19-30.]
[12]Porter M.Location,Competition,and economic development:Local clusters in a global economy.Economic Development Quarterly,2009,14(1):15-34.
[13]Kitson M,Martin R,Tyler P.Regional competitiveness:An elusive yet key concept?.Regional Studies,2004,38(9):991-999.
[14]Turok I.Cities,Regions and competitiveness.Regional Studies,2004,38(9):1069-1083.
[15]Camagni R.On the concept of territorial competitiveness:Sound or misleading?.Urban Studies,2002,39(13):2395-2411.
[16]Martin R,Tyler P.Regional competitiveness:An elusive concept.Paper presented at the Regional Studies Conference,‘Reinventing the Region in the Global Economy’,2003.University of Pisa,Italy.
[17]Porter M.The economic performance of regions.Regional Studies,2003,37(6-7):549-578.
[18]Florida R.The economic geography of talent.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2015,92(4):743-755.
[19]Storper M,Scott A J.Rethinking human capital,creativity and urban growth.Journal of Economic Geography,2009,9(2):147-167.
[20]OECD.Territorial Reviews:Competitive Cities in the Global Economy.OECD Publications,2006.
[21]Atkinson R.The metropolitan new economy index:Benchmarking economic transformation in the nation's metropolitan areas.2001.
[22]郝寿义,倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力研究:以若干城市为案例.经济科学,1998,(3):50-56.[Hao Shouyi,Ni Pengfei.Research on the competitiveness of Chinese cities.Economic Science,1998,(3):50-56.]
[23]宁越敏,唐礼智.城市竞争力的概念和指标体系.现代城市研究,2001,(3):19-22.[Ning Yuemin,Tang Lizhi.The concept and indicator system of urban competitive capacity.Urban Research,2001,(3):19-22.]
[24]王桂新,沈建法.中国地级以上城市综合竞争力研究.复旦学报(社会科学版),2002,(3):69-77.[Wang Guixin,Shen Jianfa.A study of the urban comprehensive competitiveness of cities at prefecture level or above in China.Fudan Journal,2002,(3):69-77.]
[25]Shen J,Yang X.Analyzing urban competitiveness changes in major Chinese cities 1995-2008.Applied Spatial Analysis&Policy,2014,7(4):361-379.
[26]Du Q,Wang Y,Ren F,et al.Measuring and analysis of urban competitiveness of Chinese provincial capitals in 2010 under the constraints of major function-oriented zoning utilizing spatial analysis.Sustainability,2014,6(6):3374-3399.
[27]倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力报告No.6.社会科学文献出版社,2008.[Ni Pengfei.Report on the Competitiveness of Chinese Cities,No.6.Social Sciences Academic Press,2008.]
[28]高汝熹,吴晓隽,车春鹂.2007中国都市圈评价报告.上海:格致出版社,上海人民出版社,2008.[Gao Ruxi,Wu Xiaojun,Che Chunli.China Metropolitan Region Evaluation Report 2007.Shanghai:Truth and Wisdom Press,Shanghai People's Publishing House,2008.]
[29]张学良,李培鑫.城市群经济机理与中国城市群竞争格局.经济改革,2014,(9):59-63.[Zhang Xueliang,Li Peixin.The economic mechanism and competition pattern of China’s city clusters.Economic Reform.2014,(9):59-63.]
[30]胡序威,周一星,顾朝林等.中国沿海城镇密集地区空间集聚与扩散研究.北京:科学出版社,2000.[Hu Xuwei,Zhou Yixing,Gu Chaolin,et al.Studies on the Spatial Agglomeration and Dispersion in China’s Coastal City-and-Town Concentrated Areas.Beijing:Science Press,2000.]
[31]方创琳,宋吉涛,张蔷等.中国城市群结构体系的组成与空间分异格局.地理学报,2005,60(5):827-840.[Fang Chuanglin,Song Jitao,Zhang Qiang,et al.The formation,development and spatial heterogeneity patterns for the structures system of urban agglomerations in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(5):827-840.]
[32]方创琳,祁巍锋,宋吉涛.中国城市群紧凑度的综合测度分析.地理学报,2008,63(10):1011-1021.[Fang Chuanglin,Qi Weifeng,Song Jitao.Researches on comprehensive measurement of compactness of urban agglomerations in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(10):1011-1021.]
[33]黄跃,李琳.中国城市群绿色发展水平综合测度与时空演化.地理研究,2017,36(7):1309-1322.[Huang Yue,Li Lin.A comprehensive assessment of green development and its spatial-temporal evolution in urban agglomerations of China.Geographical Research,2017,36(7):1309-1322.]
[34]Budd L,Hirmis A.Conceptual framework for regional competitiveness.Regional Studies,2004,38(9):1015-1028.
[35]宁越敏.中国都市区和大城市群的界定:兼论大城市群在区域发展中的作用.地理科学,2011,31(3):257-263.[Ning Yuemin.Definition of Chinese metropolitan areas and large urban agglomerations:Role of large urban agglomerations in regional development.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(3):257-263.]
[36]李涛,蔡碧凡,陶卓民.城市群休闲农业旅游开发环境健康评价研究:以中国沿海六大城市群为例.地理研究,2016,35(11):2125-2138.[Li Tao,Cai Bifan,Tao Zhuomin.Research on the leisure agriculture tourism based on environmental health evaluation.Geographical Research,2016,35(11):2125-2138.]
[37]Wei Y.H.D.Regional inequity in China.Progress in Human Geography.1999,23(1):49-59.
[38]覃成林.中国区域经济差异变化的空间特征及其政策含义研究.地域研究与开发,1998,17(2):36-39.[Qin Chenlin.A study on the space characteristics and policy meaning of regional economic differentiation change in China.Areal Research&Development,1998,17(2):36-39]
[39]贺灿飞,梁进社.中国区域经济差异的时空变化:市场化、全球化与城市化.管理世界,2004,(8):8-17.[He Canfei,Liang Jinshe.The time and space change in the difference between China's regional economies:Commercialization,globalization and urbanization.Management World,2004,(8):8-17.]
[40]史修松,赵曙东,吴福象.中国区域创新效率及其空间差异研究.数量经济技术经济研究,2009,(3):45-55.[Shi Xiusong,Zhao Shudong,Wu Fuxiang.Analysis of regional innovation efficiency and spatial discrepancy in China.Journal of Quantitative&Technical Economics,2009,(3):45-55.]
[41]Wei Y.H.D.Spatiality of regional inequality.Applied Geography,2015,(61):1-10.
[42]Huang H,Wei Y H D.Spatial-temporal patterns and determinants of foreign direct investment in China.Erdkunde,2011,65(1):7-23.
[43]潘峰华,刘作丽,夏亚博,等.中国上市企业总部的区位分布和集聚特征.地理研究,2013,32(9):1721-1736.[Pan Fenghua,Liu Zuoli,Xia Yabo,et al.Location and agglomeration of headquarters of publicly listed firms within China’s urban system.Geographical Research,2013,32(9):1721-1736.]
[44]武前波,宁越敏.中国制造业企业500强总部区位特征分析.地理学报,2010,65(2):139-152.[Wu Qianbo,Ning Yuemin.Headquarter locations of top 500 enterprises of Chinese manufacturing industries.Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(2):139-152.]
(1)环境质量指标没有被普遍纳入竞争力评价指标体系,其原因是人均绿地面积、空气质量等环境指标与竞争力之间的关系尚未被充分证明,例如,东北城市的空气质量整体上处于中等或中上水平,但所在城市群的竞争力却较弱。
(2)由于权重排名第10的指标世界城市得分来自于GaWC对世界城市打分的相对值,不适合用赫芬达尔指数进行计算,因此以权重排名第11的指标R&D投入代替。
[2]宁越敏.论中国城市群的界定和作用.区域经济评论,2016,(1):124-130.[Ning Yuemin.The development and construction of Chinese city cluster.Regional Economic Review,2016,(1):124-130.]
[3]Gottmann,J.,Megalopolis or the urbanization of the northeastern seaboard.Economic Geography,1957,33(3):189-200.
[4]Hall,P.,Pain,K.The Polycentric Metropolis:Learning from Mega-city Regions in Europe.Routledge,2006.
[5]Scott,A.Global City-Regions:Trends,Theory,Policy.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2001.
[6]Florida R,Gulden T,Mellander,C.The Rise of the Mega-region.Cambridge Journal of Regions.Economy and Society,2008,(1):459-476.
[7]周一星,史育龙.建立中国城市的实体地域概念.地理学报,1995,50(4):289-301.[Zhou Yixing,Shi Yulong.Toward establishing the concept of physical urban area in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,1995,50(4):289-301.]
[8]姚士谋,陈振光,朱英明.中国城市群.合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.1992.[Yao Shimou,Chen Zhenguang,Zhu Yingming.The Urban Agglomeration of China.Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Press.1992.]
[9]张学良.2014中国区域经济发展报告.北京:人民出版社,2014.[Zhang Xueliang.Report on the Development of Regional Economy 2014.Beijing:People's Publishing House,2014.]
[10]Porter M.The Competitive Advantage of Nations.The Free Press,1990.
[11]赵彦云.中国国际竞争力评价.经济研究参考,1997,(6):19-30.[Zhao Yanyun.International competent ability of China.Review of Economic Research,1997,(6):19-30.]
[12]Porter M.Location,Competition,and economic development:Local clusters in a global economy.Economic Development Quarterly,2009,14(1):15-34.
[13]Kitson M,Martin R,Tyler P.Regional competitiveness:An elusive yet key concept?.Regional Studies,2004,38(9):991-999.
[14]Turok I.Cities,Regions and competitiveness.Regional Studies,2004,38(9):1069-1083.
[15]Camagni R.On the concept of territorial competitiveness:Sound or misleading?.Urban Studies,2002,39(13):2395-2411.
[16]Martin R,Tyler P.Regional competitiveness:An elusive concept.Paper presented at the Regional Studies Conference,‘Reinventing the Region in the Global Economy’,2003.University of Pisa,Italy.
[17]Porter M.The economic performance of regions.Regional Studies,2003,37(6-7):549-578.
[18]Florida R.The economic geography of talent.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2015,92(4):743-755.
[19]Storper M,Scott A J.Rethinking human capital,creativity and urban growth.Journal of Economic Geography,2009,9(2):147-167.
[20]OECD.Territorial Reviews:Competitive Cities in the Global Economy.OECD Publications,2006.
[21]Atkinson R.The metropolitan new economy index:Benchmarking economic transformation in the nation's metropolitan areas.2001.
[22]郝寿义,倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力研究:以若干城市为案例.经济科学,1998,(3):50-56.[Hao Shouyi,Ni Pengfei.Research on the competitiveness of Chinese cities.Economic Science,1998,(3):50-56.]
[23]宁越敏,唐礼智.城市竞争力的概念和指标体系.现代城市研究,2001,(3):19-22.[Ning Yuemin,Tang Lizhi.The concept and indicator system of urban competitive capacity.Urban Research,2001,(3):19-22.]
[24]王桂新,沈建法.中国地级以上城市综合竞争力研究.复旦学报(社会科学版),2002,(3):69-77.[Wang Guixin,Shen Jianfa.A study of the urban comprehensive competitiveness of cities at prefecture level or above in China.Fudan Journal,2002,(3):69-77.]
[25]Shen J,Yang X.Analyzing urban competitiveness changes in major Chinese cities 1995-2008.Applied Spatial Analysis&Policy,2014,7(4):361-379.
[26]Du Q,Wang Y,Ren F,et al.Measuring and analysis of urban competitiveness of Chinese provincial capitals in 2010 under the constraints of major function-oriented zoning utilizing spatial analysis.Sustainability,2014,6(6):3374-3399.
[27]倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力报告No.6.社会科学文献出版社,2008.[Ni Pengfei.Report on the Competitiveness of Chinese Cities,No.6.Social Sciences Academic Press,2008.]
[28]高汝熹,吴晓隽,车春鹂.2007中国都市圈评价报告.上海:格致出版社,上海人民出版社,2008.[Gao Ruxi,Wu Xiaojun,Che Chunli.China Metropolitan Region Evaluation Report 2007.Shanghai:Truth and Wisdom Press,Shanghai People's Publishing House,2008.]
[29]张学良,李培鑫.城市群经济机理与中国城市群竞争格局.经济改革,2014,(9):59-63.[Zhang Xueliang,Li Peixin.The economic mechanism and competition pattern of China’s city clusters.Economic Reform.2014,(9):59-63.]
[30]胡序威,周一星,顾朝林等.中国沿海城镇密集地区空间集聚与扩散研究.北京:科学出版社,2000.[Hu Xuwei,Zhou Yixing,Gu Chaolin,et al.Studies on the Spatial Agglomeration and Dispersion in China’s Coastal City-and-Town Concentrated Areas.Beijing:Science Press,2000.]
[31]方创琳,宋吉涛,张蔷等.中国城市群结构体系的组成与空间分异格局.地理学报,2005,60(5):827-840.[Fang Chuanglin,Song Jitao,Zhang Qiang,et al.The formation,development and spatial heterogeneity patterns for the structures system of urban agglomerations in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(5):827-840.]
[32]方创琳,祁巍锋,宋吉涛.中国城市群紧凑度的综合测度分析.地理学报,2008,63(10):1011-1021.[Fang Chuanglin,Qi Weifeng,Song Jitao.Researches on comprehensive measurement of compactness of urban agglomerations in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(10):1011-1021.]
[33]黄跃,李琳.中国城市群绿色发展水平综合测度与时空演化.地理研究,2017,36(7):1309-1322.[Huang Yue,Li Lin.A comprehensive assessment of green development and its spatial-temporal evolution in urban agglomerations of China.Geographical Research,2017,36(7):1309-1322.]
[34]Budd L,Hirmis A.Conceptual framework for regional competitiveness.Regional Studies,2004,38(9):1015-1028.
[35]宁越敏.中国都市区和大城市群的界定:兼论大城市群在区域发展中的作用.地理科学,2011,31(3):257-263.[Ning Yuemin.Definition of Chinese metropolitan areas and large urban agglomerations:Role of large urban agglomerations in regional development.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(3):257-263.]
[36]李涛,蔡碧凡,陶卓民.城市群休闲农业旅游开发环境健康评价研究:以中国沿海六大城市群为例.地理研究,2016,35(11):2125-2138.[Li Tao,Cai Bifan,Tao Zhuomin.Research on the leisure agriculture tourism based on environmental health evaluation.Geographical Research,2016,35(11):2125-2138.]
[37]Wei Y.H.D.Regional inequity in China.Progress in Human Geography.1999,23(1):49-59.
[38]覃成林.中国区域经济差异变化的空间特征及其政策含义研究.地域研究与开发,1998,17(2):36-39.[Qin Chenlin.A study on the space characteristics and policy meaning of regional economic differentiation change in China.Areal Research&Development,1998,17(2):36-39]
[39]贺灿飞,梁进社.中国区域经济差异的时空变化:市场化、全球化与城市化.管理世界,2004,(8):8-17.[He Canfei,Liang Jinshe.The time and space change in the difference between China's regional economies:Commercialization,globalization and urbanization.Management World,2004,(8):8-17.]
[40]史修松,赵曙东,吴福象.中国区域创新效率及其空间差异研究.数量经济技术经济研究,2009,(3):45-55.[Shi Xiusong,Zhao Shudong,Wu Fuxiang.Analysis of regional innovation efficiency and spatial discrepancy in China.Journal of Quantitative&Technical Economics,2009,(3):45-55.]
[41]Wei Y.H.D.Spatiality of regional inequality.Applied Geography,2015,(61):1-10.
[42]Huang H,Wei Y H D.Spatial-temporal patterns and determinants of foreign direct investment in China.Erdkunde,2011,65(1):7-23.
[43]潘峰华,刘作丽,夏亚博,等.中国上市企业总部的区位分布和集聚特征.地理研究,2013,32(9):1721-1736.[Pan Fenghua,Liu Zuoli,Xia Yabo,et al.Location and agglomeration of headquarters of publicly listed firms within China’s urban system.Geographical Research,2013,32(9):1721-1736.]
[44]武前波,宁越敏.中国制造业企业500强总部区位特征分析.地理学报,2010,65(2):139-152.[Wu Qianbo,Ning Yuemin.Headquarter locations of top 500 enterprises of Chinese manufacturing industries.Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(2):139-152.]
(1)环境质量指标没有被普遍纳入竞争力评价指标体系,其原因是人均绿地面积、空气质量等环境指标与竞争力之间的关系尚未被充分证明,例如,东北城市的空气质量整体上处于中等或中上水平,但所在城市群的竞争力却较弱。
(2)由于权重排名第10的指标世界城市得分来自于GaWC对世界城市打分的相对值,不适合用赫芬达尔指数进行计算,因此以权重排名第11的指标R&D投入代替。