全新世以来长白山区孤山屯泥炭地炭屑记录与古火演化历史
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摘要
长白山拥有亚洲目前保存较为完好的温带山地森林生态系统,由于近年来无火事件发生而积累了大量可燃物,火灾隐患逐年增加,重建古火历史找出火事件发生规律有助于现代火灾的有效防控。本文以长白山区孤山屯泥炭剖面的68个样品为研究载体,选取炭屑作为主要指标反演了长白山全新世以来的火事件演化历史;并结合前人利用孢粉、植硅体等代用指标重建的古环境、古气候特征,分析了火事件的成因机制。在11 686-10 883 cal aBP、7 336-2 624 cal aBP、2 624-1 189 cal aBP,炭屑浓度较高,古火事件发生频繁,强度较大;在10 883-7 336 cal aBP、1 189 cal aBP至今,炭屑浓度较低,古火事件发生频率较小,强度相对较弱。气候和植被对于火事件的影响贯穿了整个全新世时期,火事件多发生在寒冷干燥气候时期且以区域性火事件为主;近千年以来,人类活动与火山喷发对火事件的影响显著,局域性火事件比例逐渐增多。
The Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem is currently one of the well-preserved temperate ecosystems in Asia. Recently, the fire risk caused by a large number of combustibles accumulation has increased year by year due to the occurrence of fire-free episodes. Reconstructing the historic fire episodes and explore their mechanism are beneficial to reduce the potential risk of modern fire episodes. In this paper, the charcoals as the main proxy were selected from 68 samples of the peat at the Gushantun profile to reconstruct the evolution history of fire episodes during the Holocene in the Changbai Mountain region, Northeast China. and other paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic proxies were also adopted to analyze the mechanism of these fire episodes. The results showed the Holocene fire episodes in Changbai Mountain region occurred frequently and intensely during 11 686-9 827 cal aBP, 7 773-2 560 cal aBP, 2 560-800 cal aBP, while the intensity was relatively low during two periods: 9 827-7 773 cal aBP, and 800 cal aBP to the present. The regional fire episodes which were affected by the cold and dry climate and vegetation throughout the whole Holocene. In contrast, the local fire episodes dominated the past millennium with the significant impact of the human activities and volcanic eruptions.
The Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem is currently one of the well-preserved temperate ecosystems in Asia. Recently, the fire risk caused by a large number of combustibles accumulation has increased year by year due to the occurrence of fire-free episodes. Reconstructing the historic fire episodes and explore their mechanism are beneficial to reduce the potential risk of modern fire episodes. In this paper, the charcoals as the main proxy were selected from 68 samples of the peat at the Gushantun profile to reconstruct the evolution history of fire episodes during the Holocene in the Changbai Mountain region, Northeast China. and other paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic proxies were also adopted to analyze the mechanism of these fire episodes. The results showed the Holocene fire episodes in Changbai Mountain region occurred frequently and intensely during 11 686-9 827 cal aBP, 7 773-2 560 cal aBP, 2 560-800 cal aBP, while the intensity was relatively low during two periods: 9 827-7 773 cal aBP, and 800 cal aBP to the present. The regional fire episodes which were affected by the cold and dry climate and vegetation throughout the whole Holocene. In contrast, the local fire episodes dominated the past millennium with the significant impact of the human activities and volcanic eruptions.
引文
王有文,薛俊刚,周海成等,2009.长白山北坡林区的火警特征与林火管理对策.吉林林业科技,38(1):32-34
王晓春,及莹,2009.树木年轮火历史研究进展.植物生态学报,33(3):587-597
占长林,曹军骥,韩永明等,2011.古火灾历史重建的研究进展.地球科学进展,26(12):1248-1259
伍婧,刘强,2013.晚冰期月亮湖炭屑记录反映的古气候演化.地质科学,48(3):860-869
任国玉,1999.科尔沁沙地东南缘近3 000年来植被演化与人类活动.地理科学,19(1):42-48
刘若新,李继泰,魏海泉等,1992.长白山天池火山—一座具潜在喷发危险的近代火山.地球物理学报,35(5):661-665
刘金陵,1989.长白山区孤山屯沼泽地13000年以来的植被和气候变化.古生物学报,28(4):495-511
李小强,周新郢,尚雪等,2006.黄土炭屑分级统计方法及其在火演化研究中的意义.湖泊科学,18(5):540-544
李小强,赵宏丽,闫敏华等,2005.东北三江平原全新世火演化及其与植被和气候的关系.地理科学,25(2):177-182
李永化,尹怀宁,张小咏等,2003.5000 a BP 以来辽西地区环境灾害事件与人地关系演变.冰川冻土,25(1):19-26
李楠楠,介冬梅,王刘奎等,2013.孤山屯沼泽地晚更新世以来气候演化的植硅体记录.东北师大学报(自然科学版),45(3):138-145
李楠楠,介冬梅,阳金秀等,2014.长白山西麓泥炭灰分粒度特征及其环境意义.沉积学报,32(5):873-883
吴道圣,万泽辉,章爱凤等,2004.植被类型、结构与引发森林火灾相互关系的研究.2004中国科协学术年会第十一分会场论文集,495-497
张生瑞,2015.2000年以来山西宁武公海地区气候—植被变化与人类活动.河北师范大学.硕士学位论文,1-58
张健平,吕厚远,2006.现代植物炭屑形态的初步分析及其古环境意义.第四纪研究,26(5):187-193
张鸿信,1997.森林火灾危险性与森林类型的关系.云南林业,(1):21
国家文物局,1991.中国文物地图集:吉林分册.中国地图出版社
赵克良,李小强,周新郢等,2011.辽西城子山遗址夏家店下层文化期农业活动特征及环境效应.第四纪研究,31(1):8-15
赵宏丽,刘嘉麒,2012.东北龙岗火山区孤山屯泥炭中显微火山灰的发现及其意义.地震地质,34(3):516-530
赵鹏飞,李宜垠,2012.大兴安岭泥炭地 1300 年来泥炭藓孢子和炭屑记录及其指示意义.第四纪研究,32(3):563-564
钟静静,赵海洋,张振卿等,2012.泥炭地炭屑研究进展.湿地科学,10(4):507-512
钟静静,2013.三江平原中晚全新世火演化的泥炭炭屑记录.中国科学院研究生院(东北地理与农业生态研究所).硕士学位论文,1-64
徐鑫,李宜垠,2015.基于 3 种不同类型的炭屑数据定量重建大兴安岭火历史的结果对比.第四纪研究,35(4):960-966
郭小丽,赵文伟,孙静会等,2011.我国古环境中炭屑的研究现状与展望.冰川冻土,33(2):342-348
储国强,2001.湖光岩玛珥湖近 2000 年来炭屑沉积通量的变化与人类活动.第四纪研究,21(2):183
樊祺诚,隋建立,王团华等,2007.长白山火山活动历史、岩浆演化与喷发机制探讨.高校地质学报,13(2):175-190
BOWMAN D,BALCH J,ARTAXO P et al.,2009.Fire in the earth system.Science,324:481-484
CARCAILLET C,ALMQUIST H,ASNONG H et al.,2002.Ho-locene biomass burning and global dynamics of the carbon cycle.Chemosphere,49(8):845-863
CHU Guoqiang,2001.Changes of carbon deposition flux and human activities in maer lake Huguangyan in the past 2000 years.Quaternary Sciences,21(2):183
FAN Qicheng,SUI Jianli,WANG Tuanhua et al.,2007.History of volcanic activity,Magma evolution and eruptive mechanisms of the Changbai volcanic province.Geological Journal of China Universities,13(2):175-190
GUO Xioaoli,ZHAO Wenwei,SUN Jinghui et al.,2011.Advances of charcoal study for paleoenvironment in China.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,33(2):342-348
JIANG W,LEROY S,OGLE N et al.,2008.Natural and anthropogenic forest fires recorded in the Holocene pollen record from a Jinchuan peat bog,northeastern China.Palaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology,261(2):47-57
LI J,MACKAY AW,ZHANG Y et al.,2013.A 1000-year record of vegetation change and wildfire from maar lake Erlongwan in northeast China.Quaternary International,290-291(2):313-321
LI N,CHAMBERS F M,YANG J et al.,2017.Records of East Asian monsoon activities in Northeastern China since 15.6 ka,based on grain size analysis of peaty sediments in the Changbai Mountain.Quaternary International,447:158-169
LI Nannan,JIE Dongmei,WANG Liukui et al.,2013.The paleoclimate evolution recorded by phytolith in Gushantun peatland since the Late Pleistocene.Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),45(3):138-145
LI Nannan,JIE Dongmei,YANG Jinxiu et al.,2014.Grain-size characteristics and environmental significance of Peat Ash in the west foothill of Changbai Mountain.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,32(5):873-883
LI Xiaoqiang,ZHAO Hongli,YAN Minhua et al.,2005.Fire variations and relationship among fire and vegetation and climate during Holocene at Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,25(2):177-182
LI Xiaoqiang,ZHOU Xinying,SHANG Xue et al.,2006.Different size method of charcoal analysis in loess and its significance in the study of fire variation.Journal of Lake Sciences,18(5):540-544
LI Yonghua,YIN Huaining,ZHANG Xiaoyong et al.,2003.The environment disaster events and the evolution of man-land relation in the West Liaoning during 5 000 a BP.Journal of Glacio-logy and Geocryology,25(1):19-26
LIU Jinling,1989.Vegetational and climatic changes at Gushantun bog since 13000 Y.BP.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,28(4):495-511
LIU Ruoxin,LI Jitai,WEI Haiquan et al.,1992.Volcano at Tianchi Lake,Changbaishan MT.-a modern volcano with potential danger of eruption.Acta Geophysica Sinica,35(5):661-665
REN Guoyu,1999.Influence of human activities on the late Holocene vegetation changes at Maili,Northeast China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,19(1):42-48
SCHUPBACH S,KIRCHGEORG T,COLOMBAROLI D et al.,2015.Combining charcoal sediment and molecular markers to infer a Holocene fire history in the Maya Lowlands of Petén,Guatemala.Quaternary Science Reviews,115:123-131
SCOTT A C,2010.Charcoal recognition,taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis.Palaeogeography Palaeoclimato-logy Palaeoecology,291(2):11-39
SOPER E K,1917.The peat deposits of Minnesota.Economic Geology,(6):526-540
STATE Administration of Cultural Heritage,1991.Chinese cultural heritage atlas:Jilin book.China Cartographic Publishing House
WANG Xiaochun,JI Ying,2009.Review of advances in dendropyrochronology.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,33(3):587-597
WANG Youwen,XUE Jungang,ZHOU Haicheng et al.,2009.Characteristics of forest fire and fire management in northern slope of Changbai Mountain.Jilin Forestry Science and Technology,38(1):32-34
WU Daosheng,WAN Zehui,ZHANG Aifeng et al.,2004.Study on the relationship between vegetation type structure and forest fire.2004 China association for science and technology symposium 11 conference proceedings,495-497
WU Jing,LIU Qiang,2013.Charcoal-recorded climate changes from Moon Lake in Late Glacial.Chinese Journal of Geology,48(3):860-869
XU Xin,LI Yiyin,2015.Comparison of the fire history reconstructions from three different kinds of charcoal data on the same site,Daxing’an Mountain.Quaternary Sciences,35(4):960-966
ZHAN Changlin,CAO Junji,HAN Yongming et al.,2011.Research progress on reconstruction of paleofire history.Advances in Earth Science,26(12):1248-1259
ZHANG Hongxin,1997.Relationship between forest fire risk and forest type.Yunnan Forestry,(1):21
ZHANG Jianping,LV Houyuan,2006.Preliminary study of charcoal morphology and its environmental significance.Quaternary Sciences,26(5):187-193
ZHANG Shengrui,2015.Climate-vegetation changes and human activities history of Gonghai Lake in Shanxi province during last 2000 years.Thesis of Hebei Normal University,1-58
ZHAO Hongli,LIU Jiaqi,2012.Ceyptotephra discovered in Gu-shantun peat of NE China and its significance.Seismology and Geology,34(3):516-530
ZHAO Keliang,LI Xiaoqiang,ZHOU Xinying et al.,2011.Agricultural activities and its impact on the environment in lower Xiajiadian culture period of the Chengzishan site,west Liaoning province.Quaternary Sciences,31(1):8-15
ZHAO Pengfei,LI Yiyin,2012.The records of sphagnum spore and charcoal in the Peatland of Daxing’an Mountain since 1300 years and their paleoenvironment implication.Quaternary Sciences,32(3):563-564
ZHONG Jingjing,2013.The charcoal record of fire history from the Sanjiang Peatlands during the period from mid-to late-Holocene.Thesis of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,1-64
ZHONG Jingjing,ZHAO Haiyang,ZHANG Zhenqing et al.,2012.Charcoal in peatlands:a review.Wetland Science,10(4):507-512
王晓春,及莹,2009.树木年轮火历史研究进展.植物生态学报,33(3):587-597
占长林,曹军骥,韩永明等,2011.古火灾历史重建的研究进展.地球科学进展,26(12):1248-1259
伍婧,刘强,2013.晚冰期月亮湖炭屑记录反映的古气候演化.地质科学,48(3):860-869
任国玉,1999.科尔沁沙地东南缘近3 000年来植被演化与人类活动.地理科学,19(1):42-48
刘若新,李继泰,魏海泉等,1992.长白山天池火山—一座具潜在喷发危险的近代火山.地球物理学报,35(5):661-665
刘金陵,1989.长白山区孤山屯沼泽地13000年以来的植被和气候变化.古生物学报,28(4):495-511
李小强,周新郢,尚雪等,2006.黄土炭屑分级统计方法及其在火演化研究中的意义.湖泊科学,18(5):540-544
李小强,赵宏丽,闫敏华等,2005.东北三江平原全新世火演化及其与植被和气候的关系.地理科学,25(2):177-182
李永化,尹怀宁,张小咏等,2003.5000 a BP 以来辽西地区环境灾害事件与人地关系演变.冰川冻土,25(1):19-26
李楠楠,介冬梅,王刘奎等,2013.孤山屯沼泽地晚更新世以来气候演化的植硅体记录.东北师大学报(自然科学版),45(3):138-145
李楠楠,介冬梅,阳金秀等,2014.长白山西麓泥炭灰分粒度特征及其环境意义.沉积学报,32(5):873-883
吴道圣,万泽辉,章爱凤等,2004.植被类型、结构与引发森林火灾相互关系的研究.2004中国科协学术年会第十一分会场论文集,495-497
张生瑞,2015.2000年以来山西宁武公海地区气候—植被变化与人类活动.河北师范大学.硕士学位论文,1-58
张健平,吕厚远,2006.现代植物炭屑形态的初步分析及其古环境意义.第四纪研究,26(5):187-193
张鸿信,1997.森林火灾危险性与森林类型的关系.云南林业,(1):21
国家文物局,1991.中国文物地图集:吉林分册.中国地图出版社
赵克良,李小强,周新郢等,2011.辽西城子山遗址夏家店下层文化期农业活动特征及环境效应.第四纪研究,31(1):8-15
赵宏丽,刘嘉麒,2012.东北龙岗火山区孤山屯泥炭中显微火山灰的发现及其意义.地震地质,34(3):516-530
赵鹏飞,李宜垠,2012.大兴安岭泥炭地 1300 年来泥炭藓孢子和炭屑记录及其指示意义.第四纪研究,32(3):563-564
钟静静,赵海洋,张振卿等,2012.泥炭地炭屑研究进展.湿地科学,10(4):507-512
钟静静,2013.三江平原中晚全新世火演化的泥炭炭屑记录.中国科学院研究生院(东北地理与农业生态研究所).硕士学位论文,1-64
徐鑫,李宜垠,2015.基于 3 种不同类型的炭屑数据定量重建大兴安岭火历史的结果对比.第四纪研究,35(4):960-966
郭小丽,赵文伟,孙静会等,2011.我国古环境中炭屑的研究现状与展望.冰川冻土,33(2):342-348
储国强,2001.湖光岩玛珥湖近 2000 年来炭屑沉积通量的变化与人类活动.第四纪研究,21(2):183
樊祺诚,隋建立,王团华等,2007.长白山火山活动历史、岩浆演化与喷发机制探讨.高校地质学报,13(2):175-190
BOWMAN D,BALCH J,ARTAXO P et al.,2009.Fire in the earth system.Science,324:481-484
CARCAILLET C,ALMQUIST H,ASNONG H et al.,2002.Ho-locene biomass burning and global dynamics of the carbon cycle.Chemosphere,49(8):845-863
CHU Guoqiang,2001.Changes of carbon deposition flux and human activities in maer lake Huguangyan in the past 2000 years.Quaternary Sciences,21(2):183
FAN Qicheng,SUI Jianli,WANG Tuanhua et al.,2007.History of volcanic activity,Magma evolution and eruptive mechanisms of the Changbai volcanic province.Geological Journal of China Universities,13(2):175-190
GUO Xioaoli,ZHAO Wenwei,SUN Jinghui et al.,2011.Advances of charcoal study for paleoenvironment in China.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,33(2):342-348
JIANG W,LEROY S,OGLE N et al.,2008.Natural and anthropogenic forest fires recorded in the Holocene pollen record from a Jinchuan peat bog,northeastern China.Palaeogeography Palaeo-climatology Palaeoecology,261(2):47-57
LI J,MACKAY AW,ZHANG Y et al.,2013.A 1000-year record of vegetation change and wildfire from maar lake Erlongwan in northeast China.Quaternary International,290-291(2):313-321
LI N,CHAMBERS F M,YANG J et al.,2017.Records of East Asian monsoon activities in Northeastern China since 15.6 ka,based on grain size analysis of peaty sediments in the Changbai Mountain.Quaternary International,447:158-169
LI Nannan,JIE Dongmei,WANG Liukui et al.,2013.The paleoclimate evolution recorded by phytolith in Gushantun peatland since the Late Pleistocene.Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),45(3):138-145
LI Nannan,JIE Dongmei,YANG Jinxiu et al.,2014.Grain-size characteristics and environmental significance of Peat Ash in the west foothill of Changbai Mountain.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,32(5):873-883
LI Xiaoqiang,ZHAO Hongli,YAN Minhua et al.,2005.Fire variations and relationship among fire and vegetation and climate during Holocene at Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,25(2):177-182
LI Xiaoqiang,ZHOU Xinying,SHANG Xue et al.,2006.Different size method of charcoal analysis in loess and its significance in the study of fire variation.Journal of Lake Sciences,18(5):540-544
LI Yonghua,YIN Huaining,ZHANG Xiaoyong et al.,2003.The environment disaster events and the evolution of man-land relation in the West Liaoning during 5 000 a BP.Journal of Glacio-logy and Geocryology,25(1):19-26
LIU Jinling,1989.Vegetational and climatic changes at Gushantun bog since 13000 Y.BP.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,28(4):495-511
LIU Ruoxin,LI Jitai,WEI Haiquan et al.,1992.Volcano at Tianchi Lake,Changbaishan MT.-a modern volcano with potential danger of eruption.Acta Geophysica Sinica,35(5):661-665
REN Guoyu,1999.Influence of human activities on the late Holocene vegetation changes at Maili,Northeast China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,19(1):42-48
SCHUPBACH S,KIRCHGEORG T,COLOMBAROLI D et al.,2015.Combining charcoal sediment and molecular markers to infer a Holocene fire history in the Maya Lowlands of Petén,Guatemala.Quaternary Science Reviews,115:123-131
SCOTT A C,2010.Charcoal recognition,taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis.Palaeogeography Palaeoclimato-logy Palaeoecology,291(2):11-39
SOPER E K,1917.The peat deposits of Minnesota.Economic Geology,(6):526-540
STATE Administration of Cultural Heritage,1991.Chinese cultural heritage atlas:Jilin book.China Cartographic Publishing House
WANG Xiaochun,JI Ying,2009.Review of advances in dendropyrochronology.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,33(3):587-597
WANG Youwen,XUE Jungang,ZHOU Haicheng et al.,2009.Characteristics of forest fire and fire management in northern slope of Changbai Mountain.Jilin Forestry Science and Technology,38(1):32-34
WU Daosheng,WAN Zehui,ZHANG Aifeng et al.,2004.Study on the relationship between vegetation type structure and forest fire.2004 China association for science and technology symposium 11 conference proceedings,495-497
WU Jing,LIU Qiang,2013.Charcoal-recorded climate changes from Moon Lake in Late Glacial.Chinese Journal of Geology,48(3):860-869
XU Xin,LI Yiyin,2015.Comparison of the fire history reconstructions from three different kinds of charcoal data on the same site,Daxing’an Mountain.Quaternary Sciences,35(4):960-966
ZHAN Changlin,CAO Junji,HAN Yongming et al.,2011.Research progress on reconstruction of paleofire history.Advances in Earth Science,26(12):1248-1259
ZHANG Hongxin,1997.Relationship between forest fire risk and forest type.Yunnan Forestry,(1):21
ZHANG Jianping,LV Houyuan,2006.Preliminary study of charcoal morphology and its environmental significance.Quaternary Sciences,26(5):187-193
ZHANG Shengrui,2015.Climate-vegetation changes and human activities history of Gonghai Lake in Shanxi province during last 2000 years.Thesis of Hebei Normal University,1-58
ZHAO Hongli,LIU Jiaqi,2012.Ceyptotephra discovered in Gu-shantun peat of NE China and its significance.Seismology and Geology,34(3):516-530
ZHAO Keliang,LI Xiaoqiang,ZHOU Xinying et al.,2011.Agricultural activities and its impact on the environment in lower Xiajiadian culture period of the Chengzishan site,west Liaoning province.Quaternary Sciences,31(1):8-15
ZHAO Pengfei,LI Yiyin,2012.The records of sphagnum spore and charcoal in the Peatland of Daxing’an Mountain since 1300 years and their paleoenvironment implication.Quaternary Sciences,32(3):563-564
ZHONG Jingjing,2013.The charcoal record of fire history from the Sanjiang Peatlands during the period from mid-to late-Holocene.Thesis of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,1-64
ZHONG Jingjing,ZHAO Haiyang,ZHANG Zhenqing et al.,2012.Charcoal in peatlands:a review.Wetland Science,10(4):507-512