城市建成环境对通勤时耗的影响及规划启示
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摘要
以全国241个城市市区作为研究对象,基于半参数回归模型和多元线性OLS回归分析的方法,探讨了城市建成环境对通勤时耗的影响。研究发现,在控制了城市社会经济因素的影响下,城市建成环境对通勤时耗仍有重要影响。具体而言,城市人口规模越大,就业和居住越不匹配,万人公共汽车拥有量越多,通勤时耗可能越长;而提高城市人口密度、城市的多中心化程度、人均城市道路面积、轨道交通线路密度、人均私人汽车拥有量,则会缩短通勤时耗。这些结论为优化城市空间结构和制定城市交通政策提供了重要启示。
With the urban areas of 241 Chinese cities as research objects, this study explores the influence of urban built environment on commuting time by using the semi-parametric regression model and the multivariable linear OLS regression analysis method. The results indicate that when urban socio-economic factors are controlled, the built environment has a significant effect on commuting time. Specifically, big city size, job-housing mismatch, and more buses owned by per 10000 people can increase the commuting time; while improving the population density, polycentricity of city space, per capita urban road area, density of rail transit lines, and per capita private car ownership can reduce the commuting time. These conclusions have important implications for the optimization of urban spatial structure and the formulation of urban transport policy.
With the urban areas of 241 Chinese cities as research objects, this study explores the influence of urban built environment on commuting time by using the semi-parametric regression model and the multivariable linear OLS regression analysis method. The results indicate that when urban socio-economic factors are controlled, the built environment has a significant effect on commuting time. Specifically, big city size, job-housing mismatch, and more buses owned by per 10000 people can increase the commuting time; while improving the population density, polycentricity of city space, per capita urban road area, density of rail transit lines, and per capita private car ownership can reduce the commuting time. These conclusions have important implications for the optimization of urban spatial structure and the formulation of urban transport policy.
引文
1 ANTIPOVA A,WANG F,WILMOT C.Urban Land Uses,Socio-Demographic Attributes and Commuting:A Multilevel Modeling Approach[J].Applied Geography,2011,31(3):1010-1018.
2 CERVERO R,WU K.Polycentrism,Commuting,and Residential Location in the San Francisco Bay Area[J].Environment and Planning A,1997,29(5):865-886.
3 GORDON P,KUMAR A,RICHARDSON H W.Congestion,Changing Metropolitan Structure,and City Size in the United-States[J].International Regional Science Review,1989,12(1):45-56.
4何舟,宋杰洁,孙斌栋.城市通勤时耗的空间结构影响因素:基于文献的研究与启示[J].城市规划学刊,2014(1):65-70.HE Zhou,SONG Jiejie,SUN Bindong.Impacts of Urban Spatial Structure on Urban Commuting Duration:Based on Literature Review[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(1):65-70.
5何舟.城市空间结构与通勤时耗[D].上海:华东师范大学,2015.HE Zhou.Urban Spatial Structure and Commuting Duration:An Empirical Study of China[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2015.
6 LEE B,GORDON P,RICHARDSON H W,et al.Commuting Trends in US Cities in the 1990s[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research,2009,29(1):78-89.
7 LEVINSON D M,KUMAR A.The Rational Locator:Why Travel Times Have Remained Stable[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1994,60(3):319-332.
8 SCHWANEN T,DIELEMAN F M,DIJST M.The Impact of Metropolitan Structure on Commute Behavior in the Netherlands:A Multilevel Approach[J].Growth and Change,2004,35(3):304-333.
9 SCHWANEN T.Urban Form and Commuting Behaviour:ACross-European Perspective[J].Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie,2002,93(3):336-343.
10 SULTANA S.Job/Housing Imbalance and Commuting Time in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area:Exploration of Causes of Longer Commuting Time[J].Urban Geography,2002,23(8):728-749.
11孙斌栋,何舟,李南菲,等.职住均衡能够缓解交通拥堵吗?--基于GIS缓冲区方法的上海实证研究[J].城市规划学刊,2017(5):98-104.SUN Bindong,HE Zhou,LI Nanfei,et al.Could JobHousing Balance Relieve Traffic Congestion?:A Case Study of Shanghai Based on GIS Buffer[J].Urban Planning Forum,2017(5):98-104.
12孙斌栋,李南菲,宋杰洁,等.职住平衡对通勤交通的影响分析:对一个传统城市规划理念的实证检验[J].城市规划学刊,2010(6):55-60.SUN Bindong,LI Nanfei,SONG Jiejie,et al.A Study of Impact of Job-Housing Balance and Commuting Travels:An Empirical Test of a Traditional Idea in the Field of Urban Planning[J].Urban Planning Forum,2010(6):55-60.
13孙斌栋,潘鑫.城市空间结构对交通出行影响研究的进展:单中心与多中心的论争[J].城市问题,2008,(1):19-22,28.SUN Bindong,PAN Xin.Research on the Impact of Urban Spatial Structure on Traveling:A Debate on Mono-Centricity and Polycentricity[J].Urban Problems,2008(1):19-22,28.
14孙斌栋,涂婷,石巍,等.特大城市多中心空间结构的交通绩效检验--上海案例研究[J].城市规划学刊,2013(2):63-69.SUN Bindong,TU Ting,SHI Wei,et al.Test on the Performance of Polycentric Spatial Structure as a Measure of Congestion Reduction in Megacities:The Case Study of Shanghai[J].Urban Planning Forum,2013(2):63-69.
15孙斌栋,尹春.人口密度对居民通勤时耗的影响及条件效应--来自上海证据[J].地理科学,2018,38(1):41-48.SUN Bindong,YIN Chun.Impacts and Conditional Effects of Population Density on Commuting Duration:Evidence from Shanghai[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(1):41-48.
16 TRENDLE B,SIU J.Commuting Patterns of Sunshine Coast Residents and the Impact of Education[J].Australasian Journal of Regional Studies,2007,13(2):221-230.
17 WANG D,CHAI Y.The Jobs-Housing Relationship and Commuting in Beijing,China:The Legacy of Danwei[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2009,17(1):30-38.
18 WATTS M J.The Impact of Spatial Imbalance and Socioeconomic Characteristics on Average Distance Commuted in the Sydney Metropolitan Area[J].Urban Studies,2009,46(2):317-339.
19 YANG J,SHEN Q,SHEN J,et al.Transport Impacts of Clustered Development in Beijing:Compact Development versus Overconcentration[J].Urban Studies,2012,49(6):1315-1331.
20 ZHAO P,LU B,DE ROO G.Impact of the JobsHousing Balance on Urban Commuting in Beijing in the Transformation Era[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(1):59-69.
21 ZHAO P.The Impact of the Built Environment on Individual Workers’Commuting Behavior in Beijing[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,2013,7(5):389-415.
2 CERVERO R,WU K.Polycentrism,Commuting,and Residential Location in the San Francisco Bay Area[J].Environment and Planning A,1997,29(5):865-886.
3 GORDON P,KUMAR A,RICHARDSON H W.Congestion,Changing Metropolitan Structure,and City Size in the United-States[J].International Regional Science Review,1989,12(1):45-56.
4何舟,宋杰洁,孙斌栋.城市通勤时耗的空间结构影响因素:基于文献的研究与启示[J].城市规划学刊,2014(1):65-70.HE Zhou,SONG Jiejie,SUN Bindong.Impacts of Urban Spatial Structure on Urban Commuting Duration:Based on Literature Review[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(1):65-70.
5何舟.城市空间结构与通勤时耗[D].上海:华东师范大学,2015.HE Zhou.Urban Spatial Structure and Commuting Duration:An Empirical Study of China[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2015.
6 LEE B,GORDON P,RICHARDSON H W,et al.Commuting Trends in US Cities in the 1990s[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research,2009,29(1):78-89.
7 LEVINSON D M,KUMAR A.The Rational Locator:Why Travel Times Have Remained Stable[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1994,60(3):319-332.
8 SCHWANEN T,DIELEMAN F M,DIJST M.The Impact of Metropolitan Structure on Commute Behavior in the Netherlands:A Multilevel Approach[J].Growth and Change,2004,35(3):304-333.
9 SCHWANEN T.Urban Form and Commuting Behaviour:ACross-European Perspective[J].Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie,2002,93(3):336-343.
10 SULTANA S.Job/Housing Imbalance and Commuting Time in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area:Exploration of Causes of Longer Commuting Time[J].Urban Geography,2002,23(8):728-749.
11孙斌栋,何舟,李南菲,等.职住均衡能够缓解交通拥堵吗?--基于GIS缓冲区方法的上海实证研究[J].城市规划学刊,2017(5):98-104.SUN Bindong,HE Zhou,LI Nanfei,et al.Could JobHousing Balance Relieve Traffic Congestion?:A Case Study of Shanghai Based on GIS Buffer[J].Urban Planning Forum,2017(5):98-104.
12孙斌栋,李南菲,宋杰洁,等.职住平衡对通勤交通的影响分析:对一个传统城市规划理念的实证检验[J].城市规划学刊,2010(6):55-60.SUN Bindong,LI Nanfei,SONG Jiejie,et al.A Study of Impact of Job-Housing Balance and Commuting Travels:An Empirical Test of a Traditional Idea in the Field of Urban Planning[J].Urban Planning Forum,2010(6):55-60.
13孙斌栋,潘鑫.城市空间结构对交通出行影响研究的进展:单中心与多中心的论争[J].城市问题,2008,(1):19-22,28.SUN Bindong,PAN Xin.Research on the Impact of Urban Spatial Structure on Traveling:A Debate on Mono-Centricity and Polycentricity[J].Urban Problems,2008(1):19-22,28.
14孙斌栋,涂婷,石巍,等.特大城市多中心空间结构的交通绩效检验--上海案例研究[J].城市规划学刊,2013(2):63-69.SUN Bindong,TU Ting,SHI Wei,et al.Test on the Performance of Polycentric Spatial Structure as a Measure of Congestion Reduction in Megacities:The Case Study of Shanghai[J].Urban Planning Forum,2013(2):63-69.
15孙斌栋,尹春.人口密度对居民通勤时耗的影响及条件效应--来自上海证据[J].地理科学,2018,38(1):41-48.SUN Bindong,YIN Chun.Impacts and Conditional Effects of Population Density on Commuting Duration:Evidence from Shanghai[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(1):41-48.
16 TRENDLE B,SIU J.Commuting Patterns of Sunshine Coast Residents and the Impact of Education[J].Australasian Journal of Regional Studies,2007,13(2):221-230.
17 WANG D,CHAI Y.The Jobs-Housing Relationship and Commuting in Beijing,China:The Legacy of Danwei[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2009,17(1):30-38.
18 WATTS M J.The Impact of Spatial Imbalance and Socioeconomic Characteristics on Average Distance Commuted in the Sydney Metropolitan Area[J].Urban Studies,2009,46(2):317-339.
19 YANG J,SHEN Q,SHEN J,et al.Transport Impacts of Clustered Development in Beijing:Compact Development versus Overconcentration[J].Urban Studies,2012,49(6):1315-1331.
20 ZHAO P,LU B,DE ROO G.Impact of the JobsHousing Balance on Urban Commuting in Beijing in the Transformation Era[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(1):59-69.
21 ZHAO P.The Impact of the Built Environment on Individual Workers’Commuting Behavior in Beijing[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,2013,7(5):389-415.