新疆和田台阵PSD与PDF分析
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摘要
和田台阵是我国第一个自主建成并运行至今的小孔径台阵,承担着监测印巴地区核试验以及我国西部地震活动的重要使命.台阵波形数据中充斥着背景噪声,直接影响着数据质量.为了评估台阵噪声水平,本文利用Welch平均周期法对9个子台记录的数十万条噪声样本进行功率谱估计,对出现的谱异常进行了总结归纳,通过绘制概率密度函数图以及单频曲线来研究背景噪声变化范围和规律,最后针对台阵降噪提出了建设性意见.研究结果表明,中心台长周期噪声功率谱密度随季节变化显著,具有周期性;受温度和气压影响,水平分量长周期噪声变化幅度较大,局部频段超出新高噪声模型,建议改善仪器安装条件,或者利用数学方法进行校正.所有子台短周期噪声变化规律与长周期相反,受到采石场影响,谱密度曲线在4～8Hz之间出现形态规则的高频尖刺,A1、B3、B4子台最为明显,可以通过窄带滤波或者聚束予以压制.本文取得的研究成果为台阵运维提供重要依据,除此之外,总结出的不同地震频谱特征也为地震解释工作提供重要参考.
Hotan Array is the first small-aperture array in China that has been independently built and operated till now.It is responsible for monitoring the nuclear test in India and Pakistan and the earthquake activity in western China.The waveform data of the array is full of ambient noise,which directly affects the data quality.In order to evaluate the noise level of the array,the Welch average period method is utilized to estimate the power spectrum of hundreds of thousands of noise samples recorded by 9 sub-stations in this paper,so as to summarize the spectrum anomalies.On this basis,the probability density function graph and the single-frequency curve are plotted to study the variation range and law of ambient noise,so as to finally put forward constructive opinions on the noise reduction of the array.The research results show that the longperiod noise power spectral density of the central station varies significantly with the seasons,characterized by periodicity.Due to the influence of temperature and pressure,the horizontal component long-period noise changes greatly,and the local frequency band exceeds the NHNM in winter.It is recommended to improve the instrument installation conditions,or use mathematicalmethods to correct.The short-period noise variation of all sub-stations is opposite to that of the long-period.Affected by the quarry,the spectral density curve shows a regular high-frequency tip between 4～8 Hz.The A1,B3 and B4 sub-stations are the most obvious,able to pass narrowband filtering or bunching to suppress.The research results obtained in this paper provide an important basis for the operation and maintenance of array.In addition,the different seismic spectrum features summarized are important references for seismic interpretation.
Hotan Array is the first small-aperture array in China that has been independently built and operated till now.It is responsible for monitoring the nuclear test in India and Pakistan and the earthquake activity in western China.The waveform data of the array is full of ambient noise,which directly affects the data quality.In order to evaluate the noise level of the array,the Welch average period method is utilized to estimate the power spectrum of hundreds of thousands of noise samples recorded by 9 sub-stations in this paper,so as to summarize the spectrum anomalies.On this basis,the probability density function graph and the single-frequency curve are plotted to study the variation range and law of ambient noise,so as to finally put forward constructive opinions on the noise reduction of the array.The research results show that the longperiod noise power spectral density of the central station varies significantly with the seasons,characterized by periodicity.Due to the influence of temperature and pressure,the horizontal component long-period noise changes greatly,and the local frequency band exceeds the NHNM in winter.It is recommended to improve the instrument installation conditions,or use mathematicalmethods to correct.The short-period noise variation of all sub-stations is opposite to that of the long-period.Affected by the quarry,the spectral density curve shows a regular high-frequency tip between 4～8 Hz.The A1,B3 and B4 sub-stations are the most obvious,able to pass narrowband filtering or bunching to suppress.The research results obtained in this paper provide an important basis for the operation and maintenance of array.In addition,the different seismic spectrum features summarized are important references for seismic interpretation.
引文
Ardhuin F,Stutzmann E,Schimmel M,et al.2011.Ocean wave sources of seismic noise.Journal of Geophysical Research,116(C9):C09004,doi:10.1029/2011JC006952.
Beauduin R,LognonnéP,Montagner J P,et al.1996.The effects of the atmospheric pressure changes on seismic signals or how to improve the quality of a station.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,86(6):1760-1769.
Bonnefoy-Claudet S,Cotton F,Bard P Y.2006.The nature of noise wavefield and its applications for site effects studies:a literature review.Earth-Science Reviews,79(3-4):205-227.
Bormann P.2002.IASPEI New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice(NMSOP).Potsdam,Boulder:GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam,5.
Chen D L,Lin J M,Ni S D,et al.2018.Characteristics of seismic noise on ocean islands in Northwest Pacific and its oceanographic interpretation.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),61(1):230-241,doi:10.6038/cjg2018L0047.
De Angelis S,Mcnutt S R,Webley P W.2011.Evidence of atmospheric gravity waves during the 2008eruption of Okmok volcano from seismic and remote sensing observations.Geophysical Research Letters,38(10):L10303.
Díaz J,Villase1or A,Morales J,et al.2010.Background noise characteristics at the IberArray broadband seismic network.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,100(2):618-628.
Dong L Q,Wang C H,Li C F,et al.2018.Blending noise removal utilizing an adaptive median filter.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),33(4):1475-1479,doi:10.6038/pg2018BB0360.
Douglas A.2002.Seismometer arrays-their use in earthquake and test ban seismology.International Geophysics,81:357-367.
Duan T S,Fan G C.2009.Correlation analysis and layout design of Hotan array.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),32(4):409-414.
Duan T S.2009.Construction of Hetian small-bore array in Xinjiang.Inland Earthquake(in Chinese),23(2):166-173.
Ge H K,Chen H C,Ouyang B,et al.2013.Transportable seismometer response to seismic noise in vault.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(3):857-868.
Ghosh A,Vidale J E,Sweet J R,et al.2009.Tremor patches in Cascadia revealed by seismic array analysis.Geophysical Research Letters,36(17):L17316,doi:10.1029/2009GL039080.
Hao C Y,Zheng Z,Zhang S.2012.Research about noise variation around YUS station before and after the Yushu Earthquake.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),27(6):2418-2428.
Hao C Y,Zheng Z,Zhang S.2013.Corrections for the location errors of Wenchuan aftershocks recorded by Nagqu and Hotan array.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),29(4):472-479.
Jiang C N,Wang B T,Miao F J,et al.2001.Spectral analysis of noises recorded at station sites of the Jiangsu digital seismological network.Journal of Seismology(in Chinese),21(1):36-39.
Krüger F,Baumann M,Scherbaum F,et al.2001.Mid mantle scatterers near the Mariana Slab detected with a double array method.Geophysical Research Letters,28(4):667-670.
Liu X Z,Shen X Z,Li Q S,et al.2014.An analysis of the teleseismic waveforms and ambient noise of temporary broadband seismic array on the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geoscientia Sinica(in Chinese),35(6):759-768.
McNamara D E,Buland R P.2004.Ambient noise levels in the continental United States.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,94(4):1517-1527.
Pei X,Yin J Y,Yang T C.2012.Shanghai telemetry station network analysis of the various types of background noise pedestal.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),27(5):1897-1903.
Peterson J.1993.Observations and modeling of seismic background noise.Open-file report 93-322,U.S.Geological Surv.Open File Report,1993:93-322.
Ringler A T,Hutt C R.2010.Self-noise models of seismic instruments.Seismological Research Letters,81(6):972-983.
Rost S,Thomas C.2002.Array seismology:methods and applications.Reviews of Geophysics,40(3):2-1-2-27.
Rost S,Thomas C.2009.Improving seismic resolution through array processing techniques.Surveys in Geophysics,30(4-5):271-299.
Sorrells G G.1971.A preliminary investigation into the relationship between long-period seismic noise and local fluctuations in the atmospheric pressure field.Geophysical Journal,26(1-4):71-82.
Tang L L,Duan T S,Ran H M.2008.The application of the F-Kanalysis in the monitor ability evaluation of Hetian seismic array.Inland Earthquake(in Chinese),22(3):219-225.
Tang M S.2011.Research on comprehensive application of Hotan seismic array data,Xinjiang[Master′s thesis](in Chinese).Lanzhou:Lanzhou Institute of Seismology,China Seismological Bureau.
Tang M S,Ge C,Zheng Y,et al.2013.Feasibility analysis of short-period seismograph receiver function-An example of Hotan Seismic Array,Xinjiang.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(8):2670-2680.
Wang W,Gao J H,Chen W C,et al.2012.Random seismic noise suppression via structure-adaptive median filter.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(5):1732-1741.
Welch P D.1967.The use of Fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra:a method based on time averaging over short,modified periodograms.IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics,15(2):70-73.
Wilson D,Leon J,Aster R,et al.2002.Broadband seismic background noise at temporary seismic stations observed on a regional scale in the southwestern United States.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,92(8):3335-3342.
Withers M M,Aster R C,Young C J,et al.1996.High-frequency analysis of seismic background noise as a function of wind speed and shallow depth.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,86(5):1507-1515.
Wu J P,Ouyang B,Wang W L,et al.2012.Ambient noise level of North China from temporary seismic array.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),34(6):818-829.
Zürn W,J Exss,Steffen H,et al.2007.On reduction of longperiod horizontal seismic noise using local barometric pressure.Geophysical Journal,171(2):780-796.
陈栋炉,林建民,倪四道等.2018.西北太平洋海岛地区地震背景噪声特征及海洋学解释.地球物理学报,61(1):230-241,doi:10.6038/cjg2018L0047.
董烈乾,汪长辉,李长芬等.2018.利用自适应中值滤波方法压制混叠噪声.地球物理学进展,33(4):1475-1479,doi:10.6038/pg2018BB0360.
段天山.2009.新疆和田小孔径地震台阵的建设.内陆地震,23(2):166-173.
段天山,范广超.2009.和田台阵子台相关性分析与布局设计.地震研究,32(4):409-414.
葛洪魁,陈海潮,欧阳飚等.2013.流动地震观测背景噪声的台基响应.地球物理学报,56(3):857-868.
郝春月,郑重,张爽.2012.玉树地震前后当地的噪声变化研究.地球物理学进展,27(6):2418-2428.
郝春月,郑重,张爽.2013.那曲、和田台阵对汶川地震序列的定位误差校正.中国地震,29(4):472-479.
姜长宁,王保太,缪发军等.2001.江苏数字地震台网台址噪声谱分析.地震学刊,21(1):36-39.
刘旭宙,沈旭章,李秋生等.2014.青藏高原东北缘宽频带地震台阵远震记录波形及背景噪声分析.地球学报,35(6):759-768.
裴晓,尹继尧,杨庭春.2012.上海遥测台网各类型台基背景噪声分析.地球物理学进展,27(5):1897-1903.
唐兰兰,段天山,冉慧敏.2008.F-K分析在和田台阵监测能力评估中的应用.内陆地震,22(3):219-225.
唐明帅.2011.新疆和田地震台阵资料综合应用研究[硕士论文].兰州:中国地震局兰州地震研究所.
唐明帅,葛粲,郑勇等.2013.短周期地震仪接收函数的可行性分析---以新疆和田地震台阵为例.地球物理学报,56(8):2670-2680.
王伟,高静怀,陈文超等.2012.基于结构自适应中值滤波器的随机噪声衰减方法.地球物理学报,55(5):1732-1741.
吴建平,欧阳飚,王未来等.2012.华北地区地震环境噪声特征研究.地震学报,34(6):818-829.
Beauduin R,LognonnéP,Montagner J P,et al.1996.The effects of the atmospheric pressure changes on seismic signals or how to improve the quality of a station.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,86(6):1760-1769.
Bonnefoy-Claudet S,Cotton F,Bard P Y.2006.The nature of noise wavefield and its applications for site effects studies:a literature review.Earth-Science Reviews,79(3-4):205-227.
Bormann P.2002.IASPEI New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice(NMSOP).Potsdam,Boulder:GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam,5.
Chen D L,Lin J M,Ni S D,et al.2018.Characteristics of seismic noise on ocean islands in Northwest Pacific and its oceanographic interpretation.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),61(1):230-241,doi:10.6038/cjg2018L0047.
De Angelis S,Mcnutt S R,Webley P W.2011.Evidence of atmospheric gravity waves during the 2008eruption of Okmok volcano from seismic and remote sensing observations.Geophysical Research Letters,38(10):L10303.
Díaz J,Villase1or A,Morales J,et al.2010.Background noise characteristics at the IberArray broadband seismic network.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,100(2):618-628.
Dong L Q,Wang C H,Li C F,et al.2018.Blending noise removal utilizing an adaptive median filter.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),33(4):1475-1479,doi:10.6038/pg2018BB0360.
Douglas A.2002.Seismometer arrays-their use in earthquake and test ban seismology.International Geophysics,81:357-367.
Duan T S,Fan G C.2009.Correlation analysis and layout design of Hotan array.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),32(4):409-414.
Duan T S.2009.Construction of Hetian small-bore array in Xinjiang.Inland Earthquake(in Chinese),23(2):166-173.
Ge H K,Chen H C,Ouyang B,et al.2013.Transportable seismometer response to seismic noise in vault.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(3):857-868.
Ghosh A,Vidale J E,Sweet J R,et al.2009.Tremor patches in Cascadia revealed by seismic array analysis.Geophysical Research Letters,36(17):L17316,doi:10.1029/2009GL039080.
Hao C Y,Zheng Z,Zhang S.2012.Research about noise variation around YUS station before and after the Yushu Earthquake.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),27(6):2418-2428.
Hao C Y,Zheng Z,Zhang S.2013.Corrections for the location errors of Wenchuan aftershocks recorded by Nagqu and Hotan array.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),29(4):472-479.
Jiang C N,Wang B T,Miao F J,et al.2001.Spectral analysis of noises recorded at station sites of the Jiangsu digital seismological network.Journal of Seismology(in Chinese),21(1):36-39.
Krüger F,Baumann M,Scherbaum F,et al.2001.Mid mantle scatterers near the Mariana Slab detected with a double array method.Geophysical Research Letters,28(4):667-670.
Liu X Z,Shen X Z,Li Q S,et al.2014.An analysis of the teleseismic waveforms and ambient noise of temporary broadband seismic array on the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geoscientia Sinica(in Chinese),35(6):759-768.
McNamara D E,Buland R P.2004.Ambient noise levels in the continental United States.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,94(4):1517-1527.
Pei X,Yin J Y,Yang T C.2012.Shanghai telemetry station network analysis of the various types of background noise pedestal.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),27(5):1897-1903.
Peterson J.1993.Observations and modeling of seismic background noise.Open-file report 93-322,U.S.Geological Surv.Open File Report,1993:93-322.
Ringler A T,Hutt C R.2010.Self-noise models of seismic instruments.Seismological Research Letters,81(6):972-983.
Rost S,Thomas C.2002.Array seismology:methods and applications.Reviews of Geophysics,40(3):2-1-2-27.
Rost S,Thomas C.2009.Improving seismic resolution through array processing techniques.Surveys in Geophysics,30(4-5):271-299.
Sorrells G G.1971.A preliminary investigation into the relationship between long-period seismic noise and local fluctuations in the atmospheric pressure field.Geophysical Journal,26(1-4):71-82.
Tang L L,Duan T S,Ran H M.2008.The application of the F-Kanalysis in the monitor ability evaluation of Hetian seismic array.Inland Earthquake(in Chinese),22(3):219-225.
Tang M S.2011.Research on comprehensive application of Hotan seismic array data,Xinjiang[Master′s thesis](in Chinese).Lanzhou:Lanzhou Institute of Seismology,China Seismological Bureau.
Tang M S,Ge C,Zheng Y,et al.2013.Feasibility analysis of short-period seismograph receiver function-An example of Hotan Seismic Array,Xinjiang.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(8):2670-2680.
Wang W,Gao J H,Chen W C,et al.2012.Random seismic noise suppression via structure-adaptive median filter.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(5):1732-1741.
Welch P D.1967.The use of Fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra:a method based on time averaging over short,modified periodograms.IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics,15(2):70-73.
Wilson D,Leon J,Aster R,et al.2002.Broadband seismic background noise at temporary seismic stations observed on a regional scale in the southwestern United States.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,92(8):3335-3342.
Withers M M,Aster R C,Young C J,et al.1996.High-frequency analysis of seismic background noise as a function of wind speed and shallow depth.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,86(5):1507-1515.
Wu J P,Ouyang B,Wang W L,et al.2012.Ambient noise level of North China from temporary seismic array.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),34(6):818-829.
Zürn W,J Exss,Steffen H,et al.2007.On reduction of longperiod horizontal seismic noise using local barometric pressure.Geophysical Journal,171(2):780-796.
陈栋炉,林建民,倪四道等.2018.西北太平洋海岛地区地震背景噪声特征及海洋学解释.地球物理学报,61(1):230-241,doi:10.6038/cjg2018L0047.
董烈乾,汪长辉,李长芬等.2018.利用自适应中值滤波方法压制混叠噪声.地球物理学进展,33(4):1475-1479,doi:10.6038/pg2018BB0360.
段天山.2009.新疆和田小孔径地震台阵的建设.内陆地震,23(2):166-173.
段天山,范广超.2009.和田台阵子台相关性分析与布局设计.地震研究,32(4):409-414.
葛洪魁,陈海潮,欧阳飚等.2013.流动地震观测背景噪声的台基响应.地球物理学报,56(3):857-868.
郝春月,郑重,张爽.2012.玉树地震前后当地的噪声变化研究.地球物理学进展,27(6):2418-2428.
郝春月,郑重,张爽.2013.那曲、和田台阵对汶川地震序列的定位误差校正.中国地震,29(4):472-479.
姜长宁,王保太,缪发军等.2001.江苏数字地震台网台址噪声谱分析.地震学刊,21(1):36-39.
刘旭宙,沈旭章,李秋生等.2014.青藏高原东北缘宽频带地震台阵远震记录波形及背景噪声分析.地球学报,35(6):759-768.
裴晓,尹继尧,杨庭春.2012.上海遥测台网各类型台基背景噪声分析.地球物理学进展,27(5):1897-1903.
唐兰兰,段天山,冉慧敏.2008.F-K分析在和田台阵监测能力评估中的应用.内陆地震,22(3):219-225.
唐明帅.2011.新疆和田地震台阵资料综合应用研究[硕士论文].兰州:中国地震局兰州地震研究所.
唐明帅,葛粲,郑勇等.2013.短周期地震仪接收函数的可行性分析---以新疆和田地震台阵为例.地球物理学报,56(8):2670-2680.
王伟,高静怀,陈文超等.2012.基于结构自适应中值滤波器的随机噪声衰减方法.地球物理学报,55(5):1732-1741.
吴建平,欧阳飚,王未来等.2012.华北地区地震环境噪声特征研究.地震学报,34(6):818-829.