间歇组合灌溉对中度盐化土壤水盐运移规律的影响研究
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摘要
为了探究合理的微咸水农田灌溉模式,以中度盐化土壤为研究对象,在室内进行一维垂直积水入渗试验,研究不同咸淡水组合次序和间歇时间条件下土壤水盐运移规律,并对土壤盐分分布指标进行评价。结果表明:(1)间歇组合灌溉模式下各土层的土壤含水率均大于淡水直接灌溉,且与微咸水直接灌溉差异较小;先咸后淡土壤含水率变异系数介于9.24～16.62之间,相对于先淡后咸(11.54～20.88),土壤含水率分布更均匀。(2)在同一土层深度处,间歇组合灌溉模式下的土壤含盐量均小于微咸水直接灌溉,与淡水灌溉差异较小;在0～20 cm土层,先淡后咸土壤含盐量大于先咸后淡,而在20～55 cm土层,先咸后淡大于先淡后咸。(3)对土壤盐分评价指标进行分析表明,先咸后淡含盐量峰值大于先淡后咸;先淡后咸脱盐率平均值大于先咸后淡;在间歇组合灌溉模式下,脱盐区深度介于47.97～51.63 cm、达标脱盐区深度介于46.6～50.7之间,均超过了0～45 cm作物根系密度较大的土层;脱盐率平均值(0.36～0.543)、含盐量峰值(3.741～5.967)均高于微咸水直接灌溉,间歇组合灌溉更有利于为作物提供良好的生长环境。
One dimensional vertical infiltration experiments were carried out to explore characteristics of water and salt transport in soil under alteration irrigation(AI) in moderately saline soil and evaluate the indexes of salinity distribution. The results showed that:(1) The soil water content with the AI treatment was higher than that with sole freshwater irrigation(F),but slightly differed from that of the sole brackish water irrigation(B). The variation coefficients of soil water content in soil after the irrigation sequence of brackish water irrigation followed by fresh water(B-F) varied from 9.24 to 16.62,which were less than that of irrigation of fresh water first followed by brackish water(F-B) :(2) Within the same soil depth,the soil salinity content of treatment AI was less than that of treatment B,but slightly differed from treatment F.In the top 20 cm soil layers,the soil salinity content of treatments FB was greater than that of B-F,but in 20 ～ 55 cm soil layers,the soil salinity content of treatments B-F was greater than that of F-B;(3) The analyses of the evaluation indexes of salinity distribution in dicated that the peak value of soil salinity of treatment B-F was greater than that of F-B. The soil desalination zone varied from 47.97 to 51.63 cm depth and the complied desalination zone varied from 46.6 to 50.7 cm,which was deeper than depth of dense crop roots(0 ～ 45 cm). The average desalination rate(0.36 ～ 0.543) and the peak value of soil salinity(3.741 ～5.967) in treatments ICI were higher than that in B,indicating that the ICI is more favorable than other irrigation methods to provide suitable soil water-salt environment for crops growth.
One dimensional vertical infiltration experiments were carried out to explore characteristics of water and salt transport in soil under alteration irrigation(AI) in moderately saline soil and evaluate the indexes of salinity distribution. The results showed that:(1) The soil water content with the AI treatment was higher than that with sole freshwater irrigation(F),but slightly differed from that of the sole brackish water irrigation(B). The variation coefficients of soil water content in soil after the irrigation sequence of brackish water irrigation followed by fresh water(B-F) varied from 9.24 to 16.62,which were less than that of irrigation of fresh water first followed by brackish water(F-B) :(2) Within the same soil depth,the soil salinity content of treatment AI was less than that of treatment B,but slightly differed from treatment F.In the top 20 cm soil layers,the soil salinity content of treatments FB was greater than that of B-F,but in 20 ～ 55 cm soil layers,the soil salinity content of treatments B-F was greater than that of F-B;(3) The analyses of the evaluation indexes of salinity distribution in dicated that the peak value of soil salinity of treatment B-F was greater than that of F-B. The soil desalination zone varied from 47.97 to 51.63 cm depth and the complied desalination zone varied from 46.6 to 50.7 cm,which was deeper than depth of dense crop roots(0 ～ 45 cm). The average desalination rate(0.36 ～ 0.543) and the peak value of soil salinity(3.741 ～5.967) in treatments ICI were higher than that in B,indicating that the ICI is more favorable than other irrigation methods to provide suitable soil water-salt environment for crops growth.
引文
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[2] Rosenthal E,Zilberbrand M,Livshitz Y. The hydro-chemical evolution of brackish groundwater in central and northern Sinai(Egypt)and in the western Negev(Israel)[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,337(3):294-314.
[3]王全九,单鱼洋.微咸水灌溉与土壤水盐调控研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2015,(12):117-126.
[4]王全九,徐益敏,王金栋,等.咸水与微咸水在农业灌溉中的应用[J].灌溉排水,2002,(4):73-77.
[5] Li Y,Niu W,Xu J,et al. Root morphology of greenhouse produced muskmelon under sub-surface drip irrigation with supplemental soil aeration[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2016, 201:287-294.
[6] Orlofsky E,Bernstein N,Sacks M,et al. Comparable levels of microbial contamination in soil and on tomato crops after drip irrigation with treated wastewater or potable water[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2016,215:140-150.
[7] Ahmed O,Inoue M,Moritani S. Effect of saline water irrigation and manure plication on the available water content,soil salinity,and growth of wheat[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2011,97(1):165-170.
[8]马东豪,王全九,苏莹,等.微咸水入渗土壤水盐运移特征分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,(1):62-66.
[9] Rao S S,Tanwar S P S,Regar P L. Effect of deficit irrigation,phosphorous inoculation and cycocel spray on root growth,seed cotton yield and water productivity of drip irrigated cotton in arid environment[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2016,169:14-25.
[10]毕远杰,王全九,雪静.淡水与微咸水入渗特性对比分析[J].农业机械学报,2010,(7):70-75.
[11]刘静妍,毕远杰,孙西欢,等.交替供水条件下土壤入渗特性与水盐分布特征研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,(4):55-60.
[12]刘静妍.不同灌溉模式的微咸水入渗特性和土壤水盐分布特征[D].太原:太原理工大学,2015.
[13]孙向阳.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005:322.
[14]汪志农.灌溉排水工程学(2版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2010:40.
[15]樊贵盛.非饱和土壤介质水分入渗能问题[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2012.
[16]吴忠东,王卫华,张照录,等.咸淡组合淋洗对土壤水盐分布特征的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报.2014.32(12):1085-1090.
[17]胡克林,李保国,陈德立,等.农田土壤水分和盐分的空间变异性及其协同克立格估值[J].水科学进展,2001,12(4):460-465.
[18]吴忠东,王全九.入渗水矿化度对土壤入渗特征和离子迁移特性的影响[J].农业机械学报,2010,(7):64-69,75.
[19]苏莹,王全九,叶海燕,等.咸淡轮灌土壤水盐运移特征研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2005,(1):50-53.
[20]吴忠东,王全九,苏莹.微咸水进行农田灌溉的研究[J].人民黄河,2005,(5):52-54.
[21]张建国,金斌斌.土壤与农作[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2010:84.
[22]张明炷,黎庆淮,石秀兰.土壤学与农作学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1994:82.
[23]吴忠东,王卫华,张照录,等.咸淡组合淋洗对土壤水盐分布特征的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2014,(12):1085-1090.
[24]吕殿青,王全九,王文焰,等.土壤盐分分布特征评价[J].土壤学报,2002,(5):720-725.
[25]王文焰.波涌灌溉试验研究与应用[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,1994:2.