致谢词“生受”的历史形成
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摘要
"生受"在浙江温州话等现代汉语方言中可用作"谢谢"义动词。这种用法是历史的遗留。在汉语史上,致谢词"生受"是从"活着遭受"义跨层组合一步步演变而来的。在语法上,它经历了"跨层组合→物理动作动词→形容词→使动词→言语行为动词"的演变过程;在语义上,它经历了"‘活着遭受’义→‘遭受’义→‘遭罪,受苦’义→‘费事,辛苦’义→‘麻烦,有劳’义→‘谢谢’义"的演变过程。在语用功能上,"生受"小句经历了从以言行事到以言述事,从间接致谢到直接致谢,从事前致谢到事后致谢的演变。其演变遵循的机制可以用不足分析和过度分析来解释,演变的表现是语境扩展。
"Shengshou(生受)" is used as a thanking formula in some Chinese dialects as Wenzhou dialect.It is a historical relic.In classical Chinese,"Shengshou" changed from a cross-layering expression meaning ‘suffer alive' to a speech act verb.Grammatically,it saw the following change:cross-layering expression → verb denoting a physical act → adjective → causative verb→ speech act verb.Semantically,it saw the following change:‘suffer alive' → ‘suffer' → ‘endure hardship/tortures' →‘hardworking' → ‘trouble' → ‘thank'.The speech act executed by the clause including "Shengshou" changed from a locutionary act to an illocutionary act,from an indirect thanking to direct thanking,from a thanking before the benefactive act to a thanking after the benefactive act.The change came from the hearer's overanalysis or underanalysis of the speaker's utterance,and the contextual expansion of "Shengshou".
"Shengshou(生受)" is used as a thanking formula in some Chinese dialects as Wenzhou dialect.It is a historical relic.In classical Chinese,"Shengshou" changed from a cross-layering expression meaning ‘suffer alive' to a speech act verb.Grammatically,it saw the following change:cross-layering expression → verb denoting a physical act → adjective → causative verb→ speech act verb.Semantically,it saw the following change:‘suffer alive' → ‘suffer' → ‘endure hardship/tortures' →‘hardworking' → ‘trouble' → ‘thank'.The speech act executed by the clause including "Shengshou" changed from a locutionary act to an illocutionary act,from an indirect thanking to direct thanking,from a thanking before the benefactive act to a thanking after the benefactive act.The change came from the hearer's overanalysis or underanalysis of the speaker's utterance,and the contextual expansion of "Shengshou".
引文
[1]李荣.现代汉语方言大词典·温州方言词典[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,1995:147.
[2]许宝华,宫田一郎.汉语方言大词典[M].北京:中华书局,1999:1357.
[3]罗竹风.汉语大词典(第7卷)[M].香港:商务印书馆(香港)有限公司,1999:1499.
[4]孙露丹.温州话致谢语“生受”探源[J].现代语文,2014(10):22-24.
[5]CROFT W,陈前瑞,王继红.《解释语言的演变:进化的理论》中的语句选择理论[J].当代语言学,2009(1):77-79.
(1)此例和下例中的“生受”,张相《诗词曲语词汇释》(第777页)释为‘为难’。
(2)张茂华和亓宏昌在《中华传统文化粹典》(1996:60)中指出,谢词“生受”多见于宋元以来的白话作品。当然,他们所说的谢词包括本文所说的“麻烦,劳烦”义“生受”和“谢谢”义“生受”。
(3)学界认为,《岳飞破虏东窗记》是元杂剧,但有明人改动痕迹,因此,本文暂将该例罗列在此。
(4)如果“生受”表示的是“谢谢”义,则它所在小句实施的是直接致谢。据我们考察,清代“生受”小句以实施直接致谢为主。
[2]许宝华,宫田一郎.汉语方言大词典[M].北京:中华书局,1999:1357.
[3]罗竹风.汉语大词典(第7卷)[M].香港:商务印书馆(香港)有限公司,1999:1499.
[4]孙露丹.温州话致谢语“生受”探源[J].现代语文,2014(10):22-24.
[5]CROFT W,陈前瑞,王继红.《解释语言的演变:进化的理论》中的语句选择理论[J].当代语言学,2009(1):77-79.
(1)此例和下例中的“生受”,张相《诗词曲语词汇释》(第777页)释为‘为难’。
(2)张茂华和亓宏昌在《中华传统文化粹典》(1996:60)中指出,谢词“生受”多见于宋元以来的白话作品。当然,他们所说的谢词包括本文所说的“麻烦,劳烦”义“生受”和“谢谢”义“生受”。
(3)学界认为,《岳飞破虏东窗记》是元杂剧,但有明人改动痕迹,因此,本文暂将该例罗列在此。
(4)如果“生受”表示的是“谢谢”义,则它所在小句实施的是直接致谢。据我们考察,清代“生受”小句以实施直接致谢为主。