中国在国际科技合作网络中的角色和地位演变——基于2000—2015年国际专利合作数据的实证研究
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摘要
为了分析中国在国际科技合作网络中的角色和地位变化,以世界40个国家2001—2015年的国际专利合作数据为分析对象,并运用社会网络分析方法进行分析。分析结果表明:过去15年间,中国在国际科技合作网络中的地位和角色发生了显著变化,合作对象从欧美向亚洲扩展,合作格局由"中-欧美日"向"中-欧美亚"转变。国际科技合作网络中,美、英、日、法、德等始终处于中心位置,土耳其、冰岛、韩国等始终位于边缘位置;个体网络规模持续扩大,网络连接数继续增加,核心"朋友圈"遍布网络;中国的核心度排名逐渐上升,且处于结构洞的关键位置,掌握资源和连接资源的能力逐步增强。
Based on the international cooperation patent data about 40 major countries from 2001-2015, this paper uses social network to analyze the evolution of China's role and status in the international science and technology cooperation network. The results show that significant changes have taken place over the past 15 years. China's cooperative partners have expanded from Europe and America to Asia, and the pattern of cooperation has changed from "China-Europe-Japan" to "China-Europe-Asia". In the cooperative network, the United States, Britain, Japan,France and Germany are always at the center of the network, and Turkey, Iceland, South Korea, etc. are always at the edge of network. China's ego network size and links have increased continually, and the core "friend circle" spreads across the network. China's core ranking continues to rise. China is located in structure hole, and its ability to manage resources and connect resources has been gradually enhanced.
Based on the international cooperation patent data about 40 major countries from 2001-2015, this paper uses social network to analyze the evolution of China's role and status in the international science and technology cooperation network. The results show that significant changes have taken place over the past 15 years. China's cooperative partners have expanded from Europe and America to Asia, and the pattern of cooperation has changed from "China-Europe-Japan" to "China-Europe-Asia". In the cooperative network, the United States, Britain, Japan,France and Germany are always at the center of the network, and Turkey, Iceland, South Korea, etc. are always at the edge of network. China's ego network size and links have increased continually, and the core "friend circle" spreads across the network. China's core ranking continues to rise. China is located in structure hole, and its ability to manage resources and connect resources has been gradually enhanced.
引文
[1]BEAVER D D, ROSEN R.Studies in scientific collaboration:part I.The professional origins of scientific co-authorship[J].Scientometrics, 1978, 1(1):65-84.
[2]RUSSELL J M.The increasing role of international cooperation in science and technology research in Mexico[J].Scientometrics,1995, 34(1):45-61.
[3]KIM K W.Measuring international research collaboration of peripheral countries:taking the context into consideration[J].Scientometrics,2006, 66(2):231-240.
[4]MINDELI L E, MARKUSOVA V A.Bibliometric studies of scientific collaboration:international trends[J].Automatic Documentation and Mathematical Linguistics, 2015, 49(2):59-64.
[5]BORDONS M, GóMEZ I,FERNáNDEZ M T, et al. Local, domestic and international scientific collaboration in biomedical research[J].Scientometrics, 1996, 37(2):279-295.
[6]MA N, GUAN J C.An exploratory study on collaboration profiles of Chinese publications in molecular biology[J].Scientometrics,2005, 65(3):343-355.
[7]GL?NZEL W, SCHUBERT A, CZERWON H J.A bibliometric analysis of international scientific cooperation of the European Union(1985—1995)[J].Scientometrics, 1999, 45(2):185-202.
[8]MAISONOBE M, ECKERT D, GROSSETTI M, et al.The world network of scientific collaborations between cities:domestic or international dynamics?[J].Journal of Informetrics, 2016,10(4):1025-1036.
[9]FINARDI U, BURATTI A.Scientific collaboration framework of BRICS countries:an analysis of international coauthorship[J].Scientometrics, 2016, 10(1):433-446.
[10]WU Y, DUAN ZH G.Social network analysis of international scientific collaboration on psychiatry research[J].International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 2015, 9(1):2.
[11]BRAUN T, GL?NZEL W.International collaboration:will it be keeping alive East European research?[J].Scientometrics, 1996,36(2):247-254.
[12]WILSON C S,MARKUSOVA V A. Changes in the scientific output of Russia from 1980 to 2000, as reflected in the science citation index, in relation to national politico-economic changes[J].Scientometrics, 2004, 59(3):345-389.
[13]ZITT M, BASSECOULARD E, OKUBO Y.Shadows of the past in international cooperation:collaboration profiles of the top five producers of science[J].Scientometrics, 2000, 47(3):627-657.
[14]JESúS R R,JOSéM S M. Patterns of the foreign contributions in some domestic vs. international journals on earth sciences[J].Scientometrics, 2004, 59(1):95-115.
[15]FRANCISCO J S.International scientific collaborations:a key to scientific success[J].Angewandte Chemie(international edition in Englis), 2015, 54(50):14984-14985.
[16]PRAVDI N,OLUI-VUKOVI V.Dual approach to multiple authorship in the study of collaboration/scientific output relationship[J]. Scientometrics, 1986, 10(5/6):259-280.
[17]BASU A, AGGARWAL R.International collaboration in science in India and its impact on institutional performance[J].Scientometrics, 2001, 52(3):379-394.
[18]ZANOTTO S R, HAEFFNER C, GUIMARAES J A. Unbalanced international collaboration affects adversely the usefulness of countries'scientific output as well as their technological and social impact[J].Scientometrics, 2016, 109(3):1789-1814.
[19]SARWAR R, HASSAN S.A bibliometric assessment of scientific productivity and international collaboration of the Islamic world in science and technology(S&T)areas[J].Scientometrics, 2015,105(2):1059-1077.
[20]OKUBO Y, MIQUEL J F, FRIGOLETTO L,et al. Structure of international collaboration in science:typology of countries through multivariate techniques using a link indicator[J].Scientometrics,1992, 25(2):321-351.
[21]MELIN G, PERSSON O.Studying research collaboration using coauthorships[J].Scientometrics, 1996, 36(3):363-377.
[22]梁立明,马肖华.从中德合著SCI论文看中德科技合作[J].科学学与科学技术管理, 2006, 27(11):22-28.
[23]朱文沓,史豪杰,王弓,等.从SCI合著论文看中俄两国科技合作[J].中国科技论坛, 2008(2):139-144.
[24]史豪杰,朱文沓,吴广印.从SCI合著论文角度看中法科技合作[J].情报科学, 2008, 26(6):876-881.
[25]刘娅.基于文献计量的中国、日本基础研究领域国际科技合作比较研究[J].科学管理研究, 2010, 28(4):58-63.
[26]郑佳.基于专利分析的中国国际科技合作研究[J].中国科技论坛, 2012(10):144-149.
[27]朱丽波.从科学计量学角度看近十年中国科技合作态势[J].情报杂志, 2015(1):116-121, 138.
[28]岳晓旭,袁军鹏,潘云涛,等.中国国际科技合作主导地位变迁和效度分析[J].科学学与科学技术管理, 2016, 37(1):3-13.
[29]苗红,刘海丽,黄鲁成,等.基于专利合作网络的北京国际科技合作分析[J].情报杂志, 2014(10):104-108.
[30]吴建南,杨若愚,郑长旭.中国与发达国家及“一带一路”国家科技合作态势对比分析[J].情报杂志, 2015(11):79-83.
[31]叶阳平,马文聪,张光宇.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作现状研究:基于专利和论文的比较分析[J].图书情报知识,2016(4):60-68.
[32]金卓,杨若愚.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作中高影响力文献特征研究:基于ESI数据库高被引论文的计量分析[J].科技管理研究, 2017, 37(20):14-20.
[33]王友发,罗建强,周献中.近40年来中国与“一带一路”国家科技合作态势演变[J].科技进步与对策, 2016, 33(24):1-8.
[34]周灏.中国在世界反倾销中角色地位变化的社会网络分析[J].国际贸易问题, 2015(1):112-122.
[35]薛澜,陈衍泰,何晋秋.科技全球化与中国发展[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2015.
1)《国家创新指数报告2015》中所选取的40个国家,按照创新指数排名依次是:美国、日本、瑞士、韩国、丹麦、德国、瑞典、英国、荷兰、新加坡、法国、芬兰、挪威、以色列、奥地利、比利时、爱尔兰、中国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、卢森堡、斯洛文尼亚、意大利、西班牙、冰岛、捷克、葡萄牙、匈牙利、土耳其、希腊、俄罗斯、波兰、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、南非、墨西哥、印度、巴西、阿根廷。
[2]RUSSELL J M.The increasing role of international cooperation in science and technology research in Mexico[J].Scientometrics,1995, 34(1):45-61.
[3]KIM K W.Measuring international research collaboration of peripheral countries:taking the context into consideration[J].Scientometrics,2006, 66(2):231-240.
[4]MINDELI L E, MARKUSOVA V A.Bibliometric studies of scientific collaboration:international trends[J].Automatic Documentation and Mathematical Linguistics, 2015, 49(2):59-64.
[5]BORDONS M, GóMEZ I,FERNáNDEZ M T, et al. Local, domestic and international scientific collaboration in biomedical research[J].Scientometrics, 1996, 37(2):279-295.
[6]MA N, GUAN J C.An exploratory study on collaboration profiles of Chinese publications in molecular biology[J].Scientometrics,2005, 65(3):343-355.
[7]GL?NZEL W, SCHUBERT A, CZERWON H J.A bibliometric analysis of international scientific cooperation of the European Union(1985—1995)[J].Scientometrics, 1999, 45(2):185-202.
[8]MAISONOBE M, ECKERT D, GROSSETTI M, et al.The world network of scientific collaborations between cities:domestic or international dynamics?[J].Journal of Informetrics, 2016,10(4):1025-1036.
[9]FINARDI U, BURATTI A.Scientific collaboration framework of BRICS countries:an analysis of international coauthorship[J].Scientometrics, 2016, 10(1):433-446.
[10]WU Y, DUAN ZH G.Social network analysis of international scientific collaboration on psychiatry research[J].International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 2015, 9(1):2.
[11]BRAUN T, GL?NZEL W.International collaboration:will it be keeping alive East European research?[J].Scientometrics, 1996,36(2):247-254.
[12]WILSON C S,MARKUSOVA V A. Changes in the scientific output of Russia from 1980 to 2000, as reflected in the science citation index, in relation to national politico-economic changes[J].Scientometrics, 2004, 59(3):345-389.
[13]ZITT M, BASSECOULARD E, OKUBO Y.Shadows of the past in international cooperation:collaboration profiles of the top five producers of science[J].Scientometrics, 2000, 47(3):627-657.
[14]JESúS R R,JOSéM S M. Patterns of the foreign contributions in some domestic vs. international journals on earth sciences[J].Scientometrics, 2004, 59(1):95-115.
[15]FRANCISCO J S.International scientific collaborations:a key to scientific success[J].Angewandte Chemie(international edition in Englis), 2015, 54(50):14984-14985.
[16]PRAVDI N,OLUI-VUKOVI V.Dual approach to multiple authorship in the study of collaboration/scientific output relationship[J]. Scientometrics, 1986, 10(5/6):259-280.
[17]BASU A, AGGARWAL R.International collaboration in science in India and its impact on institutional performance[J].Scientometrics, 2001, 52(3):379-394.
[18]ZANOTTO S R, HAEFFNER C, GUIMARAES J A. Unbalanced international collaboration affects adversely the usefulness of countries'scientific output as well as their technological and social impact[J].Scientometrics, 2016, 109(3):1789-1814.
[19]SARWAR R, HASSAN S.A bibliometric assessment of scientific productivity and international collaboration of the Islamic world in science and technology(S&T)areas[J].Scientometrics, 2015,105(2):1059-1077.
[20]OKUBO Y, MIQUEL J F, FRIGOLETTO L,et al. Structure of international collaboration in science:typology of countries through multivariate techniques using a link indicator[J].Scientometrics,1992, 25(2):321-351.
[21]MELIN G, PERSSON O.Studying research collaboration using coauthorships[J].Scientometrics, 1996, 36(3):363-377.
[22]梁立明,马肖华.从中德合著SCI论文看中德科技合作[J].科学学与科学技术管理, 2006, 27(11):22-28.
[23]朱文沓,史豪杰,王弓,等.从SCI合著论文看中俄两国科技合作[J].中国科技论坛, 2008(2):139-144.
[24]史豪杰,朱文沓,吴广印.从SCI合著论文角度看中法科技合作[J].情报科学, 2008, 26(6):876-881.
[25]刘娅.基于文献计量的中国、日本基础研究领域国际科技合作比较研究[J].科学管理研究, 2010, 28(4):58-63.
[26]郑佳.基于专利分析的中国国际科技合作研究[J].中国科技论坛, 2012(10):144-149.
[27]朱丽波.从科学计量学角度看近十年中国科技合作态势[J].情报杂志, 2015(1):116-121, 138.
[28]岳晓旭,袁军鹏,潘云涛,等.中国国际科技合作主导地位变迁和效度分析[J].科学学与科学技术管理, 2016, 37(1):3-13.
[29]苗红,刘海丽,黄鲁成,等.基于专利合作网络的北京国际科技合作分析[J].情报杂志, 2014(10):104-108.
[30]吴建南,杨若愚,郑长旭.中国与发达国家及“一带一路”国家科技合作态势对比分析[J].情报杂志, 2015(11):79-83.
[31]叶阳平,马文聪,张光宇.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作现状研究:基于专利和论文的比较分析[J].图书情报知识,2016(4):60-68.
[32]金卓,杨若愚.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作中高影响力文献特征研究:基于ESI数据库高被引论文的计量分析[J].科技管理研究, 2017, 37(20):14-20.
[33]王友发,罗建强,周献中.近40年来中国与“一带一路”国家科技合作态势演变[J].科技进步与对策, 2016, 33(24):1-8.
[34]周灏.中国在世界反倾销中角色地位变化的社会网络分析[J].国际贸易问题, 2015(1):112-122.
[35]薛澜,陈衍泰,何晋秋.科技全球化与中国发展[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2015.
1)《国家创新指数报告2015》中所选取的40个国家,按照创新指数排名依次是:美国、日本、瑞士、韩国、丹麦、德国、瑞典、英国、荷兰、新加坡、法国、芬兰、挪威、以色列、奥地利、比利时、爱尔兰、中国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、卢森堡、斯洛文尼亚、意大利、西班牙、冰岛、捷克、葡萄牙、匈牙利、土耳其、希腊、俄罗斯、波兰、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、南非、墨西哥、印度、巴西、阿根廷。