基于行驶里程的北京市延庆区机动车排放清单建立及特征分析
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摘要
调查统计北京市延庆区机动车类型、车流量、汽车里程、燃油类别等,运用COPERT模型计算了小客车、大客车、小货车、中货车、特大货车的CO、HC、NO_x、PM排放因子。基于现场调查和卫星影片解译建立延庆区机动车行驶里程(VKT)数据库,应用ArcGIS建立机动车高分辨率排放清单,以实际车流量信息计算出VKT和对应的各污染物排放量。结果表明:CO、HC、NO_x、PM的年排放量分别为1 995. 49、478. 84、2 466. 06、156. 65 t/a。小客车对CO和HC排放量的贡献率最大,分别为36%和72%;特大货车对NO_x和PM排放量的贡献率最大,分别为54%和49%。污染物高排放量主要分布在城区,原因是城区路网密集,车流量较大。
Vehicle type, environmental condition, vehicle mileage and fuel type of motor vehicles in Yanqing District were surveyed and calculated. The COPERT model was used to compute the emission factors of CO, HC,NO_x and PM for passenger cars, buses, small trucks, medium trucks and oversized trucks, respectively.Geographic information system was applied to establish high-resolution exhaust emissions inventory, based on vehicle driving range(VKT) database in Yanqing District obtained by field investigation and Google Earth satellite image. Then the vehicle kilometers travel data and the corresponding pollutants emission were calculated by actual traffic information. The results showed that the annual emission of CO, HC, NO_x and PM was respectively1 995. 49, 478. 84, 2 466. 06 and 156. 65 t/a. Specifically, passenger cars had a higher contribution to CO and HC, which accounted for 36% and 72%, while the oversized trucks had a higher contribution to NOxand PM,which accounted for 54% and 49%, respectively. High emissions were mainly distributed in the downtown area due to dense road network and larger traffic volume flow.
Vehicle type, environmental condition, vehicle mileage and fuel type of motor vehicles in Yanqing District were surveyed and calculated. The COPERT model was used to compute the emission factors of CO, HC,NO_x and PM for passenger cars, buses, small trucks, medium trucks and oversized trucks, respectively.Geographic information system was applied to establish high-resolution exhaust emissions inventory, based on vehicle driving range(VKT) database in Yanqing District obtained by field investigation and Google Earth satellite image. Then the vehicle kilometers travel data and the corresponding pollutants emission were calculated by actual traffic information. The results showed that the annual emission of CO, HC, NO_x and PM was respectively1 995. 49, 478. 84, 2 466. 06 and 156. 65 t/a. Specifically, passenger cars had a higher contribution to CO and HC, which accounted for 36% and 72%, while the oversized trucks had a higher contribution to NOxand PM,which accounted for 54% and 49%, respectively. High emissions were mainly distributed in the downtown area due to dense road network and larger traffic volume flow.
引文
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[28]王凯,樊守彬,孙改红.北京市延庆区道路扬尘排放特征及影响因素[J].环境工程技术学报,2019,9(1):1-7.WANG K,FAN S B,SUN G H.Emission characteristics and impact factors for road fugitive dust in Yanqing District,Beijing City[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2019,9(1):1-7.
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[2]环境保护部机动车排污监控中心.环境保护部发布《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》[J].环境与可持续发展,2014,39(1):9-10.
[3]MCGAUGHEY G R,DESAI N R,ALLEN D T,et al.Analysis of motor vehicle emissions in a Houston tunnel during the teas air quality study 2000[J].Atmosphere Environment,2004,38(20):3363-3372.
[4]WALLINGTON T J,SULLIVAN J L,HURLEY M D.Emissions of CO2,CO,NOx,HC,PM,HFC-134a,N2O and CH4from the global light duty vehicle fleet[J].Meteorologische Zeitschrift,2008,17(2):109-116.
[5]HE K B,HUO H,ZHANG Q,et al.Urban air pollution in China:current status,characteristics,and progress[J].Annual Review of Energy and the Environment,2002,27(3):397-431.
[6]CHAN C K,YAO X H.Air pollution in mega cities in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(1):1-42.
[7]FU L X,HAO J M,HE D Q,et al.Assessment of vehicular pollution in China[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2001,51(5):658-668.
[8]LI J,WU R R,LI Y Q,et al.Effects of rigorous emission controls on reducing ambient volatile organic compounds Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,140(3):531-541.
[9]樊守彬,聂磊,李雪峰.应用模型建立机场大气污染物排放清单[J].安全与环境学报,2010,10(4):93-96.FAN S B,NIE L,LI X F.Calculating airport emission with EDMSModel[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2010,10(4):93-96.
[10]樊守彬,张东旭,田灵娣.道路交通扬尘排放模型评估及其在北京市的应用[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(5):2501-2506.FAN S B,ZHANG D X,TIAN L D.Assessment for AP-42 model of road dust emissions and its application in Beijing[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(5):2501-2506.
[11]樊守彬,田灵娣,张东旭.基于模式的北京市汽油车蒸发排放清单[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(6):3091-3096.FAN S B,TIAN L D,ZHANG D X.Emission inventory of gasoline evaporation from vehicles in Beijing based on COPERT model[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(6):3091-3096.
[12]KHOLOD N,EVANS M,GUSEV E,et al.A methodology for calculating transport emissions in cities with limited traffic data:case study of diesel particulates and black carbon emissions in Murmansk[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,151(12):305-313.
[13]KOTA S H,ZHANG H L,CHEN G,et al.Evaluation of on-road vehicle CO and NOxnational emission inventories using an urbanscale source-oriented air quality model[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,85(11):99-108.
[14]樊守彬.北京机动车尾气排放特征研究[J].环境科学与管理,2011,36(4):28-31.FAN S B.Tail-pipe emission characteristics from on-road vehicles in Beijing[J].Environmental Science and Management,2011,36(4):28-31.
[15]WANG H K,CHEN C H,HUANG C.et al.On-road vehicle emission inventory and its uncertainty analysis for Shanghai,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,398(1/2/3):60-67.
[16]CHEN C H,HUANG C,JING Q Q,et al.On-road emission characteristics of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in Shanghai[J].Atmosphere Environment,2007,41(26):5334-5344.
[17]LANG J,CHENG S,ZHOU Y,et al.Air pollutant emissions from on-road vehicles in China,1999-2011[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,496(15):1-10.
[18]WANG H,FU L,LIN X,et al.A bottom-up methodology to estimate vehicle emissions for the Beijing Urban Area[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(6):1947-1953.
[19]王慧慧,曾维华,吴开亚.上海市机动车尾气排放协同控制效应研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(5):1345-1352.WANG H H,ZENG W H,WU K Y.Co-control effects of motor vehicle pollutant emission in Shanghai[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(5):1345-1352.
[20]ZHANG S,WU Y,LIU H,et al.Historical evaluation of vehicle emission control in Guangzhou based on a multi-year emission inventory[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,76:32-42.
[21]姚欣灿,农加进,黄如娜,等.广州市年道路机动车排放清单研究[J].广州环境科学,2012,27(2):20-24.YAO X C,NONG J J,HUANG R N,et al.Vehicle emission inventory of Guangzhou in 2010[J].Environmental Science in Guangzhou,2012,27(2):20-24.
[22]郑君瑜,车汶蔚,王兆礼.基于交通流量和路网的区域机动车污染物排放量空间分配方法[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(4):815-821.ZHENG J Y,CHE W W,WANG Z L.Traffic flow and road network-based spatial allocation of regional mobile source emission inventories[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(4):815-821.
[23]李笑语,吴琳,邹超,等.基于实时交通数据的南京市主次干道机动车排放特征分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1340-1347.LI X Y,WU L,ZOU C,et al.Emission characteristics of vehicle exhaust in artery and collector roads in Nanjing based on real-time traffic data[J].Environmental Sciences,2017,38(4):1340-1347.
[24]刘登国,刘娟,黄伟民,等.基于交通信息的道路机动车排放模拟研究[J].环境监测管理与技术,2016,28(3):15-19.LIU D G,LIU J,HUANG W M,et al.Simulation study on NOx emission from vehicles based on traffic information[J].Environmental Supervision and Technology,2016,28(3):15-19.
[25]HARIKISHAN P,HENG W,ZHUO Y.Developing high-resolution urban scale heavy-duty truck emission inventory using the datadriven truck activity model output[J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,155(2):210-230.
[26]GKATZOFLIAS D,KOURIDIS C,NTZIACHRISTOS L,et al.COPERT 4,computer programme to calculate emissions from road transport methodology and emission factors[EB/OL].(2015-05-12)[2018-04-15].www.techylib.com/en/view/bankercord/factsheet_4_computer_programme_to_calculate_emissions_from_road_t.
[27]樊守彬,田灵娣.北京市机动车尾气排放因子研究[J].环境科学,2017,36(7):2375-2380.FAN S B,TIAN L D.Emission factors of vehicle exhaust in Beijing[J].Environmental Sciences,2017,36(7):2375-2380.
[28]王凯,樊守彬,孙改红.北京市延庆区道路扬尘排放特征及影响因素[J].环境工程技术学报,2019,9(1):1-7.WANG K,FAN S B,SUN G H.Emission characteristics and impact factors for road fugitive dust in Yanqing District,Beijing City[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2019,9(1):1-7.
[29]延庆区统计局.延庆区统计年鉴2017[M].北京:延庆区统计局,2017.
[30]樊守彬,郭津津.区县尺度机动车高分辨率排放清单建立方法及应用[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):45-52.FAN S B,GUO J J.Methods and applications of high resolution vehicle emission inventory in county scale[J].Environmental Sciences,2018,39(5):45-52.