循环水养殖模式下鱼生长对水环境因子的响应模型构建
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摘要
为探究鱼类生长对水环境的响应,预测鱼类在养殖水环境多因子协同作用下的生长速度,进行了室内曝气推流循环水养殖罗非鱼试验,试验持续周期为8周。结果表明,在一定范围内,随着溶解氧质量浓度的增加,鱼的食物转化效率和特定生长率均有所提高;随着非离子氨质量浓度的增加,鱼的食物转化效率和特定生长率均有所降低;而亚硝酸盐质量浓度由于变化不大且均处于安全质量浓度范围,该试验中对鱼的食物转化效率和特定生长率未产生显著影响。基于这一系列试验结果对罗非鱼特定生长率进行了非线性拟合,建立了鱼的生长预测模型,R2为0.82,并通过实测数据验证了模型的有效性和普适性。预测模型表明,养殖初始鱼质量、养殖密度、非离子氨以及亚硝酸盐质量浓度的增加,均会导致鱼生长速度减缓,而提高溶解氧质量浓度则可以提高鱼生长速度。该预测模型虽然是在曝气推流循环养殖模式下获得的,但对其他养殖模式同样适用,使鱼生长对水环境因子的响应变得可测,为促进养殖鱼类的健康发展、养殖系统的优化和养殖效益的提高提供了便利和参考。
With the improvement of aquaculture scale,the disadvantages of traditional aquaculture mode are constantly emerging,including waste and pollution of water sources.On this basis,the recirculating aquaculture system with aeration plug-flow device in pond is an exploration of efficient and energy-saving aquaculture mode,which has been developed rapidly at home and abroad.Water environment,as the place where fish live,is crucial to the growth of fish.A large number of studies have shown that dissolved oxygen,ammonia nitrogen and nitrite are the three important factors that affect the growth of fish.There are synergistic effects among dissolved oxygen,ammonia nitrogen and nitrite.Insufficient dissolved oxygen and high mass concentrations of non-ionic ammonia and nitrite can cause metabolic dysfunction of fish body and decrease of immunity,leading to the occurrence of fish diseases.Therefore,in order to explore the response of fish growth to water environment,and predict the growth rate of fish under the synergistic effect of water environment factors,the experiment was conducted on indoor recirculating aquaculture tilapia test with aerated plug-flow device with a continuous duration of 8 weeks.By changing the aeration flow,three conditions were set up in the experiment to observe the growth of tilapia during the breeding period,and the mass of the fish and water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen,non-ionic ammonia and nitrite were regularly measured.The results showed that within a certain range,with the increase of dissolved oxygen mass concentration,the food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate of fish increased;with the increase of non-ionic ammonia mass concentration,the food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate of fish decreased.However,due to the small change in nitrite mass concentration and the safe mass concentration range,there was no significant effect on the food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate of fish in this experiment.Based on the results of the experiment,the specific growth rate of tilapia was nonlinearly fitted,and the growth prediction equation of fish was established,with R2 of 0.82.The validity and universality of the equation were verified by the measured data.The growth prediction equation showed that the increase of the initial mass of fish,stocking density,non-ionic ammonia and nitrite concentration could slow down the growth rate of the fish;while increasing the dissolved oxygen concentration could increase the growth rate of the fish.In the current situation of increasingly tight land,intensive farming is often adopted to improve the level of farming.With the increase of aquaculture density,the concentration of non-ionic ammonia and nitrite in the water environment increases,which have a negative impact on the growth rate of fish.It could improve the water environment and promote the healthy growth of fish by increasing dissolved oxygen.Although this prediction model is obtained under the aeration push flow cycle cultivation mode,it is also applicable to the other aquaculture water modes,making the response of fish growth to measurable water environmental factors,which provides convenience and reference for promoting the healthy development of aquaculture fish,the optimization of aquaculture system and the improvement of aquaculture benefits.
With the improvement of aquaculture scale,the disadvantages of traditional aquaculture mode are constantly emerging,including waste and pollution of water sources.On this basis,the recirculating aquaculture system with aeration plug-flow device in pond is an exploration of efficient and energy-saving aquaculture mode,which has been developed rapidly at home and abroad.Water environment,as the place where fish live,is crucial to the growth of fish.A large number of studies have shown that dissolved oxygen,ammonia nitrogen and nitrite are the three important factors that affect the growth of fish.There are synergistic effects among dissolved oxygen,ammonia nitrogen and nitrite.Insufficient dissolved oxygen and high mass concentrations of non-ionic ammonia and nitrite can cause metabolic dysfunction of fish body and decrease of immunity,leading to the occurrence of fish diseases.Therefore,in order to explore the response of fish growth to water environment,and predict the growth rate of fish under the synergistic effect of water environment factors,the experiment was conducted on indoor recirculating aquaculture tilapia test with aerated plug-flow device with a continuous duration of 8 weeks.By changing the aeration flow,three conditions were set up in the experiment to observe the growth of tilapia during the breeding period,and the mass of the fish and water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen,non-ionic ammonia and nitrite were regularly measured.The results showed that within a certain range,with the increase of dissolved oxygen mass concentration,the food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate of fish increased;with the increase of non-ionic ammonia mass concentration,the food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate of fish decreased.However,due to the small change in nitrite mass concentration and the safe mass concentration range,there was no significant effect on the food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate of fish in this experiment.Based on the results of the experiment,the specific growth rate of tilapia was nonlinearly fitted,and the growth prediction equation of fish was established,with R2 of 0.82.The validity and universality of the equation were verified by the measured data.The growth prediction equation showed that the increase of the initial mass of fish,stocking density,non-ionic ammonia and nitrite concentration could slow down the growth rate of the fish;while increasing the dissolved oxygen concentration could increase the growth rate of the fish.In the current situation of increasingly tight land,intensive farming is often adopted to improve the level of farming.With the increase of aquaculture density,the concentration of non-ionic ammonia and nitrite in the water environment increases,which have a negative impact on the growth rate of fish.It could improve the water environment and promote the healthy growth of fish by increasing dissolved oxygen.Although this prediction model is obtained under the aeration push flow cycle cultivation mode,it is also applicable to the other aquaculture water modes,making the response of fish growth to measurable water environmental factors,which provides convenience and reference for promoting the healthy development of aquaculture fish,the optimization of aquaculture system and the improvement of aquaculture benefits.
引文
[1]Martins C I,Eding E H,Verdegem M C J,et al.New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe:A perspective on environmental sustainability[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2010,43(3):83-93.
[2]贾丽,潘勇,刘帅.池塘内循环流水养殖模式:美国的一种新型养殖模式[J].中国水产,2011(1):40-42.
[3]周恩华.IPA池塘循环流水养鱼系统的心脏是增氧和推水[Z].中国水产养殖网,2017.
[4]马立鸣,赵睿,范毛毛,等.新型池塘循环流水养殖模式初探[J].中国水产,2016(1):78-83.
[5]Dupont-Prinet Aurélie,Vagner M,Chabot D,et al.Impact of hypoxia on the metabolism of Greenland halibut(Reinhardtius hippoglossoides)[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2013,70(3):461-469.
[6]Tranduy A,Schrama J W,Dam A A V,et al.Effects of oxygen concentration and body weight on maximum feed intake,growth and hematological parameters of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus[J].Aquaculture,2008,275(1/2/3/4):152-162.
[7]杨凯,樊启学,张磊,等.溶氧水平对黄颡鱼稚鱼摄食、生长及呼吸代谢的影响[J].淡水渔业,2010,40(2):24-29.Yang Kai,Fan Qixue,Zhang Lei,et al.Effects of dissolved oxygen on feed intake,growth and respiratory metabolism of juvenile Pelteobagrus fulvidraco R[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2010,40(2):24-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Thorarensen H,Gústavsson A,Mallya Y,et al.The effect of oxygen saturation on the growth and feed conversion of Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)[J].Aquaculture,309(1):96-102.
[9]Randall D J,Tsui T K.Ammonia toxicity in fish[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002,45(1):17-23.
[10]Paust L O,Foss A,Imsland A K.Effects of chronic and periodic exposure to ammonia on growth,food conversion efficiency and blood physiology in juvenile Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)[J].Aquaculture,2011,315(3/4):400-406.
[11]Foss A,Evensen T H,Vollen T,et al.Effects of chronic ammonia exposure on growth and food conversion efficiency in juvenile spotted wolffish[J].Aquaculture,2003,228(1):215-224.
[12]El-Shafai S A,El-Gohary F A,Nasr F A,et al.Chronic ammonia toxicity to duckweed-fed tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Aquaculture,2004,232(1):117-127.
[13]Jensen F B.Nitrite disrupts multiple physiological functions in aquatic animals[J].Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part A Molecular&Integrative Physiology,2003,135(1):9-24.
[14]Siikavuopio S I,Saether B S.Effects of chronic nitrite exposure on growth in juvenile Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua[J].Aquaculture,2006,255(1):351-356.
[15]Kroupova H,Machova J,Piackova V,et al.Effects of subchronic nitrite exposure on rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2008,71(3):813-820.
[16]余瑞兰,聂湘平,魏泰莉,等.分子氨和亚硝酸盐对鱼类的危害及其对策[J].中国水产科学,1999,6(3):73-77.Yu Ruilan,Nie Xiangping,Wei Taili,et al.Toxicity of molecular ammonia&nitrite to fishes and the control measures[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,1999,6(3):73-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]张美彦,杨星,杨兴,等.微孔曝气增氧技术应用现状[J].水产学杂志,2016,29(4):48-50.Zhang Meiyan,Yang Xing,Yang Xing,et al.Current situation of application of micro-pore aeration[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2016,29(4):48-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]El-Sayed A F M,Kawanna M.Optimum water temperature boosts the growth performance of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fry reared in a recycling system[J].Aquaculture Research,2010,39(6):670-672.
[19]周明,江惠龙,段玉芳,等.非离子氨及计算方法研究[J].中国环境监测,1992,8(5):37-40.
[20]Abdel-Tawwab M,Hagras A E,Elbaghdady H A M,et al.Effects of dissolved oxygen and fish size on Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus(L.):Growth performance,whole-body composition,and innate immunity[J].Aquaculture International,2015,23(5):1261-1274.
[21]黄厚见.摄食水平、氨氮胁迫对梭鱼幼鱼生长的影响及其毒理效应研究[D].上海:上海海洋大学,2012.Huang Houjian.The Effects of Ammonia and Ration Size on Growth and Toxicological Response of Mullet,Liza Haematocheila[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Ocean University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]王甜,杜劲松,高攀,等.氨氮对白斑狗鱼幼鱼的急性毒性研究[J].水产学杂志,2010,23(3):37-39.Wang Tian,Du Jingsong,Gao Pan,et al.The toxic effect of ammonia and nitrogen on the larve of esox lucius[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2010,23(3):37-39.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Thurston R V,Russo R C,Vinogradov G A.Ammonia toxicity to fishes.Effect of pH on the toxicity of the unionized ammonia species[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1981,15(7):837-840.
[24]陈在新,王文一.影响鱼类生长的水质因子机理与控制[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2009,30(1):15-17.Chen Zaixin,Wang Wenyi.Mechanism and control of water quality factors influencing the growth of fish[J].Journal of Animal Husbandry and Feed Sciences,2009,30(1):15-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]García B G,Valverde J C,Aguado-Giménez F,et al.Effect of the interaction between body weight and temperature on growth and maximum daily food intake in sharpsnout sea bream(Diplodus puntazzo)[J].Aquaculture International,2011,19(1):131-141.
[26]于淼.拥挤胁迫对鱼类影响研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(3):1078-1080,1082.Yu Miao.Research progress in the effect of crowding stress on fish[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2008,36(3):1078-1080,1082.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]许品诚,曹萃禾.溶氧、水流与鱼类生长关系的探讨[J].淡水渔业,1989(5):27-28.
[28]郑乐云,杨求华,黄种持,等.循环水养殖密度和氨氮对斜带石斑鱼生长和免疫力的影响[J].上海海洋大学学报,2013,22(5):706-712.Zheng Leyun,Yang Qiuhua,Huang Zhongchi,et al.Effect of breeding density and ammonia-nitrogen on growth and immunity of Epinephelus coioides in recirculating system[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2013,22(5):706-712.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]罗国芝,刘刚,谭洪新.半封闭循环水养殖系统中高体革鯻养殖密度研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2012,21(2):218-224.Luo Guozhi,Liu Gang,Tan Hongxin.The stocking density of Scortum barcoo juveniles in the semi-recirculating aquaculture system[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2012,21(2):218-224.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]王二龙,高启平,邓玉平,等.池塘水温溶氧变化规律及其对养殖鱼体生长的影响[J].科学养鱼,2017(6):21-23.
[2]贾丽,潘勇,刘帅.池塘内循环流水养殖模式:美国的一种新型养殖模式[J].中国水产,2011(1):40-42.
[3]周恩华.IPA池塘循环流水养鱼系统的心脏是增氧和推水[Z].中国水产养殖网,2017.
[4]马立鸣,赵睿,范毛毛,等.新型池塘循环流水养殖模式初探[J].中国水产,2016(1):78-83.
[5]Dupont-Prinet Aurélie,Vagner M,Chabot D,et al.Impact of hypoxia on the metabolism of Greenland halibut(Reinhardtius hippoglossoides)[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2013,70(3):461-469.
[6]Tranduy A,Schrama J W,Dam A A V,et al.Effects of oxygen concentration and body weight on maximum feed intake,growth and hematological parameters of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus[J].Aquaculture,2008,275(1/2/3/4):152-162.
[7]杨凯,樊启学,张磊,等.溶氧水平对黄颡鱼稚鱼摄食、生长及呼吸代谢的影响[J].淡水渔业,2010,40(2):24-29.Yang Kai,Fan Qixue,Zhang Lei,et al.Effects of dissolved oxygen on feed intake,growth and respiratory metabolism of juvenile Pelteobagrus fulvidraco R[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2010,40(2):24-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Thorarensen H,Gústavsson A,Mallya Y,et al.The effect of oxygen saturation on the growth and feed conversion of Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)[J].Aquaculture,309(1):96-102.
[9]Randall D J,Tsui T K.Ammonia toxicity in fish[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002,45(1):17-23.
[10]Paust L O,Foss A,Imsland A K.Effects of chronic and periodic exposure to ammonia on growth,food conversion efficiency and blood physiology in juvenile Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)[J].Aquaculture,2011,315(3/4):400-406.
[11]Foss A,Evensen T H,Vollen T,et al.Effects of chronic ammonia exposure on growth and food conversion efficiency in juvenile spotted wolffish[J].Aquaculture,2003,228(1):215-224.
[12]El-Shafai S A,El-Gohary F A,Nasr F A,et al.Chronic ammonia toxicity to duckweed-fed tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Aquaculture,2004,232(1):117-127.
[13]Jensen F B.Nitrite disrupts multiple physiological functions in aquatic animals[J].Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part A Molecular&Integrative Physiology,2003,135(1):9-24.
[14]Siikavuopio S I,Saether B S.Effects of chronic nitrite exposure on growth in juvenile Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua[J].Aquaculture,2006,255(1):351-356.
[15]Kroupova H,Machova J,Piackova V,et al.Effects of subchronic nitrite exposure on rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2008,71(3):813-820.
[16]余瑞兰,聂湘平,魏泰莉,等.分子氨和亚硝酸盐对鱼类的危害及其对策[J].中国水产科学,1999,6(3):73-77.Yu Ruilan,Nie Xiangping,Wei Taili,et al.Toxicity of molecular ammonia&nitrite to fishes and the control measures[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,1999,6(3):73-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]张美彦,杨星,杨兴,等.微孔曝气增氧技术应用现状[J].水产学杂志,2016,29(4):48-50.Zhang Meiyan,Yang Xing,Yang Xing,et al.Current situation of application of micro-pore aeration[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2016,29(4):48-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]El-Sayed A F M,Kawanna M.Optimum water temperature boosts the growth performance of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fry reared in a recycling system[J].Aquaculture Research,2010,39(6):670-672.
[19]周明,江惠龙,段玉芳,等.非离子氨及计算方法研究[J].中国环境监测,1992,8(5):37-40.
[20]Abdel-Tawwab M,Hagras A E,Elbaghdady H A M,et al.Effects of dissolved oxygen and fish size on Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus(L.):Growth performance,whole-body composition,and innate immunity[J].Aquaculture International,2015,23(5):1261-1274.
[21]黄厚见.摄食水平、氨氮胁迫对梭鱼幼鱼生长的影响及其毒理效应研究[D].上海:上海海洋大学,2012.Huang Houjian.The Effects of Ammonia and Ration Size on Growth and Toxicological Response of Mullet,Liza Haematocheila[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Ocean University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]王甜,杜劲松,高攀,等.氨氮对白斑狗鱼幼鱼的急性毒性研究[J].水产学杂志,2010,23(3):37-39.Wang Tian,Du Jingsong,Gao Pan,et al.The toxic effect of ammonia and nitrogen on the larve of esox lucius[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2010,23(3):37-39.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Thurston R V,Russo R C,Vinogradov G A.Ammonia toxicity to fishes.Effect of pH on the toxicity of the unionized ammonia species[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1981,15(7):837-840.
[24]陈在新,王文一.影响鱼类生长的水质因子机理与控制[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2009,30(1):15-17.Chen Zaixin,Wang Wenyi.Mechanism and control of water quality factors influencing the growth of fish[J].Journal of Animal Husbandry and Feed Sciences,2009,30(1):15-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]García B G,Valverde J C,Aguado-Giménez F,et al.Effect of the interaction between body weight and temperature on growth and maximum daily food intake in sharpsnout sea bream(Diplodus puntazzo)[J].Aquaculture International,2011,19(1):131-141.
[26]于淼.拥挤胁迫对鱼类影响研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(3):1078-1080,1082.Yu Miao.Research progress in the effect of crowding stress on fish[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2008,36(3):1078-1080,1082.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]许品诚,曹萃禾.溶氧、水流与鱼类生长关系的探讨[J].淡水渔业,1989(5):27-28.
[28]郑乐云,杨求华,黄种持,等.循环水养殖密度和氨氮对斜带石斑鱼生长和免疫力的影响[J].上海海洋大学学报,2013,22(5):706-712.Zheng Leyun,Yang Qiuhua,Huang Zhongchi,et al.Effect of breeding density and ammonia-nitrogen on growth and immunity of Epinephelus coioides in recirculating system[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2013,22(5):706-712.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]罗国芝,刘刚,谭洪新.半封闭循环水养殖系统中高体革鯻养殖密度研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2012,21(2):218-224.Luo Guozhi,Liu Gang,Tan Hongxin.The stocking density of Scortum barcoo juveniles in the semi-recirculating aquaculture system[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2012,21(2):218-224.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]王二龙,高启平,邓玉平,等.池塘水温溶氧变化规律及其对养殖鱼体生长的影响[J].科学养鱼,2017(6):21-23.