豫西南上泥盆统叠层石微组构特征及其成因意义
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摘要
以豫西南淅川地区上泥盆统王冠沟组叠层石为研究对象,从地球生物学角度对叠层石的宏观、显微和超微特征进行了系统分析,结合剖面的沉积学特征,研究发现叠层石在空间上有明显的垂向分带特征,并具有典型的明、暗相间的波纹结构,叠层石纹层中间夹少量但种类丰富的生物碎屑和鲕粒。叠层石亮纹层中发现莓状黄铁矿,其微晶直径500～600 nm,莓状集合体直径2～5μm,微晶为八面体和立方体形状,两者莓状集体直径D和微晶直径d的比值D/d值均小于10;暗纹层则以发育顺层排列的黏土矿物为特征。结合剖面沉积学资料,认为叠层石垂向上形态的变化反映古环境经历了2次海进-海退旋回,水动力条件逐渐减弱,总体表现为海退的特征,表明叠层石发育层位正是生物礁大量衰退和相对海平面快速下降时期,叠层石应形成于F-F事件之后,菌藻类的繁盛和富营养海水条件促进了区域性广布的叠层石的形成。
Macro-, micro-and ultramicro-features of stromatolites in the Upper Devonian Wangguangou Formation of the Xichuan area, southwest of Henan reflect the palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental significance. This study describes the vertical zonation of stromatolites(lower to upper): spherical stromatolites-laminated stromatolites-columnar stromatolites-laminated stromatolites. Stromatolite obviously includes light-and dark-laminae. Abundant pyrite framboids were found in the light-laminae which consist of octahedral and cubic submicron crystals.The submicron crystals are 500-600 nm in diameter, and the framboids are 2-5 μm. The D/d ratio(D=the diameter of the pyrite framboids, d=the diameter of the submicron crystals) is smaller than 10. Clay minerals mainly occur in the dark-laminae. The sedimentology features show that the stromatolites record two small cycles of regression-transgression and totally regression succession. The stromatolites occur after the crisis of reef and rapid regression of relative sea-level, which might be impacted by the F-F mass extinction.The bloom of bacterial and algae and redox condition in the marginal marine promotes the formation of regional widespread stromatolites.
Macro-, micro-and ultramicro-features of stromatolites in the Upper Devonian Wangguangou Formation of the Xichuan area, southwest of Henan reflect the palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental significance. This study describes the vertical zonation of stromatolites(lower to upper): spherical stromatolites-laminated stromatolites-columnar stromatolites-laminated stromatolites. Stromatolite obviously includes light-and dark-laminae. Abundant pyrite framboids were found in the light-laminae which consist of octahedral and cubic submicron crystals.The submicron crystals are 500-600 nm in diameter, and the framboids are 2-5 μm. The D/d ratio(D=the diameter of the pyrite framboids, d=the diameter of the submicron crystals) is smaller than 10. Clay minerals mainly occur in the dark-laminae. The sedimentology features show that the stromatolites record two small cycles of regression-transgression and totally regression succession. The stromatolites occur after the crisis of reef and rapid regression of relative sea-level, which might be impacted by the F-F mass extinction.The bloom of bacterial and algae and redox condition in the marginal marine promotes the formation of regional widespread stromatolites.
引文
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[12] 黄程,龚一鸣.广西杨堤剖面上泥盆统弗拉阶-法门阶之交磷质微球粒的发现及其地球生物学意义[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(6):1171-1184.
[13] 曾雄伟,周鹏,刘安,等.三峡东部地区泥盆系写经寺组下部一套可能的海啸沉积[J].沉积学报,2014,32(5):816-822.
[14] 裴中朝,朱产彬,杨振军.南秦岭浙川地区上石炭统周营组生物群特征[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2004,24(2):63-69.
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[16] Ohfuji H,Boyle A,Prior D J,et al.Structure of framboidal pyrite:An electron backscatter diffraction study[J].American Mineralogist,2005,90(11/12):1693-1704.
[17] Wilkin R T,Barnes H L.Formation processes of framboidal pyrite[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1997,61(2):323-339.
[18] Konhauser K O.Bacterial iron biomineralisation in nature[J].Fems Microbiology Reviews,1997,20(3/4):315-326.
[19] 杨雪英.华南泥盆纪地层与化石中的莓状黄铁矿研究[D].武汉:中国地质大学,2013.
[20] Wang Lin,Shi Xiaoying,Jiang Ganqing.Pyrite morphology and redox fluctuations recorded in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2012,333/334(2):218-227.
[21] 赵曌,张立军.遗迹化石Rhizocorallium中莓状黄铁矿对古环境古生态的指示:以豫西南上泥盆统为例[J].沉积学报,2017,35(3):480-488.
[22] Wilkin R T,Barnes H L.Pyrite formation by reactions of iron monosulfides with dissolved inorganic and organic sulfur species[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1996,60(21):4167-4179.
[23] Nielsen J K,Shen Yanan.Evidence for sulfidic deep water during the Late Permian in the East Greenland Basin[J].Geology,2004,32(12):1037-1040.
[24] Wei Hengye,Wei Xuemei,Qiu Zhen,et al.Redox conditions across the G-L boundary in South China:Evidence from pyrite morphology and sulfur isotopic compositions[J].Chemical Geology,2016,440:1-14.
[25] Merinero R,Cárdenes V,Lunar R,et al.Representative size distributions of framboidal,euhedral,and sunflower pyrite from high-resolution X-ray tomography and scanning electron microscopy analyses[J].American Mineralogist,2017,102(3),620-631.
[26] Wignall P B,Newton R.Pyrite framboid diameter as a measure of oxygen deficiency in ancient mudrocks[J].American Journal of Science,1998,298(7):537-552.
[27] 杨雪英,龚一鸣.莓状黄铁矿:环境与生命的示踪计[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2011,36(4):643-658.
[28] 李宏涛,蔡春芳,李开开,等.内蒙古东胜铀矿床成矿主岩中球状磁铁矿的成因[J].地质论评,2007,53(4):564-570.
[29] 由雪莲,孙枢,朱井泉.塔里木盆地中上寒武统叠层石白云岩中微生物矿化组构特征及其成因意义[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(8):1777-1790.
[30] 徐冉,龚一鸣,汤中道.菌藻类繁盛:晚泥盆世大灭绝的疑凶[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2006,31(6):787-797.
[31] Kazmierczak J,Kremer B,Racki G.Late Devonian marine anoxia challenged by benthic cyanobacterial mats[J].Geobiology,2012,10(5):371-83.
[32] Weber P A,Stewart W A,Skinner W M,et al.Geochemical effects of oxidation products and framboidal pyrite oxidation in acid mine drainage prediction techniques[J].Applied Geochemistry,2004,19(12):1953-1974.
[33] Peters S E,Husson J M,Wilcots J.The rise and fall of stromatolites in shallow marine environments[J].Geology,2017,45(6):487-490.
[34] Andres M S,Reid R P.Growth morphologies of modern marine stromatolites:A case study from Highborne cay,Bahamas[J].Sedimentary Geology,2006,185(3/4):319-328.
[35] 王建平,裴放.东秦岭古生代古生物区与古地理变迁[J].地质论评,2002,48(6):603-611.
[36] 裴放,王凌云.东秦岭古生代生物古地理[J].古地理学报,2006,8(1):1-15.
[37] 吴义布,龚一鸣,张立军,等.华南泥盆纪生物礁演化及其控制因素[J].古地理学报,2010,12(3):253-267.
[2] Mata S A,Bottjer D J.Microbes and mass extinctions:Paleoenvironmental distribution of microbialites during times of biotic crisis[J].Geobiology,2012,10(1):3-24.
[3] Riding R.Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:Concepts and categories[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2002,58(1/2):163-231.
[4] Babin C.The Late Devonian mass extinction:The Frasnian/Famennian crisis[J].Geobios.,1996,29(2):234.
[5] 龚一鸣,徐冉,汤中道,等.晚泥盆世F-F之交菌藻微生物繁荣与集群绝灭的关系:来自碳同位素和分子化石的启示[J].中国科学:地球科学,2005,35(2):140-148.
[6] Carmichael S K,Waters J A,Suttner T J,et al.A new model for the Kellwasser anoxia events(Late Devonian):Shallow water anoxia in an open oceanic setting in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2014,399(2):394-403.
[7] Chang Jieqiong,Bai Zhiqiang,Sun Yuanlin,et al.High resolution bio- and chemostratigraphic framework at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary:Implications for regional stratigraphic correlation between different sedimentary facies in South China[J/OL].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2017.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.05.019
[8] Becker R T,K?nigshof P,Brett C E.Devonian climate,sea level and evolutionary events:An introduction[J].The Geological Society London,2016,423(1):1-10.
[9] Liao Weihua.Biotic recovery from the Late Devonian F-F mass extinction event in China[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2002,45(4):380-384.
[10] Ma Xueping,Gong Yiming,Chen Daizhao,et al.The Late Devonian frasnian-famennian event in South China:Patterns and causes of extinctions,sea level changes,and isotope variations[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2016,448:224-244.
[11] Chen Daizhao,Wang Jianguo,Racki G,et al.Large sulphur isotopic perturbations and oceanic changes during the Frasnian-Famennian transition of the Late Devonian[J].Journal of the Geological Society,2013,170(3):465-476.
[12] 黄程,龚一鸣.广西杨堤剖面上泥盆统弗拉阶-法门阶之交磷质微球粒的发现及其地球生物学意义[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(6):1171-1184.
[13] 曾雄伟,周鹏,刘安,等.三峡东部地区泥盆系写经寺组下部一套可能的海啸沉积[J].沉积学报,2014,32(5):816-822.
[14] 裴中朝,朱产彬,杨振军.南秦岭浙川地区上石炭统周营组生物群特征[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2004,24(2):63-69.
[15] 阎国顺,席运宏,李进化.河南省地层古生物研究:第2分册古生代(豫西南地区)[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2008.
[16] Ohfuji H,Boyle A,Prior D J,et al.Structure of framboidal pyrite:An electron backscatter diffraction study[J].American Mineralogist,2005,90(11/12):1693-1704.
[17] Wilkin R T,Barnes H L.Formation processes of framboidal pyrite[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1997,61(2):323-339.
[18] Konhauser K O.Bacterial iron biomineralisation in nature[J].Fems Microbiology Reviews,1997,20(3/4):315-326.
[19] 杨雪英.华南泥盆纪地层与化石中的莓状黄铁矿研究[D].武汉:中国地质大学,2013.
[20] Wang Lin,Shi Xiaoying,Jiang Ganqing.Pyrite morphology and redox fluctuations recorded in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2012,333/334(2):218-227.
[21] 赵曌,张立军.遗迹化石Rhizocorallium中莓状黄铁矿对古环境古生态的指示:以豫西南上泥盆统为例[J].沉积学报,2017,35(3):480-488.
[22] Wilkin R T,Barnes H L.Pyrite formation by reactions of iron monosulfides with dissolved inorganic and organic sulfur species[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1996,60(21):4167-4179.
[23] Nielsen J K,Shen Yanan.Evidence for sulfidic deep water during the Late Permian in the East Greenland Basin[J].Geology,2004,32(12):1037-1040.
[24] Wei Hengye,Wei Xuemei,Qiu Zhen,et al.Redox conditions across the G-L boundary in South China:Evidence from pyrite morphology and sulfur isotopic compositions[J].Chemical Geology,2016,440:1-14.
[25] Merinero R,Cárdenes V,Lunar R,et al.Representative size distributions of framboidal,euhedral,and sunflower pyrite from high-resolution X-ray tomography and scanning electron microscopy analyses[J].American Mineralogist,2017,102(3),620-631.
[26] Wignall P B,Newton R.Pyrite framboid diameter as a measure of oxygen deficiency in ancient mudrocks[J].American Journal of Science,1998,298(7):537-552.
[27] 杨雪英,龚一鸣.莓状黄铁矿:环境与生命的示踪计[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2011,36(4):643-658.
[28] 李宏涛,蔡春芳,李开开,等.内蒙古东胜铀矿床成矿主岩中球状磁铁矿的成因[J].地质论评,2007,53(4):564-570.
[29] 由雪莲,孙枢,朱井泉.塔里木盆地中上寒武统叠层石白云岩中微生物矿化组构特征及其成因意义[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(8):1777-1790.
[30] 徐冉,龚一鸣,汤中道.菌藻类繁盛:晚泥盆世大灭绝的疑凶[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2006,31(6):787-797.
[31] Kazmierczak J,Kremer B,Racki G.Late Devonian marine anoxia challenged by benthic cyanobacterial mats[J].Geobiology,2012,10(5):371-83.
[32] Weber P A,Stewart W A,Skinner W M,et al.Geochemical effects of oxidation products and framboidal pyrite oxidation in acid mine drainage prediction techniques[J].Applied Geochemistry,2004,19(12):1953-1974.
[33] Peters S E,Husson J M,Wilcots J.The rise and fall of stromatolites in shallow marine environments[J].Geology,2017,45(6):487-490.
[34] Andres M S,Reid R P.Growth morphologies of modern marine stromatolites:A case study from Highborne cay,Bahamas[J].Sedimentary Geology,2006,185(3/4):319-328.
[35] 王建平,裴放.东秦岭古生代古生物区与古地理变迁[J].地质论评,2002,48(6):603-611.
[36] 裴放,王凌云.东秦岭古生代生物古地理[J].古地理学报,2006,8(1):1-15.
[37] 吴义布,龚一鸣,张立军,等.华南泥盆纪生物礁演化及其控制因素[J].古地理学报,2010,12(3):253-267.
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