总溶解气体渐变饱和度下齐口裂腹鱼的耐受特征
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摘要
高坝泄水产生的总溶解气体(total dissolved gas,TDG)过饱和会使下游鱼类患气泡病甚至死亡。为减缓TDG过饱和对鱼类的影响,有必要探究河流中鱼类对TDG过饱和的耐受性。针对河道中TDG过饱和变化特征,以长江上游特有的齐口裂腹鱼为研究对象,通过室内试验开展了TDG过饱和恒定胁迫和TDG过饱和渐变式胁迫下齐口裂腹鱼的耐受性研究,并利用半致死时间评价试验鱼在各工况下对过饱和TDG的耐受性,利用生存分析方法来分析不同试验工况结果的差异性。结果表明:齐口裂腹鱼在TDG饱和度维持在120%下胁迫24 h,其半致死时间为27.7 h;在TDG饱和度时均值相近的情况下,受TDG过饱和110%～130%渐变式胁迫24 h试验鱼的半致死时间较TDG过饱和120%恒定胁迫24 h降低58.2%,而先承受115%TDG过饱和胁迫72 h后,再经历110%～130%渐变式胁迫24 h的试验鱼较TDG过饱和恒定胁迫24 h降低了72.5%;低水平TDG过饱和胁迫对齐口裂腹鱼具有一定的损伤作用,与健康试验鱼直接进行110%～130%渐变式胁迫24 h相比,先经历115%TDG过饱和胁迫72 h后再受TDG过饱和渐变式胁迫24 h,试验鱼的半致死时间降低25.4%;齐口裂腹鱼在TDG过饱和恒定胁迫和TDG过饱和渐变式胁迫下均会患气泡病,症状以胸鳍气泡、背鳍气泡、尾鳍气泡较为明显。研究揭示了TDG过饱和渐变条件下齐口裂腹鱼的耐受性和气泡病特征,有助于下一步开展水库生态调度优化方案研究及鱼类受TDG胁迫的气泡病响应研究。
The supersaturated total dissolved gas(TDG) generated by high dam discharge can cause downstream fish develop bubble disease or even suffer death. In order to alleviate the impact of TDG supersaturation on fish, it is necessary to study the tolerance characteristics of fish in river to TDG supersaturation. According to the characteristics of TDG supersaturation in river, the tolerance of fish under constant TDG supersaturation and gradually varied TDG supersaturation was studied in laboratory. Schizothorax prenanti, a rare and endemic species in the upper Yangtze River, was chosen as object in this study. Median lethal time(LT50) was used to evaluate the tolerance of Schizothorax prenanti to supersaturated TDG under different conditions, and survival analysis method was used to analyze the difference of experiments under different conditions. The results showed that the LT50 were 27.7 h under the condition of TDG supersaturation at 120%. The LT50 of the experimental fish under gradually varied TDG supersaturation(110%～130%) was 58.2% lower than that under constant TDG supersaturation, although they have same mean value of TDG. LT50 of the experimental fish with a history of 72 h pre-exposure(115% TDG) was 72.5% lower than that under constant TDG supersaturation, after they underwent a gradually varied TDG supersaturation(110%～130%) stress for 24 h. Low-level TDG supersaturation stress had certain damage to experimental fish. Compared to the healthy experimental fish directly subjected to gradually varied TDG supersaturation, LT50 of those with a history of TDG pre-exposure reduced by 25.4%. Bubble disease occurred in Schizothorax prenanti both under constant TDG supersaturation and gradually varied TDG supersaturation stress. The mainly symptoms of bubble disease in experimental fish were pectoral, dorsal and caudal bubbles. The study revealed the tolerance and bubble disease characteristics of Schizothorax prenanti under the gradually varied TDG supersaturation, which was helpful for the next study of reservoir ecological scheduling and bubble response of fish to TDG supersaturation stress.
The supersaturated total dissolved gas(TDG) generated by high dam discharge can cause downstream fish develop bubble disease or even suffer death. In order to alleviate the impact of TDG supersaturation on fish, it is necessary to study the tolerance characteristics of fish in river to TDG supersaturation. According to the characteristics of TDG supersaturation in river, the tolerance of fish under constant TDG supersaturation and gradually varied TDG supersaturation was studied in laboratory. Schizothorax prenanti, a rare and endemic species in the upper Yangtze River, was chosen as object in this study. Median lethal time(LT50) was used to evaluate the tolerance of Schizothorax prenanti to supersaturated TDG under different conditions, and survival analysis method was used to analyze the difference of experiments under different conditions. The results showed that the LT50 were 27.7 h under the condition of TDG supersaturation at 120%. The LT50 of the experimental fish under gradually varied TDG supersaturation(110%～130%) was 58.2% lower than that under constant TDG supersaturation, although they have same mean value of TDG. LT50 of the experimental fish with a history of 72 h pre-exposure(115% TDG) was 72.5% lower than that under constant TDG supersaturation, after they underwent a gradually varied TDG supersaturation(110%～130%) stress for 24 h. Low-level TDG supersaturation stress had certain damage to experimental fish. Compared to the healthy experimental fish directly subjected to gradually varied TDG supersaturation, LT50 of those with a history of TDG pre-exposure reduced by 25.4%. Bubble disease occurred in Schizothorax prenanti both under constant TDG supersaturation and gradually varied TDG supersaturation stress. The mainly symptoms of bubble disease in experimental fish were pectoral, dorsal and caudal bubbles. The study revealed the tolerance and bubble disease characteristics of Schizothorax prenanti under the gradually varied TDG supersaturation, which was helpful for the next study of reservoir ecological scheduling and bubble response of fish to TDG supersaturation stress.
引文
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[4]Ma Q,Li R,Feng J,et al.Cumulative effects of cascade hydropower stations on total dissolved gas supersaturation[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(14):13536-13547.
[5]Stenberg S K.Effects of gas supersaturation on migrating atlantic salmon smolt(Salmo salar)in Evangervatnet[D].Bergen:University of Bergen,2016.
[6]Brosnan I G,Welch D W,Scott M J.Survival rates of outmigrating yearling Chinook Salmon in the lower Columbia River and Plume after exposure to gas-supersaturated water[J].Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,2016,28(4):240-251.
[7]Wang Y,Politano M,Weber L.Spillway jet regime and total dissolved gas prediction with a multiphase flow model[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2018(12):1-13.
[8]Li Ran,Li Jia,Li Kefeng,et al.Prediction for supersaturated total dissolved gas in high-dam hydropower projects[J].Scirntia Sinica Technologica,2009,39(12):2001-2006.[李然,李嘉,李克锋,等.高坝工程总溶解气体过饱和预测研究[J].中国科学:技术科学,2009,39(12):2001-2006.]
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[11]Qu Lu,Li Ran,Li Jia,et al.Field observation of total dissolved gas supersaturation of high dams[J].Scirntia Sinica Technologica,2011,41(2):177-183.[曲璐,李然,李嘉,等.高坝工程总溶解气体过饱和影响的原型观测[J].中国科学:技术科学,2011,41(2):177-183.]
[12]Zhu Cairong,Lu Feng.Research status of total dissolved gas supersaturation problem in high dam discharge[J].Sichuan Water Resource,2018,39(2):5-8.[朱才荣,鲁锋.高坝泄流总溶解气体过饱和问题研究现状[J].四川水利,2018,39(2):5-8.]
[13]CCTV.金沙江下游打捞处置40吨死鱼官方排除中毒可能[EB/OL].http://news.cntv.cn/2014/07/19/ARTI1405750580177886.shtml,2014-07-19.
[14]Cui Lei.Hydropower development and environment protection in Yangtze River basin[J].Water Power,2017,43(7):10-12.[崔磊.长江水电开发与生态环境保护[J].水力发电,2017,43(7):10-12.]
[15]Jensen J O T,Schnute J,Alderdice D F.Assessing juvenile salmonid response to gas supersaturation using a general multivariate dose-response model[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1986,43(9):1694-1709.
[16]Smiley J E,Drawbridge M A,Okihiro M S,et al.Acute effects of gas supersaturation on juvenile cultured white seabass[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2011,140(5):1269-1276.
[17]Yuan Yuan,Wang Yuanming,Zhou Chenyang,et al.Tolerance of prenant's schizothoracin Schizothorax prenanti to total dissolved gas supersaturated water at varying temperature[J].North American Journal of Aquaculture,2018,80(1):107-115.
[18]Zhou Chenyang.Effects of TDG supersaturated water with water temperature on survival in Schizothorax prenanti and its shelter construction[D].Chengdu:Sichuan University,2016.[周晨阳.齐口裂腹鱼受水温和TDG过饱和共同作用的耐受性及其避难所营造[D].成都:四川大学,2016.]
[19]Crosa G,Castelli E,Gentili G,et al.Effects of suspended sediments from reservoir flushing on fish and macroinvertebrates in an alpine stream[J].Aquatic Sciences,2010,72(1):85-95.
[20]Du Qiucheng.Effects of TDG supersaturated water with sediment on survival in Schizothorax prenanti[D].Chengdu:Sichuan University,2013.[杜秋成.TDG过饱和含沙水体对齐口裂腹鱼的影响研究[D].成都:四川大学,2013.]
[21]Zhang Yiran,Du Qiucheng,Wang Yuanming,et al.Effects of TDG supersaturated water with sediment on juvenile Schizothorax prenanti[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(9):1029-1037.[张亦然,杜秋成,王远铭,等.总溶解气体过饱和含沙水体对齐口裂腹鱼影响的实验研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(9):1029-1037.]
[22]Beeman J W,Maule A G.Migration depths of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead relative to total dissolved gas supersaturation in a columbia river reservoir[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2006,135(3):584-594.
[23]Wang Yuanming.The effects of TDGS on endemic fish of the upper Yangtze River and its mitigation measures[D].Chengdu:Sichuan University,2017.[王远铭.长江上游特有鱼类受总溶解气体过饱和胁迫的响应规律及减缓措施研究[D].成都:四川大学,2017.]
[24]Weitkamp D,MaxKatz.A Review of dissolved gas supersaturation literature[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,1980,109(6):659-702.
[25]Wang Yu,Dai Huichao.Principal component analysis of influencing factors on supersaturation of dissolved oxygen in high dam discharge[J].Water Resources and Power,2010,28(11):94-96.[王煜,戴会超.高坝泄流溶解氧过饱和影响因子主成分分析[J].水电能源科学,2010,28(11):94-96.]
[26]Xie Jiayan.Research advances on Schizothorax prenanti in China[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010(25):13721-13722.[谢佳燕.我国齐口裂腹鱼的研究现状[J].安徽农业科学,2010(25):13721-13722.]
[27]李然,黄翔,李克锋,等.水体总溶解气体过饱和生成及其对鱼类影响研究的装置[P].中国:CN101642071,2010-02-10.
[28]Weitkamp D E.Total dissolved gas supersaturation biological effects,review of literature 1980-2007[R].Bellevue:Parametrix,Inc,2008.
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