美国主流文化对特朗普政府对华政策的影响
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摘要
美国主流文化是西方文化的重要一支,具有西方文化的主要特征,强调以斗争/征服为情感基调,坚持"他人即地狱"式自我中心主义情感模式,秉持排他性、单一性文化结构,内部崇尚"以他人为敌"式竞争、外部热衷排他性战争。特朗普政府的对华政策深受其影响,"美国优先"原则的提出正源于此。用美国主义取代全球主义,中美间的合作性减弱,冲突性骤增,对中国的贸易战愈演愈烈,加大打"台湾牌"力度,拉拢盟国构建对中国的包围圈,以此遏制中国崛起。研究特朗普政府对华政策与美国主流文化间的关系,有助于认识特朗普政府对华政策的本质和形成的深层次原因,有助于推动双边关系向健康、积极和可持续的方向发展。
The U. S. mainstream culture,a branch of Western culture,features by "competition/combat/war" as the core and egocentric cognitive pattern considering other people as the hell. Structurally,it is culture of "uniformity","exclusiveness" and "competitiveness". Inherently,the Trump administration' s policies and strategies towards China was a miniature of it. Firstly,Trump emphasizes principle tagged "America First". Besides,Trump upholds "Americanism" instead of"globalism",and the Sino-US relations tend to be less cooperation-oriented and more conflict-oriented. Apart from that,Trump seeks to contain China' s rise through the escalating trade disputes between China and the U. S.,making use of Taiwan issue and building a deterrence-oriented framework. Presently,it is imperative to study the connection between Trump administration' s policies towards China and the U. S. mainstream culture,for realizing the nature and intrinsic impetus of Trump' s China Policies and promoting the bilateral relationship to a healthy,optimistic and sustainable future.
The U. S. mainstream culture,a branch of Western culture,features by "competition/combat/war" as the core and egocentric cognitive pattern considering other people as the hell. Structurally,it is culture of "uniformity","exclusiveness" and "competitiveness". Inherently,the Trump administration' s policies and strategies towards China was a miniature of it. Firstly,Trump emphasizes principle tagged "America First". Besides,Trump upholds "Americanism" instead of"globalism",and the Sino-US relations tend to be less cooperation-oriented and more conflict-oriented. Apart from that,Trump seeks to contain China' s rise through the escalating trade disputes between China and the U. S.,making use of Taiwan issue and building a deterrence-oriented framework. Presently,it is imperative to study the connection between Trump administration' s policies towards China and the U. S. mainstream culture,for realizing the nature and intrinsic impetus of Trump' s China Policies and promoting the bilateral relationship to a healthy,optimistic and sustainable future.
引文
(1)参见辜正坤:《中西文化比较导论》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年,第23页。
(2)Passel,Jeffrey S.;Fix,Michael.U.S.Immigration in a Global Context:Past,Present,and Future.Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies.Vol.2,No.1,Symposium:Global Migration and the Future of the Nation-State.(Fall,1994).p.7.
(3)U.S.Census Bureau,“ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates,2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-year Estimates”,https://factfinder.census.Gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_5YR_DP05&prodType=table[2019-06-10].
(4)Tappen,Ruth M.,EDD,RN,FAAN;Rosselli,Monica,PHD;Williams,Christine L,DNSC,RN,BC;Gibson,S.Multiethnic Perspectives on Mainstream America.Journal of Cultural Diversity.Summer 2014;21,2.p.67.
(5)Ibid,.
(6)Population Facts.United Nations.Department of Economics and Social Affairs/Population Division/www.unpopulation.org.Dec.2015/No.2015/4.p.2.
(7)Kandel,William A.Kandel.Permanent Legal Migration to the United States.(CRS Report No.R42866)(Washington,D.C:Congressional Research Service R42866.) October 29,2014.p.4.
(8)参见韩志华:《中西文化交流程度研究》,北京:中国国际广播出版社,2017年,第147—148页。
(9)Liddell,Henry George & Scott,Robert.A Greek-English Lexicon.Oxford:Clarendon.1996.p.797.
(10)Glare,P.G.W.Oxford Latin Dictionary.Oxford:Oxford University Press.1996.p.701.
(11)lbid.p.1417.possession of control or command (over persons or things) power;in political or military contexts;power of life and deity;command,control(of faculties,emotions,etc)”.
(12)Glare,P.G.W.Oxford Latin Dictionary.Oxford:Oxford University Press.1996.p.1378.“1.An attitude of dutiful respect towards those to whom one is bound by ties of religion,consanguinity,etc;2.applied to the attitude of man towards the gods;Of the reciprocal feeling of gods towards human beings;3.of relationship between humanbeings,of children to parents,of parents to children,between husband and wife,if other relationships;4.of citizen towards a State or ruler;Also of government towards citizen,of troops to a commander”.
(13)孟轲[春秋]:《孟子·卷十四》,四部丛刊景宋大字本。
(14)Aristotle.Politics.Translated by C.D.C.Reeve.Indianapolis/Cambridge:Hackett Publishing Company,Inc.1998.p.2.“Those who cannot exist without each other necessarily form a couple,as female and male do for the sake of procreation,and as a natural ruler and what is naturally ruled do for the sake of survival”(1252a:26-31).
(15)萨特剧《禁闭》。
(16)Liddell,Henry George & Scott,Robert.A Greek-English Lexicon.Oxford:Clarendon Press.1996.p.306.
(17)Plotinus.Enneads.Harmondsworth:Penguin.1991.I.8.3.Pattison,George.Agnosis:Theology in the Void.London:MacMillan Press Ltd.1996.p.9.
(18)https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-administrations-national-security-strategy/[2019-06-30].
(19)参见《达巍答中评:中美间最危险的是台湾》,中国评论通信社,2018年4月7日,http://www.crntt.com/crn-webapp/touch/detail.jsp?coluid=7&docid=105029292 [2019-06-10]。
(20)《2017年美国国家安全战略》报告明确了美国的四大生死攸关的国家利益(有时称核心利益)、保卫国土、美国人民和美国的生活方式;促进美国的繁荣;以实力维护和平;增强美国的影响力。参见美国白宫网站,2017年12月18日,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-administrations-national-security-strategy/[2019-06-10]。
(21)参见《2018年美国国防战略摘要》。
(22)参见《特朗普要求北约国家立即增加防务开支》,新华网,2018年7月12日,http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2018-07/12/c_1123112997.htm[2019-06-10]。
(23)参见唐君毅:《论中国原始宗教信仰与儒家天道观之关系兼释中国哲学之起源》,《理想与文化》1948年3月号,第4页。
(24)夏曾佑:《中国古代史》,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2000年,第22页。
(25)杨开道:《中国乡约制度》,山东乡村服务训练处,1937年,第51页。
(26)郑玄[汉]注、孔颖达[唐]疏:《礼记疏63卷》(附释音礼记注疏卷第十二),清嘉庆二十年南昌府学重刊宋本十三经注疏本。
(27)同上
(28)2014年4月15日,中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平在中央国家安全委员会第一次会议上首次提出内涵广泛、内外兼顾的总体国家安全观。自此,中国把国家安全分为11类:政治安全、国土安全、军事安全、经济安全、文化安全、社会安全、科技安全、信息安全、生态安全、资源安全和核安全。参见《中央国家安全委员会第一次会议召开习近平发表重要讲话》,中国政府网,2014年4月15日,http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-04/15/content_2659641.htm[2019-06-10]。
(2)Passel,Jeffrey S.;Fix,Michael.U.S.Immigration in a Global Context:Past,Present,and Future.Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies.Vol.2,No.1,Symposium:Global Migration and the Future of the Nation-State.(Fall,1994).p.7.
(3)U.S.Census Bureau,“ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates,2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-year Estimates”,https://factfinder.census.Gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_5YR_DP05&prodType=table[2019-06-10].
(4)Tappen,Ruth M.,EDD,RN,FAAN;Rosselli,Monica,PHD;Williams,Christine L,DNSC,RN,BC;Gibson,S.Multiethnic Perspectives on Mainstream America.Journal of Cultural Diversity.Summer 2014;21,2.p.67.
(5)Ibid,.
(6)Population Facts.United Nations.Department of Economics and Social Affairs/Population Division/www.unpopulation.org.Dec.2015/No.2015/4.p.2.
(7)Kandel,William A.Kandel.Permanent Legal Migration to the United States.(CRS Report No.R42866)(Washington,D.C:Congressional Research Service R42866.) October 29,2014.p.4.
(8)参见韩志华:《中西文化交流程度研究》,北京:中国国际广播出版社,2017年,第147—148页。
(9)Liddell,Henry George & Scott,Robert.A Greek-English Lexicon.Oxford:Clarendon.1996.p.797.
(10)Glare,P.G.W.Oxford Latin Dictionary.Oxford:Oxford University Press.1996.p.701.
(11)lbid.p.1417.possession of control or command (over persons or things) power;in political or military contexts;power of life and deity;command,control(of faculties,emotions,etc)”.
(12)Glare,P.G.W.Oxford Latin Dictionary.Oxford:Oxford University Press.1996.p.1378.“1.An attitude of dutiful respect towards those to whom one is bound by ties of religion,consanguinity,etc;2.applied to the attitude of man towards the gods;Of the reciprocal feeling of gods towards human beings;3.of relationship between humanbeings,of children to parents,of parents to children,between husband and wife,if other relationships;4.of citizen towards a State or ruler;Also of government towards citizen,of troops to a commander”.
(13)孟轲[春秋]:《孟子·卷十四》,四部丛刊景宋大字本。
(14)Aristotle.Politics.Translated by C.D.C.Reeve.Indianapolis/Cambridge:Hackett Publishing Company,Inc.1998.p.2.“Those who cannot exist without each other necessarily form a couple,as female and male do for the sake of procreation,and as a natural ruler and what is naturally ruled do for the sake of survival”(1252a:26-31).
(15)萨特剧《禁闭》。
(16)Liddell,Henry George & Scott,Robert.A Greek-English Lexicon.Oxford:Clarendon Press.1996.p.306.
(17)Plotinus.Enneads.Harmondsworth:Penguin.1991.I.8.3.Pattison,George.Agnosis:Theology in the Void.London:MacMillan Press Ltd.1996.p.9.
(18)https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-administrations-national-security-strategy/[2019-06-30].
(19)参见《达巍答中评:中美间最危险的是台湾》,中国评论通信社,2018年4月7日,http://www.crntt.com/crn-webapp/touch/detail.jsp?coluid=7&docid=105029292 [2019-06-10]。
(20)《2017年美国国家安全战略》报告明确了美国的四大生死攸关的国家利益(有时称核心利益)、保卫国土、美国人民和美国的生活方式;促进美国的繁荣;以实力维护和平;增强美国的影响力。参见美国白宫网站,2017年12月18日,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-administrations-national-security-strategy/[2019-06-10]。
(21)参见《2018年美国国防战略摘要》。
(22)参见《特朗普要求北约国家立即增加防务开支》,新华网,2018年7月12日,http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2018-07/12/c_1123112997.htm[2019-06-10]。
(23)参见唐君毅:《论中国原始宗教信仰与儒家天道观之关系兼释中国哲学之起源》,《理想与文化》1948年3月号,第4页。
(24)夏曾佑:《中国古代史》,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2000年,第22页。
(25)杨开道:《中国乡约制度》,山东乡村服务训练处,1937年,第51页。
(26)郑玄[汉]注、孔颖达[唐]疏:《礼记疏63卷》(附释音礼记注疏卷第十二),清嘉庆二十年南昌府学重刊宋本十三经注疏本。
(27)同上
(28)2014年4月15日,中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平在中央国家安全委员会第一次会议上首次提出内涵广泛、内外兼顾的总体国家安全观。自此,中国把国家安全分为11类:政治安全、国土安全、军事安全、经济安全、文化安全、社会安全、科技安全、信息安全、生态安全、资源安全和核安全。参见《中央国家安全委员会第一次会议召开习近平发表重要讲话》,中国政府网,2014年4月15日,http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-04/15/content_2659641.htm[2019-06-10]。