基于单向预测误差扩展的三维医学图像可逆水印算法
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摘要
对于可逆水印技术在三维医学图像中的应用问题,提出一种基于单向预测误差扩展的三维医学图像可逆水印算法。首先根据像素间的三维梯度变化预测像素从而得到预测误差;然后结合磁共振成像生成的三维医学图像的特征,采用单向直方图位移与预测误差扩展相结合的方法将外部信息嵌入至三维医学图像;最后,重新预测像素,提取外部信息,恢复原始三维图像。实验结果表明,在MR-head和MR-chest测试数据体上,与二维梯度预测相比,所提算法预测误差的平均绝对偏差分别降低1. 09和1. 40,每个像素的最大嵌入容量分别增加0. 045 6比特和0. 129 1比特,从而能够更准确地预测像素值,嵌入更多的外部信息。该算法可应用于对三维医学图像的篡改检测以及患者隐私保护。
For the application of reversible watermarking technology in three-Dimensional(3D)medical images,a 3D medical image reversible watermarking algorithm based on unidirectional prediction error expansion was proposed.Firstly,the intermediate pixels were predicted according to the 3D gradient changes between them and their neighborhood pixels to obtain the prediction errors.Then,considering the features of the 3D medical image generated by magnetic resonance imaging,the external information was embedded into the 3D medical image by combining unidirectional histogram shifting with prediction error expansion.Finally,the pixels were re-predicted to extract the external information and restore the original 3D image.Experimental results on MR-head and MR-chest data show that compared with two-dimensional(2D)gradient-based prediction,the mean absolute deviation of prediction error produced by 3D gradient-based prediction are reduced by 1.09 and1.40,respectively;and the maximal embedding capacity of each pixel is increased by 0.045 6 and 0.129 1 bits,respectively.The proposed algorithm can predict the pixels more accurately and embed more external information,so it is applicable to 3D medical image tempering detection and privacy protection for patients.
For the application of reversible watermarking technology in three-Dimensional(3D)medical images,a 3D medical image reversible watermarking algorithm based on unidirectional prediction error expansion was proposed.Firstly,the intermediate pixels were predicted according to the 3D gradient changes between them and their neighborhood pixels to obtain the prediction errors.Then,considering the features of the 3D medical image generated by magnetic resonance imaging,the external information was embedded into the 3D medical image by combining unidirectional histogram shifting with prediction error expansion.Finally,the pixels were re-predicted to extract the external information and restore the original 3D image.Experimental results on MR-head and MR-chest data show that compared with two-dimensional(2D)gradient-based prediction,the mean absolute deviation of prediction error produced by 3D gradient-based prediction are reduced by 1.09 and1.40,respectively;and the maximal embedding capacity of each pixel is increased by 0.045 6 and 0.129 1 bits,respectively.The proposed algorithm can predict the pixels more accurately and embed more external information,so it is applicable to 3D medical image tempering detection and privacy protection for patients.
引文
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[15]JIANG R,ZHANG W,HOU D,et al.Reversible data hiding for3D mesh models with three-dimensional prediction-error histogram modification[J].Multimedia Tools and Applications,2018,77(5):5263-5280.
[2]CELIK M U,SHARMA G,TEKALP A M,et al.Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2005,14(2):253-266.
[3]TIAN J.Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2003,13(8):890-896.
[4]DRAGOI I-C,COLTUC D.Local-prediction-based difference expansion reversible watermarking[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2014,23(4):1779-1790.
[5]LUO L,CHEN Z,CHEN M,et al.Reversible image watermarking using interpolation technique[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2010,5(1):187-193.
[6]NI Z,SHI Y-Q,ANSARI N,et al.Reversible data hiding[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2006,16(3):354-362.
[7]王俊祥,倪江群,潘金伟.一种基于直方图平移的高性能可逆水印算法[J].自动化学报,2012,38(1):88-96.(WANG J X,NIJ Q,PAN J W.A high-performance reversible watermarking algorithm based on histogram shifting[J].Acta Automatica Sinica,2012,38(1):88-96.)
[8]THODI D M,RODRIGUEZ J J.Expansion embedding techniques for reversible watermarking[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2007,16(3):721-730.
[9]WANG C,LI X,YANG B.Efficient reversible image watermarking by using dynamical prediction-error expansion[C]//Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.Washington,DC:IEEE Computer Society,2010:3673-3676.
[10]HU X,ZHANG W,LI X,et al.Minimum rate prediction and optimized histograms modification for reversible data hiding[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2015,10(3):653-664.
[11]才雪,杨杨,肖星星.基于纹理度划分的医学图像可逆信息隐藏方法[J].计算机应用,2018,38(8):2293-2300.(CAI X,YANG Y,XIAO X X.A reversible data hiding based on multiple complexity measurement[J].Journal of Computer Applications,2018,38(8):2293-2300.)
[12]LUO H,LU Z-M,PAN J-S.A reversible data hiding scheme for 3D point cloud model[C]//Proceedings of the6th IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology.Washington,DC:IEEE Computer Society,2007:863-867.
[13]ZHU A,ZHANG C,YANG X,et al.Reversible watermarking of3D mesh models using prediction-error expansion[C]//Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing.Washington,DC:IEEE Computer Society,2010:1171-1175.
[14]JIAGN R,ZHOU H,ZHANG W,et al.Reversible data hiding in encrypted three-dimensional mesh models[J].IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,2018,20(1):55-67.
[15]JIANG R,ZHANG W,HOU D,et al.Reversible data hiding for3D mesh models with three-dimensional prediction-error histogram modification[J].Multimedia Tools and Applications,2018,77(5):5263-5280.