国家宏观因素如何影响社区和自愿组织中社会网络关系的产生
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摘要
研究者一直担心人们之间的社会网络连接可能会减少。他们尤其担心一直以来被视为民主国家融合基础的市民社会的结构、社区和自愿组织中的社会连接关系将会减少。很明显,个人层面的互联网使用与关系联结的减少并无关联。本文主要想探究互联网普及率和其他国家特征等宏观层面上的因素是如何影响社区和自愿组织中的社会连接关系的。我们利用2001年国际社会调查项目的数据,检验了宏观层面的结构性变量(不平等、国民财富、城市化和互联网普及率)是如何影响社区与自愿组织这两个互动中心产生关系联结的可能性,而它们正是市民文化发展的关键。我们的研究结果表明,几乎没有宏观层面的特征因素影响邻里关系的建立。不平等降低了自愿组织内产生关系的可能性,而互联网普及率实际增加了这一可能性。阶层结构居中调节了互联网普及率对于自愿组织中关系产生的一些影响。
Researchers have been concerned about a possible decline in network connections. In particular, they have worried about the structure of civic society, the neighborhood and voluntary association connections that have long been thought to integrate Western democracies. It is clear that individual internet use is not associated with fewer ties. Now, we investigate how internet penetration and other national characteristics at the macro-level might affect neighborhood and voluntary association ties. Using data from the 2001 International Social Survey Programme, we examine how four macrolevel, structural characteristics(inequality, national wealth, urbanization, and internet penetration) affect the likelihood of a tie within two interactional foci that are key for the development of civic culture—neighborhoods and voluntary associations. Results show that few macrolevel features influence neighborhood ties. National inequality lowers the likelihood of a voluntary association tie, while internet penetration actually increases these ties. Class structure appears to mediate some of the impact of internet penetration on voluntary association ties.
Researchers have been concerned about a possible decline in network connections. In particular, they have worried about the structure of civic society, the neighborhood and voluntary association connections that have long been thought to integrate Western democracies. It is clear that individual internet use is not associated with fewer ties. Now, we investigate how internet penetration and other national characteristics at the macro-level might affect neighborhood and voluntary association ties. Using data from the 2001 International Social Survey Programme, we examine how four macrolevel, structural characteristics(inequality, national wealth, urbanization, and internet penetration) affect the likelihood of a tie within two interactional foci that are key for the development of civic culture—neighborhoods and voluntary associations. Results show that few macrolevel features influence neighborhood ties. National inequality lowers the likelihood of a voluntary association tie, while internet penetration actually increases these ties. Class structure appears to mediate some of the impact of internet penetration on voluntary association ties.
引文
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Glanville,Jennifer L.2004.“Voluntary Associations and Social Network Structure:Why Organizational Location and Type Are Important.”Sociological Forum 19:465-491.
Goldthorpe,John H.and Colin Mills.2008.“Trends in Intergenerational Class Mobility in Modern Britain:Evidence from National Surveys,1972-2005.”National Institute Economic Review 208:83-100.
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H?llinger,Franz and Max Haller.1990.“Kinship and Social Networks in Modern Societies:A Cross-cultural Comparison among Seven.”European Sociological Review 6:103-124.
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Kennedy,Maureen and Paul Leonard.2001.“Dealing with Neighborhood Change:A Primer on Gentrification and Policy Choices.”Brookings Institution,Washington,DC.
Lancee,Bram and Herman G.Van de Werfhorst.2012.“Income Inequality and Participation:A Comparison of 24 European Countries.”Social Science Research 41:1166-1178.
Letki,Natalia and Inta Mierin.2015.“Getting Support in Polarized Societies:Income,Social Networks,and Socioeconomic Context.”Social Science Research 49:217-233.
Lin,Nan.1999.“Social Networks and Status Attainment.”Annual Review of Sociology 25:467-487.
---.2000.“Inequality in Social Capital.”Contemporary Sociology 29:785-795.
---.2001.Social Capital:A Theory of Social Structure and Action.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Lin,Nan,Walter M.Ensel,and John C.Vaughn.1981.“Social Resources and Strength of Ties:Structural Factors in Occupational Status Attainment.”American Sociological Review 46:393-405.
Logan,John R.1978.“Growth,Politics,and the Stratification of Places.”American Journal of Sociology 84:404-416.
Marsden,Peter V.1987.“Core Discussion Networks of Americans.”American Sociological Review 52:122-131.
Marsden,Peter V.and Elizabeth H.Gorman.2001.“Social Networks,Job Changes,and Recruitment.”pp.467-502 in Sourcebook of Labor Markets:Evolving Structures and Processes,edited by I.Berg and A.L.Kalleberg.New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
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McPherson,Miller.1983.“An Ecology of Affiliation.”American Sociological Review 48:519-532.
--.2004.“A Blau Space Primer:Prolegomenon to an Ecology of Affiliation.”Industrial and Corporate Change 13:263-280.
McPherson,Miller,Pamela A.Popielarz and Sonja Drobni.1992.“Social Networks and Organizational Dynamics.”American Sociological Review 57:153-170.
McPherson,Miller and James R.Ranger-Moore.1991.“Evolution on a Dancing Landscape.”Social Forces 70:19-42.
McPherson,J.Miller and Lynn Smith-Lovin.1982."Women and Weak Ties:Differences by Sex in the Size of Voluntary Organizations."American Journal of Sociology 87:883-904.
---.1986.“Sex Segregation in Voluntary Associations.”American Sociological Review.
---.1987.“Homophily in Voluntary Organizations:Status Distance and the Composition of Face-to-Face Groups.”American Sociological Review 52:370-379.
McPherson,Miller,Lynn Smith-Lovin,and Matthew E.Brashears.2006.“Social Isolation in America:Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades.”American Sociological Review 71:353-375.
McPherson,Miller,Lynn Smith-Lovin,and James M.Cook.2001.“Birds of a Feather:Homophily in Social Networks.”Annual Review of Sociology 27:415-444.
Moller,Stephanie,David Bradley,Evelyne Huber,Francois Nielsen,and John D.Stephens.2003.“Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies.”American Sociological Review 68:22-51.
Moore,Gwen.1990.“Structural Determinants of Men’s and Women’s Personal Networks.”American Sociological Review 55:726-735.
Mouw,Ted and Barbara Entwisle.2006.“Residential Segregation and Interracial Friendship in Schools.”American Journal of Sociology 112:394-441.
Nieminen,Tarja,Tuija Martelin,Seppo Koskinen,Jussi Simpura,Erkki Alanen,Tommi H?rk?nen,and Arpo Aromaa.2008.“Measurement and Socio-demographic Variation of Social Capital in a Large Population-based Survey.”Social Indicators Research 85:405-423.
Oxendine,Alina R.2012.“City Seclusion and Social Exclusion:How and Why Economic Disparities Harm Social Capital”pp.9-30 in Urban Social Capital:Civil Society and City Life,edited by J.D.Lewandowski and G.W.Streich.Burlington:Ashgate Publishing Group.
Paxton,Pamela.2002.“Social Capital and Democracy:An Interdependent Relationship.”American Sociological Review 67:254-277.
--.2007.“Association Memberships and Generalized Trust:A Multilevel Model across 31 Countries.”Social Forces 86:47-76.
Pichler,Florian and Claire Wallace.2009.“Social Capital and Social Class in Europe:The Role of Social Networks in Social Stratification.”European Sociological Review 25:319-332.
Pierson,Paul.1996.“The New Politics of the Welfare State.”World Politics 48:143-179.
Popielarz,Pamela A.1999.“(In)Voluntary Association:A Multilevel Analysis of Gender Segregation in Voluntary Organizations.”Gender&Society 13:234-250.
Portes,Alejandro.1998.“Social Capital:Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology.”Annual Review of Sociology 24:1-24.
Putnam,Robert D.2000.Bowling Alone:The Collapse and Revival of American Community.New York:Simon&Schuster.
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