立方氮化硼砂轮的研究与发展
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摘要
介绍了国内外立方氮化硼(CBN)砂轮的性能和金属结合剂(含电镀和钎焊结合剂)、树脂结合剂和陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮的特点,论述了CBN砂轮中磨料的处理及气孔组织的调控技术。阐述了目前国内在CBN砂轮制造水平方面与国外存在的差距,提出CBN砂轮的未来制造应向着超高速、绿色制造等方向发展。
This paper presents the development and performance of CBN grinding wheels at home and abroad and the characteristics of metal(including electroplating and brazing),resin and vitrified bonded CBN grinding wheels respectively,describes the processing method of CBN abrasive grains,the organization control technology of pores in CBN grinding wheels.Moreover we discuss the existing gap of CBN grinding wheels between home and aboard in manufacturing,and propose that the CBN grinding wheels manufacture should be developed toward ultra-high speed,high efficiency and green manufacturing in future.
This paper presents the development and performance of CBN grinding wheels at home and abroad and the characteristics of metal(including electroplating and brazing),resin and vitrified bonded CBN grinding wheels respectively,describes the processing method of CBN abrasive grains,the organization control technology of pores in CBN grinding wheels.Moreover we discuss the existing gap of CBN grinding wheels between home and aboard in manufacturing,and propose that the CBN grinding wheels manufacture should be developed toward ultra-high speed,high efficiency and green manufacturing in future.
引文
[1]杨威,刘将先,王帅,等.高速立方氮化硼砂轮与绿色制造[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2014,34(2):69–72.YANG Wei,LIU Jiangxian,WANG Shuai,et al.High speed CBN grinding wheel and the green manufacturing[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2014,34(2):69–72.
[2]赵保会.超高速磨削用CBN砂轮陶瓷结合剂的研究[D].天津:天津大学,2012.ZHAO Baohui.Research of vitrified bond for ultra-high speed CBN grinding wheel[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2012.
[3]MANN R E D,HEXEMER JR R L,DONALSON I W,et al.Hot deformation of an Al-Cu-Mg powder metallurgy alloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering:A,2011,528(16):5476–5483.
[4]姚开能.金属结合剂CBN砂轮的工作原理[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,1985(6):15–16.YAO Kaineng.Operational principle of metal-bonded CBN grinding wheel[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,1985(6):15–16.
[5]VILLAR M D,MURO P,SANCHEZ J M,et al.Consolidation of diamond tools using Fe-Cu-Co based alloys as metallic binders[J].Powder Metallurgy,2001,44(1):82–90.
[6]邹文俊,陈功武,宋城,等.超硬磨具用金属结合剂国内外研究进展[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2014,34(4):83–87.ZOU Wenjun,CHEN Gongwu,SONG Cheng,et al.Review of metal bond material used in superhard abrasive tool[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2014,34(4):83–87.
[7]关岩,徐晓伟,杨亮.超硬CBN磨具用陶瓷/金属复合结合剂的研究[J].人工晶体学报,2009,38(s1):186–190.GUAN Yan,XU Xiaowei,YANG Liang.Research on ceramic/metal compound bond used in superhard CBN abrasive tools[J].Journal of Synthetic Crystals,2009,38(s1):186–190.
[8]BHADURI D,CHATTOPADHYAY A K.Effect of pulsed DC CFUBM sputtered TiN coating on performance of nickel electroplated monolayer CBN wheel in grinding steel[J].Surface&Coatings Technology,2010,204(23):3818–3832.
[9]谢定彬,黄辉,徐西鹏.钎焊立方氮化硼砂轮的研究评述[J].超硬材料工程,2006,18(6):31–34.XIE Dingbin,HUANG Hui,XU Xipeng.Review of the present research on brazed monolayer CBN wheels[J].Superhard Material Engineering,2006,18(6):31–34.
[10]吴彦农,叶伟昌.单层超硬磨料砂轮的发展与应用[J].现代制造工程,2002(9):34–35.WU Yannong,YE Weichang.Development and application of monolayer superabrasive grinding wheel[J].Modern Manufacturing Engineering,2002(9):34–35.
[11]MIAO Q,DING W,ZHU Y,et al.Brazing of CBN grains with Ag-Cu-Ti/TiX composite filler-The effect of TiX particles on microstructure and strength of bonding layer[J].Materials and Design,2016(98):243–253.
[12]DING W F,XU J H,CHEN Z Z,et al.Interface characteristics and fracture behavior of brazed polycrystalline CBN grains using Cu-Sn-Ti alloy[J].Materials Science&Engineering A,2013,559(559):629–634.
[13]吴杰,陈燕,傅玉灿,等.石墨软涂层自润滑单层钎焊CBN砂轮干式磨削钛合金实验研究[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2013,33(1):14–17.WU Jie,CHEN Yan,FU Yucan,et al.Dry grinding temperature of titanium alloy with graphite self-lubricating coated monolayer brazed CBN grinding wheels[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2013,33(1):14–17.
[14]BHADURI D,KUMAR R,JAIN A K,et al.On tribological behaviour and application of TiN and MoS2-Ti composite coating for enhancing performance of monolayer CBN grinding wheel[J].Wear,2010,268(9):1053–1065.
[15]ZHANG G F,ZHANG B,DENG Z H.Recent advances and future perspectives in grinding wheel structures[J].International Journal of Abrasives Technology,2009,2(2):113–129.
[16]陈超,龚艳丽,颜亮,等.有序化砂轮的研究现状及进展[J].现代制造工程,2015(12):140–146.CHEN Chao,GONG Yanli,YAN Liang,et al.Recent status and advances of ordered grinding wheel[J].Modern Manufacturing Engineering,2015(12):140–146.
[17]邹文俊.有机磨具制造[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2001:1–5.ZOU Wenjun.Manufacture of organic abrasive tools[M].Beijing:China Standard Press,2001:1–5.
[18]LUO S Y,LIU Y C.Effect of copper filler of resin-bonded diamond composites on the wear behaviors under a dry condition[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1999,96(1–3):215–224.
[19]李燕琳,尹育航,薛群虎,等.钼磷硼改性酚醛树脂性能的研究[J].硅酸盐通报,2016,35(2):665–669.LI Yanlin,YIN Yuhang,XUE Qunhu,et al.Mechanical properties of molybdenum,phosphorus and boron modified phenolic resin[J].Bulletin of Chinese Ceramic Society,2016,35(2):665–669.
[20]夏绍灵,邹文俊,彭进,等.聚氨酯改性酚醛树脂的研究[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2006(3):62–64.XIA Shaoling,ZOU Wenjun,PENG Jin,et al.Study of polyurethane modified phenol formaldehyde resin[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2006(3):62–64.
[21]JACKSON M J,DAVIS C J,HITCHINER M P,et al.Highspeed grinding with CBN grinding wheels-applications and future technology[J].J.Mater Process Technol;2001,110(1):78–88.
[22]周曦亚,李名英,万杰,等.微晶玻璃结合CBN复合材料的研究进展[J].中国陶瓷,2013(10):1–4.ZHOU Xiya,LI Mingying,WAN Jie,et al.Research progress of CBN composites with glass-ceramic[J].Chinese Ceramic,2013(10):1–4.
[23]CUI L,HAO X,HU X,et al.Effects of Y2O3addition on structure and properties of LZAS vitrified bond for CBN grinding tools application[J].Ceramics International,2015,41(8):9916–9922.
[24]HOU Y G,QIAO G Y,SHANG Y,et al.Effects of nano-AlN and sintering atmosphere on microstructure and properties of vitrified bond[J].Composites:Part B,2011,42(4):756–762.
[25]翟浩冲,万隆,王俊沙,等.MgO与Li2O摩尔比及烧结温度对结合剂及CBN磨具性能的影响[J].复合材料学报,2013,30(1):119–122.ZHAI Haochong,WAN Long,WANG Junsha,et al.Effect of MgO:Li2O molar ratio and sintering temperature on properties of vitrified bond and CBN grinding wheel[J].Acta Material Composite Sinica,2013,30(1):119–122.
[26]刘心宇,敖敏,郭桦,等.F–对CBN磨具用陶瓷结合剂的结构与性能的影响[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2007(5):34–39.LIU Xinyu,AO Min,GUO Hua,et al.Effect of F-on structure and properties of vitrified bond for CBN tools[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2007(5):34–39.
[27]王明智,王艳辉,赵玉成,等.超硬磨料表面镀覆(涂覆)的种类、方法及用途(Ⅰ)[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2004(5):68–72.WANG Mingzhi,WANG Yanhui,ZHAO Yucheng,et al.The categories methods and application of surface coating/deposition of super-hard abrasives(Ⅰ)[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2004(5):68–72.
[28]YANG X,BAI J,JING W,et al.Strengthening of low-temperature sintered vitrified bond CBN grinding wheels by pre-oxidation of CBN abrasives[J].Ceramics International,2016,42(7):9 283–9 286.
[29]鲍崇高,宋奕侨,侯书增,等,磨料表面微氧化对CBN磨具磨削性能的影响[J].西安交通大学学报,2015,49(2):124–129.BAO Chonggao,SONG Yiqiao,HOU Shuzeng,et al.Effect of the CBN grit surface oxidation on grinding performance of the vitrified CBN tool[J].Journal of Xian Jiaotong University,2015,49(2):124–129.
[30]LI Z C,ZHANG A J,LI H,et al.Surface treatment of cubic boron nitride grains applied to vitrified bond grinding tools[J].Mater Sci Forum,2011(675–677):167–170.
[31]赵玉成,臧建兵,王明智.刚玉涂覆的超硬磨料[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,1999(5):6–7.ZHAO Yucheng,ZANG Jianbing,WANG Mingzhi.Superhard abrasive with corundum coating[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,1999(5):6–7.
[32]张明,臧建兵,王明智,等.Mo涂层的立方氮化硼(CBN)与玻化陶瓷复合烧结体的研究[J].人工晶体学报,1996,25(1):23–28.ZHANG Ming,ZANG Jianbing,WANG Mingzhi,et al.Study on composite materials sintered by Mo clad CBN and vitrified ceramics[J].Journal of Synthetic Crystals,1996,25(1):23–28.
[33]张林森,桂阳海,闫莉,等.氮化硼微粒化学镀镍–磷合金工艺研究[J].电镀与精饰,2009,31(3):38–40.ZHANG Linsen,GUI Yanghai,YAN Li,et al.Study of Ni-P alloy electroless plating on boron nitride particles[J].Plating and Finishing,2009,31(3):38–40.
[34]FARAN E,GOTMAN I,GUTMANAS E Y.Experimental study of the reaction zone at boron nitride ceramic-Ti metal interface[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2000,288(1):66–74.
[35]ZANG J B.Interface bonding between Ti-coated CBN and vitrified:Advanced in Grinding and Abrasive Processes Selected Papers from the 12th Grinding and Machining Comference[C].China:Kunming,2004.
[36]TANAKA T.New development of metal bonded diamond wheel with pore by the growth of bonding bridge[J].Japan Soc.Precision Engineering.1992,26(1):27–32.
[37]MAO J B,ZHANG F L,LIAO G C,et al.Effect of granulated sugar as pore former on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the vitrified bond cubic boron nitride grinding wheels[J].Materials and Design,2014,60(8):328–333.
[38]LV X,LIN Z,ZHU Y,et al.Effect of PMMA pore former on microstructure and mechanical properties of vitrified bond CBN grinding wheels[J].Ceramics International,2013,39(2):1893–1899.
[39]DAVIS T D,DICORLETO J,SHELDON D,et al.A route to highly porous grinding wheels by selective extraction of pore inducers with dense carbon dioxide[J].Journal of Supercritical Fluids,2004,30(3):349–358.
[40]DING W F,XU J H,CHEN Z Z,et al.Fabrication and performance of porous metal-bonded CBN grinding wheels using alumina bubble particles as pore-forming agents[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2012,67(5–8):1309–1315.
[2]赵保会.超高速磨削用CBN砂轮陶瓷结合剂的研究[D].天津:天津大学,2012.ZHAO Baohui.Research of vitrified bond for ultra-high speed CBN grinding wheel[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2012.
[3]MANN R E D,HEXEMER JR R L,DONALSON I W,et al.Hot deformation of an Al-Cu-Mg powder metallurgy alloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering:A,2011,528(16):5476–5483.
[4]姚开能.金属结合剂CBN砂轮的工作原理[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,1985(6):15–16.YAO Kaineng.Operational principle of metal-bonded CBN grinding wheel[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,1985(6):15–16.
[5]VILLAR M D,MURO P,SANCHEZ J M,et al.Consolidation of diamond tools using Fe-Cu-Co based alloys as metallic binders[J].Powder Metallurgy,2001,44(1):82–90.
[6]邹文俊,陈功武,宋城,等.超硬磨具用金属结合剂国内外研究进展[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2014,34(4):83–87.ZOU Wenjun,CHEN Gongwu,SONG Cheng,et al.Review of metal bond material used in superhard abrasive tool[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2014,34(4):83–87.
[7]关岩,徐晓伟,杨亮.超硬CBN磨具用陶瓷/金属复合结合剂的研究[J].人工晶体学报,2009,38(s1):186–190.GUAN Yan,XU Xiaowei,YANG Liang.Research on ceramic/metal compound bond used in superhard CBN abrasive tools[J].Journal of Synthetic Crystals,2009,38(s1):186–190.
[8]BHADURI D,CHATTOPADHYAY A K.Effect of pulsed DC CFUBM sputtered TiN coating on performance of nickel electroplated monolayer CBN wheel in grinding steel[J].Surface&Coatings Technology,2010,204(23):3818–3832.
[9]谢定彬,黄辉,徐西鹏.钎焊立方氮化硼砂轮的研究评述[J].超硬材料工程,2006,18(6):31–34.XIE Dingbin,HUANG Hui,XU Xipeng.Review of the present research on brazed monolayer CBN wheels[J].Superhard Material Engineering,2006,18(6):31–34.
[10]吴彦农,叶伟昌.单层超硬磨料砂轮的发展与应用[J].现代制造工程,2002(9):34–35.WU Yannong,YE Weichang.Development and application of monolayer superabrasive grinding wheel[J].Modern Manufacturing Engineering,2002(9):34–35.
[11]MIAO Q,DING W,ZHU Y,et al.Brazing of CBN grains with Ag-Cu-Ti/TiX composite filler-The effect of TiX particles on microstructure and strength of bonding layer[J].Materials and Design,2016(98):243–253.
[12]DING W F,XU J H,CHEN Z Z,et al.Interface characteristics and fracture behavior of brazed polycrystalline CBN grains using Cu-Sn-Ti alloy[J].Materials Science&Engineering A,2013,559(559):629–634.
[13]吴杰,陈燕,傅玉灿,等.石墨软涂层自润滑单层钎焊CBN砂轮干式磨削钛合金实验研究[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2013,33(1):14–17.WU Jie,CHEN Yan,FU Yucan,et al.Dry grinding temperature of titanium alloy with graphite self-lubricating coated monolayer brazed CBN grinding wheels[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2013,33(1):14–17.
[14]BHADURI D,KUMAR R,JAIN A K,et al.On tribological behaviour and application of TiN and MoS2-Ti composite coating for enhancing performance of monolayer CBN grinding wheel[J].Wear,2010,268(9):1053–1065.
[15]ZHANG G F,ZHANG B,DENG Z H.Recent advances and future perspectives in grinding wheel structures[J].International Journal of Abrasives Technology,2009,2(2):113–129.
[16]陈超,龚艳丽,颜亮,等.有序化砂轮的研究现状及进展[J].现代制造工程,2015(12):140–146.CHEN Chao,GONG Yanli,YAN Liang,et al.Recent status and advances of ordered grinding wheel[J].Modern Manufacturing Engineering,2015(12):140–146.
[17]邹文俊.有机磨具制造[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2001:1–5.ZOU Wenjun.Manufacture of organic abrasive tools[M].Beijing:China Standard Press,2001:1–5.
[18]LUO S Y,LIU Y C.Effect of copper filler of resin-bonded diamond composites on the wear behaviors under a dry condition[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1999,96(1–3):215–224.
[19]李燕琳,尹育航,薛群虎,等.钼磷硼改性酚醛树脂性能的研究[J].硅酸盐通报,2016,35(2):665–669.LI Yanlin,YIN Yuhang,XUE Qunhu,et al.Mechanical properties of molybdenum,phosphorus and boron modified phenolic resin[J].Bulletin of Chinese Ceramic Society,2016,35(2):665–669.
[20]夏绍灵,邹文俊,彭进,等.聚氨酯改性酚醛树脂的研究[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2006(3):62–64.XIA Shaoling,ZOU Wenjun,PENG Jin,et al.Study of polyurethane modified phenol formaldehyde resin[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2006(3):62–64.
[21]JACKSON M J,DAVIS C J,HITCHINER M P,et al.Highspeed grinding with CBN grinding wheels-applications and future technology[J].J.Mater Process Technol;2001,110(1):78–88.
[22]周曦亚,李名英,万杰,等.微晶玻璃结合CBN复合材料的研究进展[J].中国陶瓷,2013(10):1–4.ZHOU Xiya,LI Mingying,WAN Jie,et al.Research progress of CBN composites with glass-ceramic[J].Chinese Ceramic,2013(10):1–4.
[23]CUI L,HAO X,HU X,et al.Effects of Y2O3addition on structure and properties of LZAS vitrified bond for CBN grinding tools application[J].Ceramics International,2015,41(8):9916–9922.
[24]HOU Y G,QIAO G Y,SHANG Y,et al.Effects of nano-AlN and sintering atmosphere on microstructure and properties of vitrified bond[J].Composites:Part B,2011,42(4):756–762.
[25]翟浩冲,万隆,王俊沙,等.MgO与Li2O摩尔比及烧结温度对结合剂及CBN磨具性能的影响[J].复合材料学报,2013,30(1):119–122.ZHAI Haochong,WAN Long,WANG Junsha,et al.Effect of MgO:Li2O molar ratio and sintering temperature on properties of vitrified bond and CBN grinding wheel[J].Acta Material Composite Sinica,2013,30(1):119–122.
[26]刘心宇,敖敏,郭桦,等.F–对CBN磨具用陶瓷结合剂的结构与性能的影响[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2007(5):34–39.LIU Xinyu,AO Min,GUO Hua,et al.Effect of F-on structure and properties of vitrified bond for CBN tools[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2007(5):34–39.
[27]王明智,王艳辉,赵玉成,等.超硬磨料表面镀覆(涂覆)的种类、方法及用途(Ⅰ)[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,2004(5):68–72.WANG Mingzhi,WANG Yanhui,ZHAO Yucheng,et al.The categories methods and application of surface coating/deposition of super-hard abrasives(Ⅰ)[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,2004(5):68–72.
[28]YANG X,BAI J,JING W,et al.Strengthening of low-temperature sintered vitrified bond CBN grinding wheels by pre-oxidation of CBN abrasives[J].Ceramics International,2016,42(7):9 283–9 286.
[29]鲍崇高,宋奕侨,侯书增,等,磨料表面微氧化对CBN磨具磨削性能的影响[J].西安交通大学学报,2015,49(2):124–129.BAO Chonggao,SONG Yiqiao,HOU Shuzeng,et al.Effect of the CBN grit surface oxidation on grinding performance of the vitrified CBN tool[J].Journal of Xian Jiaotong University,2015,49(2):124–129.
[30]LI Z C,ZHANG A J,LI H,et al.Surface treatment of cubic boron nitride grains applied to vitrified bond grinding tools[J].Mater Sci Forum,2011(675–677):167–170.
[31]赵玉成,臧建兵,王明智.刚玉涂覆的超硬磨料[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程,1999(5):6–7.ZHAO Yucheng,ZANG Jianbing,WANG Mingzhi.Superhard abrasive with corundum coating[J].Diamond&Abrasives Engineering,1999(5):6–7.
[32]张明,臧建兵,王明智,等.Mo涂层的立方氮化硼(CBN)与玻化陶瓷复合烧结体的研究[J].人工晶体学报,1996,25(1):23–28.ZHANG Ming,ZANG Jianbing,WANG Mingzhi,et al.Study on composite materials sintered by Mo clad CBN and vitrified ceramics[J].Journal of Synthetic Crystals,1996,25(1):23–28.
[33]张林森,桂阳海,闫莉,等.氮化硼微粒化学镀镍–磷合金工艺研究[J].电镀与精饰,2009,31(3):38–40.ZHANG Linsen,GUI Yanghai,YAN Li,et al.Study of Ni-P alloy electroless plating on boron nitride particles[J].Plating and Finishing,2009,31(3):38–40.
[34]FARAN E,GOTMAN I,GUTMANAS E Y.Experimental study of the reaction zone at boron nitride ceramic-Ti metal interface[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2000,288(1):66–74.
[35]ZANG J B.Interface bonding between Ti-coated CBN and vitrified:Advanced in Grinding and Abrasive Processes Selected Papers from the 12th Grinding and Machining Comference[C].China:Kunming,2004.
[36]TANAKA T.New development of metal bonded diamond wheel with pore by the growth of bonding bridge[J].Japan Soc.Precision Engineering.1992,26(1):27–32.
[37]MAO J B,ZHANG F L,LIAO G C,et al.Effect of granulated sugar as pore former on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the vitrified bond cubic boron nitride grinding wheels[J].Materials and Design,2014,60(8):328–333.
[38]LV X,LIN Z,ZHU Y,et al.Effect of PMMA pore former on microstructure and mechanical properties of vitrified bond CBN grinding wheels[J].Ceramics International,2013,39(2):1893–1899.
[39]DAVIS T D,DICORLETO J,SHELDON D,et al.A route to highly porous grinding wheels by selective extraction of pore inducers with dense carbon dioxide[J].Journal of Supercritical Fluids,2004,30(3):349–358.
[40]DING W F,XU J H,CHEN Z Z,et al.Fabrication and performance of porous metal-bonded CBN grinding wheels using alumina bubble particles as pore-forming agents[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2012,67(5–8):1309–1315.