故宫石质螭首健康状况无损检测及评估预研究
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摘要
目的通过无损检测方法评估故宫石质螭首风化和安全程度。方法首先在现场选取6个螭首进行无损检测,获取各项风化指标(表面风化程度、裂缝大致情况、孔洞、回弹强度、酥粉质量)和安全等级指标(裂缝性质、裂缝数量等具体值,超声波波速、回弹强度)。在实验室模拟风化、破损试验,建立超声波波速、回弹强度与抗折强度的曲线关系。最后通过德尔菲法建立评价体系,采用加权平均法获得各螭首的风化等级、安全等级。结果石材的抗折强度、超声波波速和回弹强度的曲线关系式为fk=0.0004V~(0.4393)R~(2.9302)。确定了6个螭首的风化程度和安全状况水平,其中构件2的表面风化程度最弱、最安全;构件6的安全情况最差,急需采取有效防范措施。结论该无损检测和健康程度评估研究方法是一种简单、快速、可量化的评价方法,其成果可用于石质文物健康状况的检测和评估工程,以获得其风化等级、安全等级,并作为文物管理决策的依据。
The work aims to study the weathering and safety degree of the dragon heads in Forbidden City by performing a nondestructive testing(NDT). The weathering indices(degree of surface weathering, cracks overview, pores, rebound strength, mass of powder) and safety level indices(crack property, specific values such as crack quantity, ultrasonic velocity, rebound strength) were obtained from non-destructive testing of 6 dragon head samples. Weathering and destructive tests were simulated in the laboratory, curvilinear relationship between bending strength, ultrasonic velocity and rebound strength was established. An evaluation system was built by means of Delphi method, weathering level and safety level of all dragon heads were obtained by means of weighted average method. Weathering level and safety conditions of 6 dragon heads were determined by fk=0.0004V~(0.4393)R~(2.9302), a curve relation involving bending strength, ultrasound velocity and rebound strength of stone relics. The weathering level of component 2 was the weakest and safest. The safety condition of component 6 was the worst and effective precautionary measures should be taken timely. The nondestructive examination and health status evaluation method provided a simple, rapid and quantifiable method. The test results can be used in test and evaluation project of stony relics, so as to obtain the weathering and safety level of stony relics, and can be regarded as basis for decision-making of cultural relic management.
The work aims to study the weathering and safety degree of the dragon heads in Forbidden City by performing a nondestructive testing(NDT). The weathering indices(degree of surface weathering, cracks overview, pores, rebound strength, mass of powder) and safety level indices(crack property, specific values such as crack quantity, ultrasonic velocity, rebound strength) were obtained from non-destructive testing of 6 dragon head samples. Weathering and destructive tests were simulated in the laboratory, curvilinear relationship between bending strength, ultrasonic velocity and rebound strength was established. An evaluation system was built by means of Delphi method, weathering level and safety level of all dragon heads were obtained by means of weighted average method. Weathering level and safety conditions of 6 dragon heads were determined by fk=0.0004V~(0.4393)R~(2.9302), a curve relation involving bending strength, ultrasound velocity and rebound strength of stone relics. The weathering level of component 2 was the weakest and safest. The safety condition of component 6 was the worst and effective precautionary measures should be taken timely. The nondestructive examination and health status evaluation method provided a simple, rapid and quantifiable method. The test results can be used in test and evaluation project of stony relics, so as to obtain the weathering and safety level of stony relics, and can be regarded as basis for decision-making of cultural relic management.
引文
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[2]GUAN P,NG C W W,SUN M,et al.Weathering Indices for Rhyolitic Tuff and Granite in Hong Kong[J].Engineering Geology,2001,59(1/2):147—159.
[3]BEGONHA A,SEQUEIRA BRAGA M A.Weathering of the Oporto Granite:Geotechnical and Physical Properties[J].Catena,2002,49(1/2):57—76.
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[8]LIGNOLA G P,MANFREDI G.A Combination of NDT Methods for the Restoration of Monumental Facades:The Case Study of Monte di Pietà(Naples,Italy)[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2010,11(3):360—364.
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[11]何发亮,李苍松,谷明成,等.声波CT技术在卢沟桥东桥台内部结构探测中的应用[J].文物保护与考古科学,2001,13(5):28—32.HE Fa-liang,LI Cang-song,GU Ming-cheng,et al.The Application of Acoustic Computer Tomography Technology in Sounding of Internal Structure in East Abutment,Luding Bridge[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2001,13(5):28—32.
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[13]LERMA J L,CABRELLES M,PORTALES C.Multitemporal Thermal Analysis to Detect Moisture on a Building Fa?ade[J].Construction and Building Materials,2011,25(5):2190—2197.
[14]GOODALL R A,HALL J,EDWARS H G M.Raman Microprobe Analysis of Stucco Samples from the Buildings of Maya Classic Copan[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2007,34(4):666—673.
[15]RUTHER H,CHAZAN M,SCHROEDER R.Laser Scanning for Conservation and Research of African Cultural Heritage Sites:The Case Study of Wonderwerk Cave,South Africa[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2009,36(9):1847—1856.
[16]PESCI A,BONALI E,GALLI C,et al.Laser Scanning and Digital Imaging for the Investigation of an Ancient Building:Palazzod’Accursio Study Case(Bologna,Italy)[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2012,13(2):215—220.
[17]田光玲,周霄,高峰.无损检测及分析技术在文物保护领域中的应用[J].无损检测,2008,30(3):178—182.TIAN Guang-lin,ZHOU Xiao,GAO Feng.Nondestructive Testing and Analysis Technology in the Field of Heritage Preservation[J].NDT,2008,30(3):178—182.
[18]HERRERA L K,VIDELA H A.Surface Analysis and Materials Characterization for the Study of Biodeterioration and Weathering Effects on Cultural Property[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2009,63(7):813—822.
[19]LOPEZ-ARCE P,VARAS-MURIEL M J,FERNANDEZREBUELTA B,et al.Artificial Weathering of Spanish Granites Subjected to Salt Crystallization Tests:Surface Roughness Quantification[J].Gatena,2010,83:170—185.
[20]GB 50021—2001,岩土工程勘察规范[S].GB 50021—2001,Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering[S].
[21]CECS 02—2005,超声回弹综合法检测混凝土强度技术规程[S].CECS 02—2005,Technical Specification for Detecting Strength of Concrete by Ultrasonic-rebound Combined Method[S].
[22]HOBBS B,KEBIR M T.Non-destructive Testing Techniques for the Forensic Engineering Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings[J].Forensic Science International,2007,167(2/3):167—172.
[23]QASRAWI H Y.Concrete Strength by Combined Nondestructive Methods Simply and Reliably Predicted[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2000,30(5):739—746.
[24]王彪,郑明新,张旭东.昌北千枚岩风化程度的模糊综合评判[J].华东交通大学学报,2007,24(2):4—8.WANG Biao,ZHENG Ming-xin,ZHANG Xu-dong.Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation of the Weathering Degree of Phyllitie in Cangbei[J].Journa I of East China Jiaotong University,2007,24(2):4—8.
[25]蒙曙光,李建鑫,保和平.用点数加权法综合评价地面人工影响天气安全生产现状[C]//第十四届全国云降水物理和人工影响天气科学会议(上册).贵州:贵州省气象委员,2005:625—628.MENG Shu-guang,LI Jian-xin,BAO He-ping.Using Points Weighting Method to Evaluate Ground Weather Modification of Production Safety Situation[C]//The14th National Cloud Physics and Weather Modification Scientific Meeting(the first volume).Guizhou:Meteorological Commission of Guizhou Province,2005:625—628.
[26]张召千,徐明德,刘泉声.煤巷围岩稳定性加权平均评价方法研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(11):3464—3468.ZHANG Zhao-qian,XU Ming-de,LIU Quan-sheng.The Research on the Methodology of Weighted Average Evaluation for Surrounding Rock Stability of Tunnel[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(11):3464—3468.
[27]CECS21:2000,超声波法检测混凝土缺陷技术规程[S].CECS21:2000,Technical Specification for Inspection of Concrete Defects by Ultrasonic Method[S].
[28]GB/T 50315—2000,砌体工程现场检测技术标准[S].GB/T 50315—2000,Technical Standard for Site Testing of Engineering[S].
[2]GUAN P,NG C W W,SUN M,et al.Weathering Indices for Rhyolitic Tuff and Granite in Hong Kong[J].Engineering Geology,2001,59(1/2):147—159.
[3]BEGONHA A,SEQUEIRA BRAGA M A.Weathering of the Oporto Granite:Geotechnical and Physical Properties[J].Catena,2002,49(1/2):57—76.
[4]LAN H X,HU R L,YUE Z Q,et al.Engineering and Geological Characteristics of Granite Weathering Profiles in South China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2003,21(4):353—364
[5]吴广彬,李智斌,修祥.某办公楼基础梁、底板裂缝的安全性评估[J].建筑科学,2010,26(5):76—78.WU Guang-bin,LI Zhi-bin,XIU Xiang.Safety Appraisal for Cracks on the Foundation Beam and Floor of an Office Building[J].Building Science,2010,26(5):76—78.
[6]CECS 293—2011,房屋裂缝检测与处理技术规程[S].CECS 293—2011,Technical Specification for Inspection and Treatment of Cracks in Building[S].
[7]RANALLI D,SCOZZAFAVA M,TALLINI M.Ground Penetrating Radar Investigations for the Restoration of Historic Buildings:the Case Study of the Collemaggio Basilica(L’Aquila,Italy)[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2004,5(1):91—99.
[8]LIGNOLA G P,MANFREDI G.A Combination of NDT Methods for the Restoration of Monumental Facades:The Case Study of Monte di Pietà(Naples,Italy)[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2010,11(3):360—364.
[9]VALLUZZI M R,BONDI A,DA PORTO F,et al.Structural Investigations and Analyses for the Conservation of the‘Arsenale’of Venice[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2002,3(1):65—71.
[10]FAIS S,CASULA G.Application of Acoustic Techniques in the Evaluation of Heterogeneous Building Materials[J].NDT&E International,2010,43(2):62—69.
[11]何发亮,李苍松,谷明成,等.声波CT技术在卢沟桥东桥台内部结构探测中的应用[J].文物保护与考古科学,2001,13(5):28—32.HE Fa-liang,LI Cang-song,GU Ming-cheng,et al.The Application of Acoustic Computer Tomography Technology in Sounding of Internal Structure in East Abutment,Luding Bridge[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2001,13(5):28—32.
[12]MCCANN D M,FORDE M C.Review of NDT Methods in the Assessment of Concrete and Masonry Structures[J].NDT&E International,2001,34(2):71—84.
[13]LERMA J L,CABRELLES M,PORTALES C.Multitemporal Thermal Analysis to Detect Moisture on a Building Fa?ade[J].Construction and Building Materials,2011,25(5):2190—2197.
[14]GOODALL R A,HALL J,EDWARS H G M.Raman Microprobe Analysis of Stucco Samples from the Buildings of Maya Classic Copan[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2007,34(4):666—673.
[15]RUTHER H,CHAZAN M,SCHROEDER R.Laser Scanning for Conservation and Research of African Cultural Heritage Sites:The Case Study of Wonderwerk Cave,South Africa[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2009,36(9):1847—1856.
[16]PESCI A,BONALI E,GALLI C,et al.Laser Scanning and Digital Imaging for the Investigation of an Ancient Building:Palazzod’Accursio Study Case(Bologna,Italy)[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2012,13(2):215—220.
[17]田光玲,周霄,高峰.无损检测及分析技术在文物保护领域中的应用[J].无损检测,2008,30(3):178—182.TIAN Guang-lin,ZHOU Xiao,GAO Feng.Nondestructive Testing and Analysis Technology in the Field of Heritage Preservation[J].NDT,2008,30(3):178—182.
[18]HERRERA L K,VIDELA H A.Surface Analysis and Materials Characterization for the Study of Biodeterioration and Weathering Effects on Cultural Property[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2009,63(7):813—822.
[19]LOPEZ-ARCE P,VARAS-MURIEL M J,FERNANDEZREBUELTA B,et al.Artificial Weathering of Spanish Granites Subjected to Salt Crystallization Tests:Surface Roughness Quantification[J].Gatena,2010,83:170—185.
[20]GB 50021—2001,岩土工程勘察规范[S].GB 50021—2001,Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering[S].
[21]CECS 02—2005,超声回弹综合法检测混凝土强度技术规程[S].CECS 02—2005,Technical Specification for Detecting Strength of Concrete by Ultrasonic-rebound Combined Method[S].
[22]HOBBS B,KEBIR M T.Non-destructive Testing Techniques for the Forensic Engineering Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings[J].Forensic Science International,2007,167(2/3):167—172.
[23]QASRAWI H Y.Concrete Strength by Combined Nondestructive Methods Simply and Reliably Predicted[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2000,30(5):739—746.
[24]王彪,郑明新,张旭东.昌北千枚岩风化程度的模糊综合评判[J].华东交通大学学报,2007,24(2):4—8.WANG Biao,ZHENG Ming-xin,ZHANG Xu-dong.Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation of the Weathering Degree of Phyllitie in Cangbei[J].Journa I of East China Jiaotong University,2007,24(2):4—8.
[25]蒙曙光,李建鑫,保和平.用点数加权法综合评价地面人工影响天气安全生产现状[C]//第十四届全国云降水物理和人工影响天气科学会议(上册).贵州:贵州省气象委员,2005:625—628.MENG Shu-guang,LI Jian-xin,BAO He-ping.Using Points Weighting Method to Evaluate Ground Weather Modification of Production Safety Situation[C]//The14th National Cloud Physics and Weather Modification Scientific Meeting(the first volume).Guizhou:Meteorological Commission of Guizhou Province,2005:625—628.
[26]张召千,徐明德,刘泉声.煤巷围岩稳定性加权平均评价方法研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(11):3464—3468.ZHANG Zhao-qian,XU Ming-de,LIU Quan-sheng.The Research on the Methodology of Weighted Average Evaluation for Surrounding Rock Stability of Tunnel[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(11):3464—3468.
[27]CECS21:2000,超声波法检测混凝土缺陷技术规程[S].CECS21:2000,Technical Specification for Inspection of Concrete Defects by Ultrasonic Method[S].
[28]GB/T 50315—2000,砌体工程现场检测技术标准[S].GB/T 50315—2000,Technical Standard for Site Testing of Engineering[S].
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