土壤优化采样策略研究进展
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摘要
[目的]对现有的采样方式进行系统地总结归纳,并探寻一种优化的采样策略,对采样强度、分析成本及其研究精度三方面进行均衡,即以最小的经济投入换取最大化的试验精度。[方法]广泛查阅近几年国内外的相关文献,对土壤优化采样策略的设定进行了系统的总结。将优化采样策略的理论分为合理采样数和样点布设两方面,就此分别介绍确定采样数的3种方法和确定样点布设的4种方式,详细介绍其发展现状,并对该领域今后的研究进行展望。[结果]目前的优化采样法大多基于模型来优化采样设计的研究,其初步采样的方式忽略了空间相关性所导致的信息损失,必然在一定程度上造成试验结果的偏差和人力物力的浪费。而且,研究尺度多集中在县级以下,没有对采样方案的设计确立统一的评价体系和标准。[结论]未来优化采样设计在样点优先级方面还应进行更加深入的研究。
[Objective]To systematically summarize the existing sampling methods,and to explore an optimized sampling strategy to balance the sampling intensity,analysis cost and research precision,which was expected to maximize the accuracy of experiments with minimum economic input.[Methods]On the basis of extensive review on the domestic and foreign literatures in recent years,the optimized sampling strategy for soil properties was summarized.The theory of optimal sampling strategy was elucidated in two parts:the reasonable sampling number and the sampling point layout.Three methods and four modes were introduced to determine the reasonable sampling number and sampling points,respectively,and the future research was prospected.[Results]Most of the sampling program design used in current methods was model-based,and of which the spatial correlation of samples was ignored and relevant information was unused,these all were responsible to the deviation of experimental results and wastes of labor and materials to some extent.In addition,most researches were county scale or and/or lower scale,and there was no unified evaluation system or standards to design a formal sampling program.[Conclusion]In the future,the priority for optimal sampling design should be strengthened.
[Objective]To systematically summarize the existing sampling methods,and to explore an optimized sampling strategy to balance the sampling intensity,analysis cost and research precision,which was expected to maximize the accuracy of experiments with minimum economic input.[Methods]On the basis of extensive review on the domestic and foreign literatures in recent years,the optimized sampling strategy for soil properties was summarized.The theory of optimal sampling strategy was elucidated in two parts:the reasonable sampling number and the sampling point layout.Three methods and four modes were introduced to determine the reasonable sampling number and sampling points,respectively,and the future research was prospected.[Results]Most of the sampling program design used in current methods was model-based,and of which the spatial correlation of samples was ignored and relevant information was unused,these all were responsible to the deviation of experimental results and wastes of labor and materials to some extent.In addition,most researches were county scale or and/or lower scale,and there was no unified evaluation system or standards to design a formal sampling program.[Conclusion]In the future,the priority for optimal sampling design should be strengthened.
引文
[1]李连发,王劲峰.地理数据空间抽样模型[J].自然科学进展,2002,12(5):545-548.
[2]郝向东.浅谈系统抽样和分层抽样[J].统计与信息论坛,1996(4):62-65.
[3]Havlin J L,Jacobsen J S.Soil testing:Prospects for improving nutrient recommendations.[M].Madison,Wisconsin,USA:Soil Science Society of America,Inc.American Society of Agronomy,Inc.1994.
[4]Haining R,Zhang J.Spatial Data Analysis:Theory and Practice[M]∥Spatial Data Analysis:Theory and practice.Cambridge University Press,2003:1077.
[5]Brus D J,De Gruijter J J.Random sampling or geostatistical modelling?Choosing between design-based and model-based sampling strategies for soil[J].Geoderma,1997,80(1/2):1-44.
[6]贺本岚.复杂抽样中基于设计与基于模型推断的比较研究[J].北京市第十六次统计科学研讨会获奖论文集,2011.
[7]史海滨,陈亚新.土壤水分空间变异的套合结构模型及区域信息估值[J].水利学报,1994(7):70-77,89.
[8]Cochran W G.Sampling Techniques(3rd ed.)[M].John Wiley and Sons,Inc,New York,1977.
[9]Cameron D R,Nyborg M,Toogood J A,et al.Accuracy of field sampling for soil tests[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1971,51(2):165-175.
[10]谢宝妮,常庆瑞,秦占飞.县域土壤养分离群样点检测及其合理采样数研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(2):56-61.
[11]Sachs L.Applied Statistics[J].Springer,1984,17(3):389-390.
[12]盖钧镒.试验统计方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003:339-346.
[13]姜城,杨俐苹,金继运,等.土壤养分变异与合理取样数量[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(3):262-270.
[14]姚荣江,杨劲松,姜龙.黄河三角洲土壤盐分空间变异性与合理采样数研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):89-94.
[15]Matheron G.Principles of geostatistics[J].Economic Geology,1963,58(8):1246-1266.
[16]阎波杰,潘瑜春,赵春江.区域土壤重金属空间变异及合理采样数确定[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(S2):260-264.
[17]陈飞香,戴慧,胡月明,等.区域土壤空间抽样方法研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2012,28(6):53-56.
[18]Cattle J A,McBratney A,Minasny B.Kriging method evaluation for assessing the spatial distribution of urban soil lead contamination[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31(5):1576-1588.
[19]李润林,姚艳敏,唐鹏钦,等.县域耕地土壤锌含量的协同克里格插值及采样数量优化[J].土壤通报,2013,44(4):830-838.
[20]庞夙,李廷轩,王永东,等.县域农田土壤铜含量的协同克里格插值及采样数量优化[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2828-2836.
[21]李楠,徐东瑞,吴杨洁.土壤养分含量的协同克里格法插值研究[J].浙江农业学报,2011,23(5):1001-1006.
[22]李艳,史舟,王人潮,等.海涂土壤剖面电导率的协同克立格法估值及不同取样数目的比较研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(3):434-443.
[23]Wu J,Norvell W A,Hopkins D G,et al.Improved prediction and mapping of soil copper by kriging with auxiliary data for cation-exchange capacity[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(3):919-927.
[24]Tobler W R.A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region[J].Economic Geography,1970,46(2):234-240.
[25]赵业婷,李志鹏,常庆瑞,等.基于Cokriging的耕层土壤全氮空间特征及采样数量优化研究[J].土壤学报,2014,51(2):415-422.
[26]Weindorf D C,Zhu Y.Spatial variability of soil properties at Capulin Volcano,New Mexico,USA:Implications for sampling strategy[J].Pedosphere,2010,20(2):185-197.
[27]Franzen D W,Peck T R.Field soil sampling density for variable rate fertilization.[J].Journal of Production Agriculture,1996,8(4):568-574.
[28]朱爽,张锦水.面向省级农作物种植面积遥感估算的分层方法[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(2):184-191.
[29]曹志冬,王劲峰,李连发,等.地理空间中不同分层抽样方式的分层效率与优化策略[J].地理科学进展,2008,27(3):152-160.
[30]张锦水,潘耀忠,胡潭高,等.冬小麦种植面积空间抽样效率影响因子分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8):169-173.
[31]连健,李小娟,宫辉力,等.GIS支持下的空间分层抽样方法研究:以北京市人均农业总产值抽样调查为例[J].地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(6):30-3338.
[32]翟佩璇,高飞,吴兆福,等.基于聚类分层的地理空间数据抽样研究[J].信息通信,2016(4):26-28.
[33]王劲峰.空间抽样与统计推断[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[34]王迪,周清波,陈仲新,等.玉米种植面积空间抽样调查方案优化设计[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(8):117-125.
[35]吴炳方,李强子.基于两个独立抽样框架的农作物种植面积遥感估算方法[J].遥感学报,2004,8(6):551-569.
[36]Huggett R J.Soil landscape systems:A model of soil Genesis[J].Geoderma,1975,13(1):1-22.
[37]Li Qiquan,Yue Tianxiang,Wang Changquan,et al.Spatially distributed modeling of soil organic matter across China:An application of artificial neural network approach[J].Catena,2013,104(2):210-218.
[38]Hengl T,Rossiter D G,Stein A.Soil sampling strategies for spatial prediction by correlation with auxiliary maps[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2003,41(8):1403-1422.
[39]Kerry R,Oliver M A.Variograms of ancillary data to aid sampling for soil surveys[J].Precision Agriculture,2003,4(3):261-278.
[40]Simbahan G C,Dobermann A.Sampling optimization based on secondary information and its utilization in soil carbon mapping[J].Geoderma,2006,133(3):345-362.
[41]Minasny B,McBratney A B.A conditioned Latin hypercube method for sampling in the presence of ancillary information[J].Computers&geosciences,2006,32(9):1378-1388.
[42]Va2át R,Heuvelink G B M,Boruvka L.Sampling design optimization for multivariate soil mapping[J].Geoderma,2010,155(3):147-153.
[43]韩宗伟,黄魏,罗云,等.基于路网的土壤采样布局优化:模拟退火神经网络算法[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(3):891-900.
[44]杨琳,朱阿兴,秦承志,等.一种基于样点代表性等级的土壤采样设计方法[J].土壤学报,2011,48(5):938-946.
[45]Mcbratney A B,Santos M L M,Minasny B.On digital soil mapping[J].Geoderma,2003,117(1/2):3-52.
[46]孙孝林,王会利,宁源.样点代表性等级采样法在丘陵山区土壤表层有机质制图中的应用[J].土壤,2014,46(3):439-445.
[47]郭力娜,张凤荣,马仁会,等.基于标准样地的国家级农用地等别质量监测点设置方法探讨:以冀豫鄂三省为例[J].资源科学,2009,31(11):1957-1966.
[2]郝向东.浅谈系统抽样和分层抽样[J].统计与信息论坛,1996(4):62-65.
[3]Havlin J L,Jacobsen J S.Soil testing:Prospects for improving nutrient recommendations.[M].Madison,Wisconsin,USA:Soil Science Society of America,Inc.American Society of Agronomy,Inc.1994.
[4]Haining R,Zhang J.Spatial Data Analysis:Theory and Practice[M]∥Spatial Data Analysis:Theory and practice.Cambridge University Press,2003:1077.
[5]Brus D J,De Gruijter J J.Random sampling or geostatistical modelling?Choosing between design-based and model-based sampling strategies for soil[J].Geoderma,1997,80(1/2):1-44.
[6]贺本岚.复杂抽样中基于设计与基于模型推断的比较研究[J].北京市第十六次统计科学研讨会获奖论文集,2011.
[7]史海滨,陈亚新.土壤水分空间变异的套合结构模型及区域信息估值[J].水利学报,1994(7):70-77,89.
[8]Cochran W G.Sampling Techniques(3rd ed.)[M].John Wiley and Sons,Inc,New York,1977.
[9]Cameron D R,Nyborg M,Toogood J A,et al.Accuracy of field sampling for soil tests[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1971,51(2):165-175.
[10]谢宝妮,常庆瑞,秦占飞.县域土壤养分离群样点检测及其合理采样数研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(2):56-61.
[11]Sachs L.Applied Statistics[J].Springer,1984,17(3):389-390.
[12]盖钧镒.试验统计方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003:339-346.
[13]姜城,杨俐苹,金继运,等.土壤养分变异与合理取样数量[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(3):262-270.
[14]姚荣江,杨劲松,姜龙.黄河三角洲土壤盐分空间变异性与合理采样数研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):89-94.
[15]Matheron G.Principles of geostatistics[J].Economic Geology,1963,58(8):1246-1266.
[16]阎波杰,潘瑜春,赵春江.区域土壤重金属空间变异及合理采样数确定[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(S2):260-264.
[17]陈飞香,戴慧,胡月明,等.区域土壤空间抽样方法研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2012,28(6):53-56.
[18]Cattle J A,McBratney A,Minasny B.Kriging method evaluation for assessing the spatial distribution of urban soil lead contamination[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31(5):1576-1588.
[19]李润林,姚艳敏,唐鹏钦,等.县域耕地土壤锌含量的协同克里格插值及采样数量优化[J].土壤通报,2013,44(4):830-838.
[20]庞夙,李廷轩,王永东,等.县域农田土壤铜含量的协同克里格插值及采样数量优化[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2828-2836.
[21]李楠,徐东瑞,吴杨洁.土壤养分含量的协同克里格法插值研究[J].浙江农业学报,2011,23(5):1001-1006.
[22]李艳,史舟,王人潮,等.海涂土壤剖面电导率的协同克立格法估值及不同取样数目的比较研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(3):434-443.
[23]Wu J,Norvell W A,Hopkins D G,et al.Improved prediction and mapping of soil copper by kriging with auxiliary data for cation-exchange capacity[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(3):919-927.
[24]Tobler W R.A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region[J].Economic Geography,1970,46(2):234-240.
[25]赵业婷,李志鹏,常庆瑞,等.基于Cokriging的耕层土壤全氮空间特征及采样数量优化研究[J].土壤学报,2014,51(2):415-422.
[26]Weindorf D C,Zhu Y.Spatial variability of soil properties at Capulin Volcano,New Mexico,USA:Implications for sampling strategy[J].Pedosphere,2010,20(2):185-197.
[27]Franzen D W,Peck T R.Field soil sampling density for variable rate fertilization.[J].Journal of Production Agriculture,1996,8(4):568-574.
[28]朱爽,张锦水.面向省级农作物种植面积遥感估算的分层方法[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(2):184-191.
[29]曹志冬,王劲峰,李连发,等.地理空间中不同分层抽样方式的分层效率与优化策略[J].地理科学进展,2008,27(3):152-160.
[30]张锦水,潘耀忠,胡潭高,等.冬小麦种植面积空间抽样效率影响因子分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8):169-173.
[31]连健,李小娟,宫辉力,等.GIS支持下的空间分层抽样方法研究:以北京市人均农业总产值抽样调查为例[J].地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(6):30-3338.
[32]翟佩璇,高飞,吴兆福,等.基于聚类分层的地理空间数据抽样研究[J].信息通信,2016(4):26-28.
[33]王劲峰.空间抽样与统计推断[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[34]王迪,周清波,陈仲新,等.玉米种植面积空间抽样调查方案优化设计[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(8):117-125.
[35]吴炳方,李强子.基于两个独立抽样框架的农作物种植面积遥感估算方法[J].遥感学报,2004,8(6):551-569.
[36]Huggett R J.Soil landscape systems:A model of soil Genesis[J].Geoderma,1975,13(1):1-22.
[37]Li Qiquan,Yue Tianxiang,Wang Changquan,et al.Spatially distributed modeling of soil organic matter across China:An application of artificial neural network approach[J].Catena,2013,104(2):210-218.
[38]Hengl T,Rossiter D G,Stein A.Soil sampling strategies for spatial prediction by correlation with auxiliary maps[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2003,41(8):1403-1422.
[39]Kerry R,Oliver M A.Variograms of ancillary data to aid sampling for soil surveys[J].Precision Agriculture,2003,4(3):261-278.
[40]Simbahan G C,Dobermann A.Sampling optimization based on secondary information and its utilization in soil carbon mapping[J].Geoderma,2006,133(3):345-362.
[41]Minasny B,McBratney A B.A conditioned Latin hypercube method for sampling in the presence of ancillary information[J].Computers&geosciences,2006,32(9):1378-1388.
[42]Va2át R,Heuvelink G B M,Boruvka L.Sampling design optimization for multivariate soil mapping[J].Geoderma,2010,155(3):147-153.
[43]韩宗伟,黄魏,罗云,等.基于路网的土壤采样布局优化:模拟退火神经网络算法[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(3):891-900.
[44]杨琳,朱阿兴,秦承志,等.一种基于样点代表性等级的土壤采样设计方法[J].土壤学报,2011,48(5):938-946.
[45]Mcbratney A B,Santos M L M,Minasny B.On digital soil mapping[J].Geoderma,2003,117(1/2):3-52.
[46]孙孝林,王会利,宁源.样点代表性等级采样法在丘陵山区土壤表层有机质制图中的应用[J].土壤,2014,46(3):439-445.
[47]郭力娜,张凤荣,马仁会,等.基于标准样地的国家级农用地等别质量监测点设置方法探讨:以冀豫鄂三省为例[J].资源科学,2009,31(11):1957-1966.