中国二叠纪综合地层和时间框架
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摘要
二叠纪发生了一系列全球性重大地质和生物事件,建立一个高精度的综合地层和时间框架是阐明这些重大事件因果关系的基础.国际二叠纪年代地层系统分为3统(乌拉尔统、瓜德鲁普统和乐平统)和9个阶,在中国分为3统(船山统、阳新统、乐平统)和8个阶,除乐平统以外,船山统和阳新统与国际标准划分时限有很大不同.二叠纪历经约4700万年,底界以牙形类Streptognathodus isolatus首现为标志,绝对年龄约为(298.9±0.15)Ma,顶界以牙形类Hindeodus parvus的首现为界,绝对年龄约为(251.902±0.024)Ma.二叠系在中国可识别出35个牙形带、23个?带、17个放射虫带和20个菊石带,其中华南瓜德鲁普统和乐平统牙形类化石带可作为国际对比的标准.二叠纪δ~(13)C_(carb)变化趋势表明在二叠纪最末期有一次3～5‰的快速负漂在全球范围内可以对比,但其他时段可能或多或少受到后期成岩作用影响或仅具有地方性效应.牙形类的δ~(18)O_(apatite)变化趋势表明从石炭纪晚期至空谷期处于一个较冷的时期,空谷晚期开始气候逐渐变暖.长兴期是一个气候较冷期,在二叠纪末有一次8～10°C的快速升高,这次温度升高全球同时发生.~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值由阿瑟尔初期的0.7080持续降低至卡匹敦晚期的最低值0.7068～0.7069;乐平世则持续上升,到二叠-三叠系界线处,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值达到0.70708.磁性地层以沃德阶中部Illawarra反向为界,以下称为Kiaman超级反向极性带,以上称为二叠-三叠纪超级混合极性带.瓜德鲁普世末期的生物灭绝事件发生在卡匹敦晚期,持续时间长.二叠纪末的生物大灭绝事件发生于约(251.941±0.037)Ma,是突发性的.瓜德鲁普世末期的大海退在华南地区主要发生在Jinogondolella xuanhanensis至Clarkina dukouensis带之间;二叠纪最末期从大海退转入快速海侵发生在Hindeodus changxingensis-Clarkina zhejiangensis带内.二叠纪是一个古地理区系强烈分异的时期,中国各大区的海陆相二叠系对比存在诸多需要进一步研究的问题.
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