知识分工、学习战略与产业领导权——中国企业重塑价值链的案例研究
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摘要
使本土工业获得更有利的国际分工地位是中国经济转型升级的重要内容。对这一问题的主流认识集中反映为融入国际分工体系、承接国际产业转移的惯性思维,背后深层次的假设则是比较优势理论。从全球价值链上劳动分工与知识分工的异构关系入手、说明了上述惯性思维的症结,并由此引入一个技术学习方式分类。在此基础上建立了一个分析后进企业技术学习战略的概念框架,其中包含技术学习方式、产品系统层次和经济活动内容3方面的内容。这个框架能够帮助理解影响后进企业技术知识积累(学习领域)和竞争力的一系列战略选择维度。3个本土企业重塑价值链的案例不仅揭示了积极的学习战略对控制知识分工、领导产业发展的决定性作用,而且反映了积极学习战略的多样性。最后结论部分讨论了相关议题,并给出了结论和政策建议。
To get a favorable position in international division of labor is a crucial part of transformation and upgrading in China. The mainstream opinion on this issue is the cliché that to integrate into international economic system, and to embrace given division of labor and industrial transfer, what is built on the idea of comparative advantage. In order to clarify such misconception, this paper discusses the relationship between division of labor and of knowledge firstly, and introduces an anatomy on technological learning pattern. Based on such discussion,this paper develops a conceptual framework to analyze latecomers' technological learning strategy, which can help us understand a series of strategic choices that influence latecomers' knowledge accumulation(learning domains)and competitiveness. Comparative cases of local firms who re-build their value chains demonstrate both the theoretical proposition and the varieties of paths for transformation and upgrading. After the theoretical discussion and case studies, the paper gives a further analysis on those related issues, conclusions and policy suggestions.
To get a favorable position in international division of labor is a crucial part of transformation and upgrading in China. The mainstream opinion on this issue is the cliché that to integrate into international economic system, and to embrace given division of labor and industrial transfer, what is built on the idea of comparative advantage. In order to clarify such misconception, this paper discusses the relationship between division of labor and of knowledge firstly, and introduces an anatomy on technological learning pattern. Based on such discussion,this paper develops a conceptual framework to analyze latecomers' technological learning strategy, which can help us understand a series of strategic choices that influence latecomers' knowledge accumulation(learning domains)and competitiveness. Comparative cases of local firms who re-build their value chains demonstrate both the theoretical proposition and the varieties of paths for transformation and upgrading. After the theoretical discussion and case studies, the paper gives a further analysis on those related issues, conclusions and policy suggestions.
引文
[1]金碚.世界分工体系中的中国制造业[J].中国工业经济,2003(5):5-14.
[2]卢锋.产品内分工[J].经济学(季刊),2004(4):55-82.
[3]张苏.论新国际分工[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2008.
[4]张其仔,等.模块化、产业内分工与经济增长方式转变[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008.
[5]卢锋.我国承接国际服务外包问题研究[J].经济研究,2007(9):49-61.
[6]江小涓,等.服务全球化与服务外包:现状、趋势及理论分析[M].北京:人民出版社,2008.
[7]张少军,刘志彪.全球价值链模式的产业转移:动力、影响与对中国产业升级和区域协调发展的启示[J].中国工业经济,2009(11):5-15.
[8]华民.“入世”后中国如何参与国际分工[J].世界经济与政治,2002(4):9-14.
[9]陈玲,薛澜.中国高技术产业在国际分工中的地位及产业升级:以集成电路产业为例[J].中国软科学,2010(6):36-46.
[10]邵安菊.全球价值链重构与我国产业跃迁[J].宏观经济管理,2016(2):74-78.
[11]张琳,何欢浪.电子代工产业升级路径[J].商业研究,2013(3):121-126.
[12]中国经济增长前沿课题组.中国经济长期增长路径、效率与潜在增长水平[J].经济研究,2012(11):4-17.
[13]张杰,李勇,刘志彪.外包与技术转移[J].经济学(季刊),2010(4):1261-86.
[14]吴先明,梅诗晔.基于自主创新的追赶战略:资源依赖视角[J].经济管理,2016(6):29-40.
[15]杨桂菊,程兆谦,侯丽敏,等.代工企业转型升级的多元路径研究[J].管理科学,2017(4):124-38.
[16] Gomory R, Baumol W. Global Trade and Conflicting National Interests[M]. Boston:The MIT Press, 2000.
[17] Samuelson P A. Where Ricardo and mill rebut and confirm arguments of mainstream economists supporting globalization[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2004,18(3):135-146.
[18] Prahalad C, Hamel G. The core competence of the corporation[J]. Harvard Business Review, 1990(5/6):79-91.
[19] Nelson R R. Why do firms differ, and how does it matter[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1991,12(S2):61-74.
[20] Teece D, Pisano G, Shuen A. Dynamic capabilities and strategic management[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1997,18(3):509-533.
[21]路风,张宏音,王铁民.寻求加入WTO后中国企业竞争力的源泉[J].管理世界,2002(2):110-127.
[22] Pisano G P. Toward a prescriptive theory of dynamic capabilities:Connecting strategic choice, learning, and competition[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2017,26(5):747-762.
[23] Dasgupta P, Stiglitz J. Learning by doing, market structure and industrial and trade policies[J]. Oxford Economy Papers, New Series, 1988,40(2):246-268.
[24] Lieberman M, Montgomery D. First-mover(dis)advantage:Retrospective and link with the resource-based view[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1998,19(12):1111-1125.
[25] Bell M, Pavitt K. Technological accumulation and industrial growth:Contrasts between developed and developing countries[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 1993,2(2):157-210.
[26] Amin A, Cohendet P. Architectures of Knowledge:Firms, Capabilities, and Communities[M]. London:Oxford University Press, 2004.
[27] Loasby B. Knowledge, Institutions and Evolution in Economics[M]. New York:Routledge, 1999.
[28] David P, Foray D. An introduction to the economy of the knowledge society[J]. International Social Science Journal, 2002,171(1):9-23.
[29] Brusoni S, Prencipe A, Pavitt K. Knowledge specialization, organizational coupling, and the boundaries of the firm:Why do firms know more than they make[J].Administrative Science Quarterly, 2001,46(3):597-621.
[30] Reinert E. How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor[M]. New York:Carroll&Graf Publishers, 2007.
[31] Fuchs E, Kirchain R. Design for location? The impact of manufacturing offshore on technology competitiveness in the optoelectronics industry[J]. Management Science, 2010,56(12):2323-2349.
[32] Dosi G, Hobday M, Marengo L, et al. The economics of systems integration:Towards an evolutionary economics//Prencipe A, Davies A, Hobday M. The Business of Systems Integration[M]. London:Oxford University Press, 2005.
[33] Gereffi G, Humphrey J, Sturgeon T. The governance of global value chains[J]. Review of International Political Economy, 2005,12(1):78-104.
[34] Pavitt K. Specialization and systems integration:Where manufacture and services still meet//Prencipe A, Davies A, Hobday M. The Business of Systems Integration[M]. London:Oxford University Press, 2005.
[35] Humphrey J, Schmitz H. How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters[J].Regional Studies, 2002,36(9):1017-1027.
[36] Morrison A, Pietrobelli C, Rabellotti R. Global value chains and technological capabilities:A framework to study industrial innovation in developing countries[J].Oxford Development Studies, 2008,36(1):39-58.
[37]陈宏辉,罗兴.“贴牌”是一种过时的战略选择吗[J].中国工业经济,2008(1):96-104.
[38]魏江.创新驱动的经济发展[EB/OL].[2014-08-06]. http://www.som.zju.edu.cn/xinwenzhongxin/mingshiguandian/2014-08-07/30494.html.
[39] Freeman C, Soete L. The Economics of Industrial Innovation[M]. Boston:The MIT Press, 1997.
[40] Pisano G. Learning-before-doing in the development of new process technology[J]. Research Policy, 1996,25(7):1097-1119.
[41]路风,慕玲.本土创新、能力发展和竞争优势:中国激光视盘播放机工业的发展及其对政府作用的政策含义[J].管理世界,2003(12):57-82.
[42] Babbage C. On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacturing[M]. London:Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[43] Amesse F, Cohendet P. Technology transfer revisited from the perspective of the knowledge-based economy[J]. Research Policy, 2001,30(10):1459-1478.
[44] Llerena P, Burger-Helmchen T, Cohendet P. Division of labor and division of knowledge:A case study of innovation in the video game industry//Cantner U,Jean-Luc Gaffard, Nesta L. Schumpeterian Perspectives on Innovation, Competition and Growth[M]. Berlin:Springer, 2009.
[45] Becker M, Cohendet P, Llerena P. Division of labor and division of knowledge:Why the nature of the causality matters for the evolutionary theory of the firm//Cantner U, Malerba F. Innovation, Industrial Dynamics and Structural Transformation:Schumpeterian Legacies[M]. Berlin:Springer, 2007.
[46]路风,封凯栋. IT变局:新一轮技术融合下的系统竞争[R].国家信息化专家咨询委员会信息化研究通讯,2011(14).
[47]佟家栋,彭支伟.从“干中学”到“加工中学”:经济全球化背景下的国际分工、技术外溢与自主创新[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2007(6):71-81.
[48] Hobday M, Davies A, Prencipe A. Systems integration:A core capability of the modern corporation[J].Industrial and Corporate Change, 2005,14(6):1109-1143.
[49] Brusoni S, Prencipe A. Unpacking the black box of modularity:Technologies, products and organizations[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2001,10(1):179-205.
[50] Wise R, Baumgartner P. Go downstream:The new profit imperative in manufacturing[J]. Harvard Business Review, 1999,77(1):133-141.
[51] Lundvall, B-A. Innovation as an interactive process:From user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation//Dosi G, Freeman C, Nelson R, et al.Technical Change and Economic Theory[M]. London:Pinter Publishers, 1988.
[52] Malerba F. Sectroal systems:How and why innovation differs across sectors//Fagerberg J, Mowery D,Nelson R. The Oxford Handbook of Innovation[M].London:Oxford University Press, 2005.
[53] Chandler A. Shaping the Industrial Century[M]. Boston:Harvard University Press, 2005.
[54] Prencipe A. Corporate strategy and systems integration capabilities:Managing networks in complex systems industries//Prencipe A, Davies A, Hobday M. The Business of Systems Integration[M]. London:Oxford University Press, 2005.
[55] Dedrick J, Kraemer K L, Linden G. Who profits from innovation in global value chain? A study of the iPod and notebook PCs[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2010,19(1):81-116.
[56] Giuliani E, Pietrobelli C, Rabelloti R. Upgrading in global value chains:Lessons from Latin American clusters[J]. World Development, 2005,33(4):549-573.
[57] Yin R. Case Study Research:Design and Methods[M].Thousand Oaks:Sage Publications, 2003.
[58]仝亚娜.印建安:无边界行走[J].中国机电工业,2012(2):46-53.
[59]侯耀晨.印建安:做正确的事比正确做事更重要[J].中国商人,2009(9):66-69.
[60]孙林岩,杨才君,高洁.服务型制造转型:陕鼓的案例研究[J].管理案例研究与评论,2011(4):257-264.
[61] Lee K, Lim C. Technological regimes, catching-up and leapfrogging:Findings from the Korean industries[J]. Research Policy, 2001,30(3):459-483.
[62]顾淑林.创新的强化学习[J].管理工程学报,2000年增刊:40-43.
[63]高旭东.“后来者劣势”与我国企业发展新兴技术的对策[J].管理学报,2005(3):291-294.
[64] Davies A. Are firms moving'downstream'into high-value services?//Tidd J, Hull M. Service Innovation:Organizational Responses to Technological Opportunities and Market Imperatives[M]. London:Imperial College Press, 2003.
[65]路风,余永定.“双顺差”、能力缺口与自主创新:转变经济发展方式的宏观和微观视野[J].中国社会科学,2012(6):91-114.
(1)轮胎生产过程分为密炼-压延-裁断-成型-硫化-质检等步骤。
(2)建筑施工通常分为基础施工(打桩)、主体结构施工(墙、板、顶等地上部分)和装饰装修3阶段。
[2]卢锋.产品内分工[J].经济学(季刊),2004(4):55-82.
[3]张苏.论新国际分工[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2008.
[4]张其仔,等.模块化、产业内分工与经济增长方式转变[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008.
[5]卢锋.我国承接国际服务外包问题研究[J].经济研究,2007(9):49-61.
[6]江小涓,等.服务全球化与服务外包:现状、趋势及理论分析[M].北京:人民出版社,2008.
[7]张少军,刘志彪.全球价值链模式的产业转移:动力、影响与对中国产业升级和区域协调发展的启示[J].中国工业经济,2009(11):5-15.
[8]华民.“入世”后中国如何参与国际分工[J].世界经济与政治,2002(4):9-14.
[9]陈玲,薛澜.中国高技术产业在国际分工中的地位及产业升级:以集成电路产业为例[J].中国软科学,2010(6):36-46.
[10]邵安菊.全球价值链重构与我国产业跃迁[J].宏观经济管理,2016(2):74-78.
[11]张琳,何欢浪.电子代工产业升级路径[J].商业研究,2013(3):121-126.
[12]中国经济增长前沿课题组.中国经济长期增长路径、效率与潜在增长水平[J].经济研究,2012(11):4-17.
[13]张杰,李勇,刘志彪.外包与技术转移[J].经济学(季刊),2010(4):1261-86.
[14]吴先明,梅诗晔.基于自主创新的追赶战略:资源依赖视角[J].经济管理,2016(6):29-40.
[15]杨桂菊,程兆谦,侯丽敏,等.代工企业转型升级的多元路径研究[J].管理科学,2017(4):124-38.
[16] Gomory R, Baumol W. Global Trade and Conflicting National Interests[M]. Boston:The MIT Press, 2000.
[17] Samuelson P A. Where Ricardo and mill rebut and confirm arguments of mainstream economists supporting globalization[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2004,18(3):135-146.
[18] Prahalad C, Hamel G. The core competence of the corporation[J]. Harvard Business Review, 1990(5/6):79-91.
[19] Nelson R R. Why do firms differ, and how does it matter[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1991,12(S2):61-74.
[20] Teece D, Pisano G, Shuen A. Dynamic capabilities and strategic management[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1997,18(3):509-533.
[21]路风,张宏音,王铁民.寻求加入WTO后中国企业竞争力的源泉[J].管理世界,2002(2):110-127.
[22] Pisano G P. Toward a prescriptive theory of dynamic capabilities:Connecting strategic choice, learning, and competition[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2017,26(5):747-762.
[23] Dasgupta P, Stiglitz J. Learning by doing, market structure and industrial and trade policies[J]. Oxford Economy Papers, New Series, 1988,40(2):246-268.
[24] Lieberman M, Montgomery D. First-mover(dis)advantage:Retrospective and link with the resource-based view[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1998,19(12):1111-1125.
[25] Bell M, Pavitt K. Technological accumulation and industrial growth:Contrasts between developed and developing countries[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 1993,2(2):157-210.
[26] Amin A, Cohendet P. Architectures of Knowledge:Firms, Capabilities, and Communities[M]. London:Oxford University Press, 2004.
[27] Loasby B. Knowledge, Institutions and Evolution in Economics[M]. New York:Routledge, 1999.
[28] David P, Foray D. An introduction to the economy of the knowledge society[J]. International Social Science Journal, 2002,171(1):9-23.
[29] Brusoni S, Prencipe A, Pavitt K. Knowledge specialization, organizational coupling, and the boundaries of the firm:Why do firms know more than they make[J].Administrative Science Quarterly, 2001,46(3):597-621.
[30] Reinert E. How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor[M]. New York:Carroll&Graf Publishers, 2007.
[31] Fuchs E, Kirchain R. Design for location? The impact of manufacturing offshore on technology competitiveness in the optoelectronics industry[J]. Management Science, 2010,56(12):2323-2349.
[32] Dosi G, Hobday M, Marengo L, et al. The economics of systems integration:Towards an evolutionary economics//Prencipe A, Davies A, Hobday M. The Business of Systems Integration[M]. London:Oxford University Press, 2005.
[33] Gereffi G, Humphrey J, Sturgeon T. The governance of global value chains[J]. Review of International Political Economy, 2005,12(1):78-104.
[34] Pavitt K. Specialization and systems integration:Where manufacture and services still meet//Prencipe A, Davies A, Hobday M. The Business of Systems Integration[M]. London:Oxford University Press, 2005.
[35] Humphrey J, Schmitz H. How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters[J].Regional Studies, 2002,36(9):1017-1027.
[36] Morrison A, Pietrobelli C, Rabellotti R. Global value chains and technological capabilities:A framework to study industrial innovation in developing countries[J].Oxford Development Studies, 2008,36(1):39-58.
[37]陈宏辉,罗兴.“贴牌”是一种过时的战略选择吗[J].中国工业经济,2008(1):96-104.
[38]魏江.创新驱动的经济发展[EB/OL].[2014-08-06]. http://www.som.zju.edu.cn/xinwenzhongxin/mingshiguandian/2014-08-07/30494.html.
[39] Freeman C, Soete L. The Economics of Industrial Innovation[M]. Boston:The MIT Press, 1997.
[40] Pisano G. Learning-before-doing in the development of new process technology[J]. Research Policy, 1996,25(7):1097-1119.
[41]路风,慕玲.本土创新、能力发展和竞争优势:中国激光视盘播放机工业的发展及其对政府作用的政策含义[J].管理世界,2003(12):57-82.
[42] Babbage C. On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacturing[M]. London:Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[43] Amesse F, Cohendet P. Technology transfer revisited from the perspective of the knowledge-based economy[J]. Research Policy, 2001,30(10):1459-1478.
[44] Llerena P, Burger-Helmchen T, Cohendet P. Division of labor and division of knowledge:A case study of innovation in the video game industry//Cantner U,Jean-Luc Gaffard, Nesta L. Schumpeterian Perspectives on Innovation, Competition and Growth[M]. Berlin:Springer, 2009.
[45] Becker M, Cohendet P, Llerena P. Division of labor and division of knowledge:Why the nature of the causality matters for the evolutionary theory of the firm//Cantner U, Malerba F. Innovation, Industrial Dynamics and Structural Transformation:Schumpeterian Legacies[M]. Berlin:Springer, 2007.
[46]路风,封凯栋. IT变局:新一轮技术融合下的系统竞争[R].国家信息化专家咨询委员会信息化研究通讯,2011(14).
[47]佟家栋,彭支伟.从“干中学”到“加工中学”:经济全球化背景下的国际分工、技术外溢与自主创新[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2007(6):71-81.
[48] Hobday M, Davies A, Prencipe A. Systems integration:A core capability of the modern corporation[J].Industrial and Corporate Change, 2005,14(6):1109-1143.
[49] Brusoni S, Prencipe A. Unpacking the black box of modularity:Technologies, products and organizations[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2001,10(1):179-205.
[50] Wise R, Baumgartner P. Go downstream:The new profit imperative in manufacturing[J]. Harvard Business Review, 1999,77(1):133-141.
[51] Lundvall, B-A. Innovation as an interactive process:From user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation//Dosi G, Freeman C, Nelson R, et al.Technical Change and Economic Theory[M]. London:Pinter Publishers, 1988.
[52] Malerba F. Sectroal systems:How and why innovation differs across sectors//Fagerberg J, Mowery D,Nelson R. The Oxford Handbook of Innovation[M].London:Oxford University Press, 2005.
[53] Chandler A. Shaping the Industrial Century[M]. Boston:Harvard University Press, 2005.
[54] Prencipe A. Corporate strategy and systems integration capabilities:Managing networks in complex systems industries//Prencipe A, Davies A, Hobday M. The Business of Systems Integration[M]. London:Oxford University Press, 2005.
[55] Dedrick J, Kraemer K L, Linden G. Who profits from innovation in global value chain? A study of the iPod and notebook PCs[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2010,19(1):81-116.
[56] Giuliani E, Pietrobelli C, Rabelloti R. Upgrading in global value chains:Lessons from Latin American clusters[J]. World Development, 2005,33(4):549-573.
[57] Yin R. Case Study Research:Design and Methods[M].Thousand Oaks:Sage Publications, 2003.
[58]仝亚娜.印建安:无边界行走[J].中国机电工业,2012(2):46-53.
[59]侯耀晨.印建安:做正确的事比正确做事更重要[J].中国商人,2009(9):66-69.
[60]孙林岩,杨才君,高洁.服务型制造转型:陕鼓的案例研究[J].管理案例研究与评论,2011(4):257-264.
[61] Lee K, Lim C. Technological regimes, catching-up and leapfrogging:Findings from the Korean industries[J]. Research Policy, 2001,30(3):459-483.
[62]顾淑林.创新的强化学习[J].管理工程学报,2000年增刊:40-43.
[63]高旭东.“后来者劣势”与我国企业发展新兴技术的对策[J].管理学报,2005(3):291-294.
[64] Davies A. Are firms moving'downstream'into high-value services?//Tidd J, Hull M. Service Innovation:Organizational Responses to Technological Opportunities and Market Imperatives[M]. London:Imperial College Press, 2003.
[65]路风,余永定.“双顺差”、能力缺口与自主创新:转变经济发展方式的宏观和微观视野[J].中国社会科学,2012(6):91-114.
(1)轮胎生产过程分为密炼-压延-裁断-成型-硫化-质检等步骤。
(2)建筑施工通常分为基础施工(打桩)、主体结构施工(墙、板、顶等地上部分)和装饰装修3阶段。