考虑公平目标的网约车服务价格管制策略
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摘要
考虑网约车服务与出租车服务的竞争市场中,按照服务感知体验高低将网约车服务分为两类,如专车服务属于高服务感知体验的网约车服务,顺风车服务可视为低服务感知体验的网约车服务.研究网约车服务与出租车服务共存情况下实现公平这一目标的价格管制策略制定,并比较无竞争市场、竞争市场无管制与竞争市场管制3种情景下社会福利的变化.研究结果表明:网约车服务体验高于出租车服务体验时,价格管制提高了网约车服务价格,两种服务竞争提高了社会福利,但价格管制的实施相对降低了社会福利;网约车服务体验低于出租车服务体验但二者较为接近且出租车服务价格处于较低水平时,无需监管即可实现管制目标,此时竞争市场中有无管制2种情景下的社会福利变化与网约车服务感知体验以及出租车服务的价格有关.
This paper considers a competitive traffic service market that includes the online car-hailing service and the taxi service. According to the perceived service experience, this paper divides the online car-hailing service into two categories. For example, chauffeured car service belongs to the category with a higher perceived service experience,and the ridesharing service is considered as the online car-hailing service with a lower perceived service experience. In order to achieve the regulation goal of fairness, this paper studies the price regulation strategy under the condition that two services coexist, and compares the changes of social welfare in three scenarios: noncompetitive market, competitive market with and without regulation. The results show that, when the perceived service experience of the online car-hailing service is higher than that of the taxi service, the implementation of the price regulation raises the online car-hailing service price, and the competition between two services improves social welfare, though the regulation reduces the social welfare; when the service experience of the online car-hailing service is lower than the taxi service experience, and the taxi service price is at a low level, the regulation goal can be realized without regulation. Herein, the change of social welfare is related to the perceived service experience of the online car-hailing service and the taxi service price.
This paper considers a competitive traffic service market that includes the online car-hailing service and the taxi service. According to the perceived service experience, this paper divides the online car-hailing service into two categories. For example, chauffeured car service belongs to the category with a higher perceived service experience,and the ridesharing service is considered as the online car-hailing service with a lower perceived service experience. In order to achieve the regulation goal of fairness, this paper studies the price regulation strategy under the condition that two services coexist, and compares the changes of social welfare in three scenarios: noncompetitive market, competitive market with and without regulation. The results show that, when the perceived service experience of the online car-hailing service is higher than that of the taxi service, the implementation of the price regulation raises the online car-hailing service price, and the competition between two services improves social welfare, though the regulation reduces the social welfare; when the service experience of the online car-hailing service is lower than the taxi service experience, and the taxi service price is at a low level, the regulation goal can be realized without regulation. Herein, the change of social welfare is related to the perceived service experience of the online car-hailing service and the taxi service price.
引文
[1]证券日报.网约车新政今日实施,网约车价格普遍上涨[EB/OL].[2016-11-02](2017-09-01). http://yibin.auto.qq.com/a/20161102/010723.htm.(Securities Daily. New rules for ride-sharing services are implemented today, and the price of the service is generally rising[EB/OL].[2016-11-02](2017-09-01).http://yibin.auto.qq.com/a/20161102/010723.htm.)
[2]张建.户籍不应成网约车准入门槛[EB/OL].[2016-10-10](2017-09-01). http://hnrb.hinews.cn/html/2016-10/10/content_7_2.htm.(Zhang J. Household registration should not be the entry limitation of the online car-hailing service[EB/OL].[2016-10-10](2017-09-01). http://hnrb.hinews.cn/html/2016-10/10/content_7_2.htm.)
[3]中国企业家.专家:要求网约车司机是本地户籍不合理[EB/OL].[2016-10-18](2017-09-01). http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2016-10-18/doc-ifxwvpaq1618473.shtml.(Chinese Entrepreneurs. Experts:It is unreasonable to require the online car-hailing driver to have local domicile[EB/OL].[2016-10-18](2017-09-01). http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2016-10-18/doc-ifxwvpaq1618473.shtml.)
[4]甄艺凯.网约车管制新政研究[J].中国工业经济, 2017,25(8):81-99.(Zhen Y K, Research on new policy of ride-hailing regulations[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2017, 25(8):81-99.)
[5] Jiang B J, Tian L. Collaborative consumption:Strategic and economic implications of product sharing[J].Management Science, 2018, 64(3):1117-1188.
[6] Tian L, Jiang B. Effects of consumer-to-onsumer product sharing on distribution channel[J]. Production and Operations Management, 2018. 27(2):350-367.
[7] Weber T A. Intermediation in a sharing economy:Insurance, moral hazard, and rent extraction[J]. J of Management Information Systems, 2014, 31(3):35–71.
[8] Weber T A. The question of ownership in a sharing economy[C]. Int Conf on System Sciences. Hawaii:IEEE, 2015:4874-4883.
[9] Bellos I, Ferguson M, Toktay L. The car sharing economy:Interaction of business model choice and product line design[J]. Manufacturing&Service Operations Management, 2017, 19(2):185-201.
[10] Furuhata M, Dessouky M, Ordconez F, et al.Ridesharing:The state-of-the-art and future directions[J].Transportation Research, Part B:Methodology, 2013,57(57):28-46.
[11] Agatz N, Erera A, Savelsbergh M, et al. Optimization for dynamic ride-sharing:A review[J]. Europe J of Operation Reseach, 2012, 223(2):295-303.
[12] Vine S, Polak J. Introduction to special issue:New directions in shared-mobility research[J]. Transportation,2015, 42(3):407-411.
[13] Chen X, Zahiri M, Zhang S. Understanding ridesplitting behavior of on-demand ride services:An ensemble learning approach[J]. Transportation Research, Part C:Emerging Technologies, 2017, 76(3):51-70.
[14] Krueger R, Rashidi T H, Rose J M. Preferences for shared autonomous vehicles[J]. Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies, 2016, 69(8):343-355.
[15] Rayle L, Dai D, Chan N. Just a better taxi? A survey-based comparison of taxis, transit, and ridesourcing services in San Francisco[J]. Transport Policy, 2016, 45(1):168-178.
[16]薛志远.网约车数量管制问题研究[J].理论与改革,2016, 23(6):108-113.(Xue Z Y. Research on the quantity control of Ride-hailing[J]. Theory and Reform, 2016, 23(6):108-113.)
[17]汪淑珍,许成安,娄平.打车软件服务的政府管制失灵研究[J].审计与经济研究, 2017, 32(3):109-118.(Wang S Z, Xu C A, Lou P. A study on the goverment’s failure in taxi-hailing apps service regulation[J]. Audit&Economy Research, 2017, 32(3):109-118.)
[18] Douglas G W. Price regulation and optimal service standards:The taxicab industry[J]. J of Transport Economics&Policy, 1972, 6(2):116-127.
[19] Kim Y J, Hwang H. Incremental discount policy for taxi fare with price-sensitive demand[J]. Int J of Production Economics, 2008, 112(2):895-902.
[20] Fehr E, Schmidt K M. A theory of fairness, competition,and cooperation[J]. Quarterly J of Economics, 1998,114(3):817-868.
[2]张建.户籍不应成网约车准入门槛[EB/OL].[2016-10-10](2017-09-01). http://hnrb.hinews.cn/html/2016-10/10/content_7_2.htm.(Zhang J. Household registration should not be the entry limitation of the online car-hailing service[EB/OL].[2016-10-10](2017-09-01). http://hnrb.hinews.cn/html/2016-10/10/content_7_2.htm.)
[3]中国企业家.专家:要求网约车司机是本地户籍不合理[EB/OL].[2016-10-18](2017-09-01). http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2016-10-18/doc-ifxwvpaq1618473.shtml.(Chinese Entrepreneurs. Experts:It is unreasonable to require the online car-hailing driver to have local domicile[EB/OL].[2016-10-18](2017-09-01). http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2016-10-18/doc-ifxwvpaq1618473.shtml.)
[4]甄艺凯.网约车管制新政研究[J].中国工业经济, 2017,25(8):81-99.(Zhen Y K, Research on new policy of ride-hailing regulations[J]. China Industrial Economics, 2017, 25(8):81-99.)
[5] Jiang B J, Tian L. Collaborative consumption:Strategic and economic implications of product sharing[J].Management Science, 2018, 64(3):1117-1188.
[6] Tian L, Jiang B. Effects of consumer-to-onsumer product sharing on distribution channel[J]. Production and Operations Management, 2018. 27(2):350-367.
[7] Weber T A. Intermediation in a sharing economy:Insurance, moral hazard, and rent extraction[J]. J of Management Information Systems, 2014, 31(3):35–71.
[8] Weber T A. The question of ownership in a sharing economy[C]. Int Conf on System Sciences. Hawaii:IEEE, 2015:4874-4883.
[9] Bellos I, Ferguson M, Toktay L. The car sharing economy:Interaction of business model choice and product line design[J]. Manufacturing&Service Operations Management, 2017, 19(2):185-201.
[10] Furuhata M, Dessouky M, Ordconez F, et al.Ridesharing:The state-of-the-art and future directions[J].Transportation Research, Part B:Methodology, 2013,57(57):28-46.
[11] Agatz N, Erera A, Savelsbergh M, et al. Optimization for dynamic ride-sharing:A review[J]. Europe J of Operation Reseach, 2012, 223(2):295-303.
[12] Vine S, Polak J. Introduction to special issue:New directions in shared-mobility research[J]. Transportation,2015, 42(3):407-411.
[13] Chen X, Zahiri M, Zhang S. Understanding ridesplitting behavior of on-demand ride services:An ensemble learning approach[J]. Transportation Research, Part C:Emerging Technologies, 2017, 76(3):51-70.
[14] Krueger R, Rashidi T H, Rose J M. Preferences for shared autonomous vehicles[J]. Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies, 2016, 69(8):343-355.
[15] Rayle L, Dai D, Chan N. Just a better taxi? A survey-based comparison of taxis, transit, and ridesourcing services in San Francisco[J]. Transport Policy, 2016, 45(1):168-178.
[16]薛志远.网约车数量管制问题研究[J].理论与改革,2016, 23(6):108-113.(Xue Z Y. Research on the quantity control of Ride-hailing[J]. Theory and Reform, 2016, 23(6):108-113.)
[17]汪淑珍,许成安,娄平.打车软件服务的政府管制失灵研究[J].审计与经济研究, 2017, 32(3):109-118.(Wang S Z, Xu C A, Lou P. A study on the goverment’s failure in taxi-hailing apps service regulation[J]. Audit&Economy Research, 2017, 32(3):109-118.)
[18] Douglas G W. Price regulation and optimal service standards:The taxicab industry[J]. J of Transport Economics&Policy, 1972, 6(2):116-127.
[19] Kim Y J, Hwang H. Incremental discount policy for taxi fare with price-sensitive demand[J]. Int J of Production Economics, 2008, 112(2):895-902.
[20] Fehr E, Schmidt K M. A theory of fairness, competition,and cooperation[J]. Quarterly J of Economics, 1998,114(3):817-868.